Laboratory Manual Vipulanandan (Latest)

CIVE 3339
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
C. Vipulanandan (Vipu), Ph.D., P.E.

Professor
Director of CIGMAT & THC-IT
Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering
University of Houston
Table of Contents
1. Preparation of Laboratory Report
2. Test 1. Sieve Analysis
3. Test 2. Hydrometer Analysis
4. Test 3. Atterberg Limit
5. Test 4. Compaction
6. Test 5. Permeability
7. Test 6. Consolidation
8. Test 7. Unconfined Compression
9. Test 8. Triaxial Test

Preparation of Laboratory Report
Laboratory Report (Must be Typed)
Title Page
Text
1. Introduction (Important of the tests)
2. Objectives
3. Procedures or Designing of the Tests
4. Results: (Summary of Class Results & Additional Data will be provided)
5. Discussions (include information from the Literature)
6. Conclusions
7. References
8. Appendix (Actual data and Calculations)
Organization and Content

In preparing a report, the organization should be considered from the standpoint of the
reader. He is interested in the nature of the problem, the method used to attack the
problem, the results obtained, and the experimenter’s analysis of the results. Therefore,
the report should have the following form:
Title page
This page should indicate the project, author’s name, date and course.
Abstract
Include the findings of this test. If the test was designed, include the critical findings
from the designed values to actual test values.
1. Introduction
The nature of the project should be described briefly. Normally a few sentences will be
sufficient, unless some unusual features are involved. The soil used in the test should
be described in detail under this heading; this description should be based primarily on
1

three major items: consistency or density, color, and soil type (such as “stiff, gray clay”).
However, additional pertinent adjectives should be used, where applicable, to describe
items such as origin of soils, plasticity, or structure.
2. Objective
Cleary state the objective of the test based on your goals.
3. Procedure or Designing of the test
Standard procedures already described in textbooks or class notes need to be re written

in the report, but they may be simply referenced. However, specific test conditions
should be noted, and special aspects involved in the procedure, and not covered
elsewhere, should be described.
4.Results
Only the final summary of results, usually either in tabular or graphical form, should be
shown in this portion of the report. All other preliminary results should appear in an
appendix. No results or computations of any type should be omitted from the appendix,
except for the summary of results appearing in the report proper.
5.Discussion
There may be specific questions concerning the project, and these should be answered
carefully. If the answer does not adequately cover the important aspects of the result,
these should be covered in addition. Such discussion should be based on both the
results of laboratory work and similar work reported in the literature. Attempts should be
made to explain observed anomalies. Particularly worthwhile points of discussion are
accuracy and practical significance of laboratory results. A limited amount of literature
research is desirable in most cases.
6. Conclusions
Important findings from the tests must be summarized as item (1), (2), (3) etc. If the test
was designed, comment the critical issues and the satisfaction and deviation from the
design.
7. Reference
A reference list indicating all sources of information used for the report should be given.
The format of the reference list should be consistent in itself and according to some
standard style, one acceptable example of which is included with these instructions.
2

8. Appendix or (appendices)
This portion of the report should contain all laboratory sheets, calculations, secondary
results, instruction sheets, and relevant data not of sufficient importance to appear in
the report proper.
General Form
Neatness
Neatness is a habit developed by conscious effort. Consequently, there is no excuse for

an untidy report. Typing is not necessary, but handwriting must be neat, on one side of
the sheet only, and preferably double-spaced. Greater attention should be given to
neatness in the more important parts of the report (e.g., Title Page, Results, etc.). The
laboratory sheets, on which original readings and computations are recorded, may be
submitted in their original form as an appendix to the report. An effort should be made to
neat when completing these sheets in the laboratory, but this is not of major importance.
However, it is essential that each sheet be complete with regard to sample number,
date, etc.
Graphs
Graphs are frequently the most important part of the report, since they often summarize
the results of the work. Therefore, a carefully considered presentation is vital. Important
points to be followed in drawing graphs include the following:
1. Provide a prominent and descriptive title.

2. Clearly indicate coordinate scales and appropriate units.
3. Where a curve is based on a formulation, shown line only; do not show points
through which the line is drawn.
4. Show points corresponding to experimental data clearly and distinctly; then use a
smooth prominent curve to indicate the trend contents or blow counts on a boring
profile or rainfall data, it is conventional to join the points by straight lines;
however, except for these special cases, this is normally bed practice and, in
general, smooth curves should be used.
5. The scale projections or grid lines crossing the graph should be thin lines which
are insignificant in comparison to the curve indicating the results.
6. All curves should be drawn with a French curve, if necessary.
7. Curves and points representing different portions of the work should preferably
be differentiated by use of the different symbols, but colored pencil is also
acceptable. However, proper drafting practice is required when sharpening
3

colored pencil in order that a uniform, clearly defined line may be produced.
Except where this differentiation is necessary, color variation should not be used;
mixing pencil and ink lines is particularly bad.
8. At least one inch of clear margin is desirable on all sides of the graph.
9. Pages which are read from the side should be placed with the bottom at the right-
hand, or unbound, side.
Table
When the results are reported in tabular form, titles and line work should be given care
similar to that used for graphs. Thicker lines should separate major groupings, with
thinner lines used elsewhere.
Further Information
Further information on report writing may be found in many appropriate texts, including
laboratory testing manuals.
References
Bowles, J. E. (1992). Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurement, McGraw-
Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.
Liu, C. and Evett, J. B. (2003). Soil Properties: Testing, Measurement, and Evaluation,
Prentice Hall Columbus, Ohio.
4

Designation: ASTM C 136/CIGMAT SL -01
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Sandy Soil
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for performing the Sieve Analysis test to determine the
particles size distribution of soil samples
1.2 The values are stated in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not address the safety concerns, related to handling of the specimens. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standard C136 - 06 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates
2.2 AASHTO No.T27 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
2.3 Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual, Sixth Edition (2002), Braja M Das
3. Terminology
3.1 Coefficient of Uniformity is used to characterize the particle size distribution as uniform or well
distributed.
3.2 Coefficient of Curvature (or Coefficient of Concavity or Coefficient of Gradation) is used to
describe the shape of the curve
4. Significance and Use

4.1 In order to classify a soil for engineering purposes, one needs to know the distribution of the
size of grains in the soil mass.
4.2 Sieve analysis is a method to determine the grain size distribution of soils.
4.3 The method of sieve analysis described here is applicable for soils which are mostly granular
with some or no fines.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Sieves (Table 5.1 gives a partial list of the U.S. standard sieve numbers with their corresponding
size of openings. Note that, as the sieve number increases, the size of opening decreases. The
sieves are made out of woven wires, and those which are commonly used have a diameter of
203 mm. Sieve numbers 4, 10, 20, 40, 60, 140 and 200 are generally used for most standard
sieve analysis work)
5.2 bottom pan and a cover
5.3 Balance sensitive up to 0.1 g.
5.4 Mortar and rubber-tipped pestle
5.5 Oven
5.6 Mechanical sieve shaker
5

Figure 5.1: Apparatus used in Sieve Analysis
Table 5.1: U.S. Sieve numbers and Sieve openings
Sieve No. Opening (mm)

4 4.75
6 3.35
8 2.36
10 2.00
12 1.68
16 1.18
20 0.85
30 0.60
40 0.425
50 0.300
60 0.250
80 0.180
100 0.150
140 0.106
200 0.075
270 0.053
6. General Test Conditions

6.1 Tests are normally performed at room temperature and humidity
6.2 Tests can be done at other conditions also
7. Sampling

6
Use about 500 grams of dry soils for testing
8. Test Procedure
8.1 Collect a representative oven dried soil sample. Samples having largest particles of the size
No.4 sieve openings (4.75 mm) should be about 500 grams. For soils having largest particles of
size greater than 4.75 mm, larger weights are needed.
8.2 Break the soil sample into individual particles by using a mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.
(Note: The idea is to break up the soil into individual particles not to break the particles
themselves)
8.3 Weigh the sample accurately to 0.1 g (W).
8.4 Make a stack of sieves. A sieve with larger openings is placed above a sieve with a smaller
opening. The sieve at the bottom should be No. 200. A pan should be placed under sieve
No.200. As mentioned before, generally, the sieves that are used in a stack are Nos. 4, 10, 20,
40, 60, 140 and 200; however, more sieves can be placed in between.
8.5 Pour the soil prepared in step 2 into stack of sieves from the top.
8.6 Put the cover on the top of the stack of sieves.
8.7 Run it through a sieve shaker for about 10 to 15 minutes.
8.8 Stop the sieve shaker and remove the stack of sieves.
8.9 Weigh the amount of soil retained on each sieve and the pan.
8.10 If a considerable amount of soil with silty and clayey fractions is retained on the No. 200 sieve,
it has to be washed. Washing is done by taking the No. 200 sieve with the soil retained on it
and pouring water from a tap in the laboratory.
8.11 When the water passing through the sieve is clean, stop the flow of water. Transfer the soil
retained on the sieve at the end of washing to a porcelain evaporating dish by back washing.
Put it in the oven to dry to a constant weight. (Note: This step is not necessary if the amount of
soil retained on the No. 200 sieve is small.) Determine the weight of dry soil retained on sieve
No. 200. The difference between this weight and that retained on No. 200 sieve as determined
in step 9 is the amount of soil that has been washed through.
9. Calculation
9.1 Percent of soil retained on nth sieve (counting from top)

= x 100 (1)
T , .
9.2 Cumulative percent of soil retained on the nth sieve

=∑ (2)
9.3 Cumulative percent passing through the nth sieve

= percent finer = 100 - ∑ (3)
8
Note: If soil retained on sieve No. 200 is washed, the dry weight determined after washing (step
8.10) should be used for calculation of percent finer. The weight lost due to washing should be
added to the weight of soil retained on the pan.
10. Results
10.1 Plot a graph of percent finer vs. sieve opening on a semi-log graph paper. Sieve opening is
plotted on the log scale.
100
80
Percentage Finer by weigth (%)
60 Well graded
40
Gap graded Uniform
20
0
D10 ?
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve opening size (log scale) (mm)
Figure 1: Sample particle size distribution curve
10.2 Determine D10, D30, and D60 (from previously plotted graph) which are, respectively, the
diameters corresponding to percent finer of 10%, 30% and 60%.
10.3 Calculate the uniformity coefficient (Cu) and the Coefficient of curvature (Cc) by the following
equations:
D
Cu =
D
D
Cc =
D D
These may be needed for soil classification.
11. Precision and Bias

Results will be accurate to accuracy of weight measured during the study
9

12. Keywords
Sieve analysis, particle size distribution, soil classification, well graded soil, uniformly graded soil,
gap graded soil, coefficient of uniformity, coefficient of curvature, coefficient of concavity,
coefficient of gradation, percentage fine
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
reviewed every five years and if not revised, either re-approved or withdrawn. Your comments are
invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to
CIGMAT Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you
should make your views known to the CIGMAT Committee on Standards, 4800 Calhoun Rd,
Houston, TX 77204-4003.
10

Appendix
SIEVE ANALYSIS
CIGMAT Geo Laboratory

4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston
TX-77204-4003
Date: __________________________
Description of soil: _______________________________________________________________
Location: _______________________________________________________________
Sample No.: _________________
Weight of oven dry sample, W _________________
Table 1: Summary of Sieve Analysis Test data
Percent of
Sieve Weight Cumulative
weight Percent
Sieve No. opening retained on percent
retained on finer
(mm) each sieve (g) retained
each sieve
Pan
= W1
W W
Loss during sieve analysis = x 100 = _______________ % (OK if less than 2%)
W
11

100
90
80
70
% Finer by weight
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve opening size (mm)

Figure 1: Particle size distribution curve

Remarks:
12

Designation: ASTM D 422/CIGMAT SL 2-11
Standard Test Methods measuring the particle size distribution of
silt and clay soils using Hydrometer Analysis
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the particle size
distribution in a soil for that fraction which is finer than No.200 sieve size (0.075 mm).
1.3 This standard does not address the safety concerns, related to handling of the
specimens. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.1 ASTM D422 - 63(2007) Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
2.2 AASHTO T88 (2007) Standard Test Method for Hydrometer Analysis of Soils
2.3 ASTM D421 / AASHTO T87/ FM1-T87: Dry Preparation of Soils
2.4 Das, Braja M. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. 6th. Toronto, ON: Thomson
Canada Ltd., 2006.

3.1This test method will provide particle size distribution in a soil, and provide
information for a general soil classification.
3.2 Specifically, this test deals with silts and clays, and further separates fine soil
particles.
4. Introduction
Hydrometer analysis is the procedure generally adopted for determination of the particle
size distribution in a soil for that fraction which is finer than No.200 sieve size (0.075 mm).
The lower limit of the particle-size determined by this procedure is about 0.001 mm. In
hydrometer analysis, a soil specimen is dispersed in water. In a dispersed state, the soil
particles will settle individually in water. It is assumed that the soil particles are spheres, and
the velocity of the particles can be given by Stoke’s law as
γ −γ w 2
v= s D (1)
18η
where v = velocity (cm/sec)
γ s = specific weight of soil solids (g/cm3)
γ w = unit weight of water (g/cm3)
η = viscosity of water (gsec/cm2)
D = diameter of the soil particle
If a hydrometer is suspended in the water in which the soil is dispersed, it will measure
the specific gravity of the soil-water suspension at a depth L . The depth L is called the
effective depth. So, at a time t minutes from the beginning of the test, the soil particles which
will settle beyond the zone of measurement (i.e., beyond the effective depth, L ) will have a
diameter given by
13 CIGMAT SL 2-11
Copyright © 2011-Present CIGMAT-University of Houston. All rights reserved.
2
L(cm) γ − γ w g / cm 3 ⎡ D(mm) ⎤
= s ⎢⎣ 10 ⎥⎦
t (min) × 60 18η g ⋅ sec/ cm 2
10 18η L L(cm)
D(mm) = =A (2)
60 γ s − γ w t t (min)
1800η 30η
Where A= ......; A = (3)
60(γ s − γ w ) γs −γw
In the test procedure described here, the ASTM 152-H type of hydrometer will be used.
For actual calculation purposes we also need to know the values of A given by Eq.(3).
An example of this calculation is shown below.
γ s = Gs γ w
where Gs = specific gravity of soil solids. Thus,
30η
A= (4)
(Gs − 1)γ w
For example, if the temperature of the water is 25˚C,
η = 0.0911×10 −4 gsec/cm2
and let Gs = 2.7 . So, for these values,
A=
(
30 × 0.0911 × 10 − 4)= 0.01267
(2.7 − 1) × 1
The ASTM 152-H type of hydrometers are calibrated up to a reading of 60 at a
temperature of 20˚C for soil particles having a Gs = 2.65 . A hydrometer reading of say 30 at a
given time of a test means that there are 30 g of soil solids ( Gs = 2.65 ) in suspension per 1000
mL of soil-water mixture at a temperature of 20˚C at a depth where the specific gravity of the
soil-water suspension is measured (i.e., L ). From this measurement, we can determine the
percentage of soil still in suspension at time t from the beginning of the test, and all the soil
particles will have diameters smaller than D calculated by Eq.(2). However, in the actual
experiment work, some corrections to the observed hydrometer readings need to be applied.
They are as follows:
1). Temperature correction ( FT ) – The actual temperature of the test may not be 20˚C.
The temperature correction ( FT ) can be approximated as
FT = −4.85 + 0.25T (for T between 15 and 28 ˚C) (5)
where FT = temperature correction to the observed reading (can be either positive or
negative)
T = temperature of test in ˚C
2). Meniscus correction ( Fm ) – Generally, the upper level of meniscus is taken as the
reading during laboratory work ( Fm is always positive).
3). Zero correction ( Fz ) – A deflocculating agent is added to the soil-distilled water
suspension for performing experiment. This will change the zero reading ( Fz can be positive
or negative).
14 CIGMAT SL 2-11 14
5. Apparatus
1). ASTM 152-H hydrometer
2). Mixer
3). Two 1000 mL graduated cylinders
4). Thermometer
5). Constant temperature bath
6). Deflocculating agent
7). Spatula
8). Beaker
9). Balance
10). Plastic squeeze bottle
11). Distilled water
12). No.12 rubber stopper
Mixer
1000 mL
Graduated
Cylinder
Thermometer
Hydrometer
Fig.1 Equipment for Hydrometer Analysis

6.1 Tests are normally performed at room temperature and humidity
6.2 Tests can be done at other conditions also
7. Sampling
Use about 50 grams of dry soil for testing
8. Test Procedure
Note: This procedure is used when more than 90% of the soil is finer than N0.200 sieve.
1. Take 50 g of oven dry well-pulverized soil in a beaker.
2. Prepare a deflocculating agent. Usually a 4% solution of sodium hexametaphosphate
(Calgon) is used. This can be prepared by adding 40 g of Calgon in 1000 mL of distilled
water and mixing it thoroughly.
3. Take 125 mL of the mixture prepared in Step 2 and add it to the soil taken in Step 1.
They should be allowed to soak for about 8 to 12 hours.
4. Take a 1000 mL graduated cylinder and add 875 mL of distilled water plus 125 mL of
deflocculating agent in it. Mix the solution well.
5. Record the temperature of the solution using the thermometer, T (in C).
6. Put the hydrometer in the cylinder (Step 5). Record the reading. (Note: The top of the
meniscus should be read.) This is the zero correction ( Fz ) which can be +ve or –ve. Also
observe the meniscus correction ( Fm ).
7. Using a spatula, mix the soil prepared in Step 3 thoroughly. Pour it into the mixer cup.
Note: During this process, some soil may stick to the side of the beaker. Using the plastic
squeeze bottle filled with distilled water, wash all the remaining soil in the beaker into the
mixer cup.
8. Add distilled water to the cup to make it about two-thirds full. Mix it for about two
minutes using the mixer.
9. Pour the mix into the second graduated 1000 mL cylinder. Make sure that all of the soil
solids are washed out of the mixer cup. Fill the graduated cylinder with distilled water to
bring the water level up to the 1000 mL mark.
10. Put a No.12 rubber stopper on the top of the cylinder (Step 9). Mix the soil-water well
by turning of soil cylinder upside down several times.
11. At time = 0 min, insert the hydrometer into the cylinder containing the soil-water
suspension and note the reading.
12. Take hydrometer readings at cumulative times t = 0.25 min, 0.5 min, 1 min, and 2
min.
13. Take the hydrometer out after two minutes and put it in the cylinder next to it (Step 5).
14. Hydrometer readings are to be taken at time t = 4 min, 8 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour,
2 hour, 4 hour, 8 hour, 24 hour, and 48 hour. For each reading, insert the hydrometer into
the cylinder containing the soil-water suspension about 30 seconds before the reading is
due. After the reading is taken, remove the hydrometer and put it back into the cylinder
next to it (Step 5).
9. Calculation
Refer to Table 1.
Column 2 – These are observed hydrometer readings (R) corresponding to times given in
Column 1.
Column 3 – Rcp = corrected hydrometer reading for calculation
of percent finer = R + FT − FZ (6)

aRcp
Column 4 – Percent finer = (100) ,
Ws
where Ws = dry weight of soil used for the hydrometer analysis
a = correction for specific gravity
Gs (1.65)
= (7)
(Gs − 1)× 2.65
(Note: The hydrometer is calibrated for Gs = 2.65 .)
Column 5 – RcL = corrected hydrometer reading for determination of effective length
= R + Fm (8)
Column 6 – Determine L (effective length corresponding) to the values of RcL (Col.5)
(Use Table 2).
Column 7 – Determine A (Use Table 1).
Column 8 – Determine
L(cm)
D=A
t (min)
10. Graph
Plot a grain-size distribution graph on a semi-log graph paper with percent finer (Col.4,
Table 1) on the nature scale and D (Col.8, Table 1) on the log scale.
10a. General Comments

When a smaller amount (less than about 90%) of soil is finer than No.200 sieve size, the
following modification to the above procedure needs to be applied.
1. Take an oven dry specimen of soil. Determine its weight (W1).
2. Pulverize the soil using a mortar and a rubber-tipped pestle.
3. Run a sieve analysis on the soil (Step 2).
4. Collect the soil which is passing through a No.200 sieve in a pan.
5. Wash the soil retained on No.200 sieve. Collect all the wash water and dry it in an
oven.
6. Mix the minus No.200 portion from Step 4 and the dried minus No.200 portion from
Step 5.
7. Calculate the percent finer for the soil retained on No.200 sieve and above.
8. Take 50 g of the minus No.200 soil (Step 6) and run a hydrometer analysis. (Follow
Steps 1 through 14 as described previously).
9. Report the calculations for the hydrometer analysis similar to that shown in Table 1.
However, note that the percent finer now calculated (as in Col.8 of Table 1) is not the
percent finer based on the total sample. Calculate the percent finer based on the total
sample as
PT = (Col.8 of Table 1)×(Percent passing No.200 sieve/100)
Percent passing No.200 sieve can be obtained from Step 7 above.
10. Plot a combined graph for percent finer vs. grain-size distribution obtained from both
the sieve analysis and the hydrometer analysis.

Results will be accurate based on the constant temperature condition during the study.
12. Keywords
Hydrometer Analysis, Hydrometer, Particle Size, Soil
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either re-approved or withdrawn. Your
comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and
should be addressed to CIGMAT Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee. If you feel that your
comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the
CIGMAT Committee on Standards, 4800 Calhoun, Houston, TX77204-4003.

TX-77204-4003
Hydrometer Analysis
Description of Soil____________________________________________________________
Sample No. ___________________ Location _____________________________________
Gs ____________________ Hydrometer type ____________________________________
Dry weight of soil, Ws ______________(g) Temperature of test, T _________________(˚C)
Meniscus correction, Fm _____________ Zero correction, Fz ________________________
Temperature correction, FT ____________________________________________________
Time Hydromet Rcp Percent finer RcL L A D

(min) er reading, aRcp (mm) (mm)
R ×100
50
19 CIGMAT SL 2-11
Table 2: Values of L for respective Rcls.

Rcl L (cm) Rcl L (cm) Rcl L (cm)
0 16.3 21 12.9 41 9.6
1 16.1 22 12.7 42 9.4
2 16 23 12.5 43 9.2
3 15.8 24 12.4 44 9.1
4 15.6 25 12.2 45 8.9
5 15.5 26 12 46 8.8
6 15.3 27 11.9 47 8.6
7 15.2 28 11.7 48 8.4
8 15 29 11.5 49 8.3
9 14.8 30 11.4 50 8.1
10 14.7 31 11.2 51 7.9
11 14.5 32 11.1 52 7.8
12 14.3 33 10.9 53 7.6
13 14.2 34 10.7 54 7.4
14 14 35 10.5 55 7.3
15 13.8 36 10.4 56 7.1
16 13.7 37 10.2 57 7.0
17 13.5 38 10.1 58 6.8
18 13.3 39 9.9 59 6.6
19 13.2 40 9.7 60 6.5
20 13
Table 3: Value of A for different conditions

Temp (in Celsius) Gs of soil solids
2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.7 2.75 2.8 2.85
16 0.0151 0.0148 0.0146 0.0144 0.0141 0.0139 0.0137 0.0136
17 0.0149 0.0146 0.0144 0.0142 0.014 0.0138 0.0136 0.0134
18 0.0148 0.0144 0.0142 0.014 0.0138 0.0136 0.0134 0.0132
19 0.0145 0.0143 0.0140 0.0138 0.0136 0.0134 0.0132 0.0131
20 0.0143 0.0141 0.0139 0.0137 0.0134 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129
21 0.0141 0.0139 0.0137 0.0135 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129 0.0127
22 0.014 0.0137 0.0135 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129 0.0128 0.0126
23 0.0138 0.0136 0.0134 0.0132 0.013 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124
24 0.0137 0.0134 0.0132 0.013 0.0128 0.0126 0.0125 0.0123
25 0.0135 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129 0.0127 0.0125 0.0123 0.0122
26 0.0133 0.0131 0.0129 0.0127 0.0125 0.0124 0.0122 0.012
27 0.0132 0.013 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.0120 0.0119
28 0.013 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0123 0.0121 0.0119 0.0117
29 0.0129 0.0127 0.0125 0.0123 0.0121 0.0120 0.0118 0.0116
30 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.012 0.0118 0.0117 0.0115
20 CIGMAT SL 2-11

Designation: ASTM D 4318/CIGMAT SL 03

Standard Test Method Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for performing the liquid limit test to determine the
liquid limits of the soil samples
1.3 This standard does not address the safety concerns, related to handling of the specimens. It
is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 AASHTO T 87, Dry Preparation of Disturbed Soil and Soil Aggregate samples for
Test.
3.2 AASHTO T 89, Determining the Liquid Limit of Soils.
3.3 AASHTO T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soils.
3.5 Engineering Properties of Soil and Their Measurement, Fourth Edition (1992), Joseph
E. Bowles.
3.6 ASTM D 4318 - 10 Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
Plasticity Index of Soils
This test method is used as an integral part of several engineering classifications systems to
characterize the fine-grained fractions in soils. The liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index
of soils are also used extensively, either individually or together, with other soil properties to
correlate with engineering behavior such as compressibility, permeability, compactibility,
shrink-swell and shear strength.
4. Apparatus
The instrument and tools needed for the tests are shown in Fig. 1.
1. Balance sensitive up 0.01g
2. Liquid limit device
3. Grooving tool (ASTM)
4. Mixing dishes
5. Spatula
6. Oven
7. Paper towels
8. Plastic squeeze bottle.
9. Porcelain evaporating dish.
21 CIGMAT SL 03


(a) (b)
Figure 1. Some of the needed tools and instruments (a) ASTM grooving tool
and others (b) Liquid limit device.
5. Procedure:
1- Determine the weight of three moisture cans (W1).
2- Check the Liquid limit device. Adjust the drop height to 10 mm. Perform trials to ensure
crank is turned at 2 rev/min.
3- Take about 250 g of air dry soil passing No.40 sieve (0.425 mm) in an evaporating dish.
Add water from the plastic squeeze bottle and mix the soil to the form of uniform paste.
4- Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup such that the maximum depth of soil is about
8 mm.
5- Using the grooving tool, cut a groove along the center line of the soil pat in the cup.
6- Turn the crank of the liquid limit device at the rate of about 2 revolutions per second. By
this, the liquid limit cup will rise and drop through a vertical distance of 10mm once for
each revolution, the soil from two side of the cup will begin to flow toward the center.
7- Count the number of blows, N, for the groove in the soil to close through a distance of ½
in (12.7mm) (Fig. 2). If N = about 25 to 35, det sample to determine the moisture content.
Close the cover of the can and determine the weight of the can plus the moist soil
(W2).Remove the rest of the soil paste from the cup to the evaporating dish.. If the soil is
too dry, N will be more than 35. Mix the soil in the evaporating dish with more water and
try again.
22 CIGMAT SL
03


If the soil is too wet, N will be less than 25. Stir the soil paste with the spatula for some
time to dry it up. The evaporating dish may be placed in the oven for a few minutes for
drying also. Do not add dry soil the wet-soil paste to reduce the moisture content for
bringing it to the proper consistency. Now try again in the liquid limit device to get the
groove closure of ½- in (12.7 mm) between 25 to 35.
8- Add more water to the soil –paste in the evaporating dish and mix thoroughly. Repeat
step 4, 5 and 6 to get a groove closure of ½ in (12.7mm)in the liquid limit device at a
blow count ,N =20 to 25.Take a moisture sample from the cup .Remove the rest of the
soil paste to the evaporating dish. Clean the cup with paper towels.
9- Add more water to the soil- paste in the evaporating dish and mix well. Repeat steps 3,4,
and 5 to get a below count, N, between 15 to 20 for groove closure 0f ½ in .(12.7mm)in
the liquid limit device. Take a moisture sample from the cup.
10- Put the three moisture cans in the oven to dry to constant weight (W3).
(a) (b)
Figure 2: Liquid limit test (a) Grooved sample and (b) End of test
6. Sample Calculation
Determine the moisture content for each of the three trials (Steps 5,6 and 7) as
23 CIGMAT SL 03


7. Graph
Plot a semilog graph between moisture content (arithmetic Scale) vs, number of blows (Log
scale). This will approximate a straight line. Which called the flow cure. from the straight line
,determine the moisture content (%) corresponding to 25 belows. This is the liquid limit of the
soil.
The slope of the flow line is called the flow index ,FI, or
8. General Comments
Based on the liquid limit tests on several soils, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station (1949)
has observed that the liquid limit, LL, of a soil can be approximately given by :
Where WN(%) = moisture content ,in percent, for ½ in (12.7mm) groove closure in the liquid
limit device at N number of below. ASTM also recommends this equation for determination of
liquid limit of the soils (ASTM designation D423).However, the value of WN should correspond
to an N value between 20 to 30.

Results will be accurate to accuracy of weight measured during the study
10. Keywords
Liquid limit, moisture content, flow curve, soil classification,
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must
be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either re-approved or withdrawn. Your
comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should
be addressed to CIGMAT Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical committee. If you feel that your comments have not
received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the CIGMAT Committee on
Standards, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204-4003.
24 CIGMAT SL 03


LIQUID LIMITS
TX-77204-4003
DATA SHEETS
Date Tested: Tested By: Project Name:
Sample Number: Sample Description:

1 2 3 4
Sample no.
Can No.
Weight of can (W1) g
Weight of can + wet soil (W2) g
Weight of can + dry soil (W3) g
Moisture Content w%
Number of Blows (N)
25 CIGMAT SL 03

Designation: ASTM D 4318/CIGMAT SL 04

Standard Test Method Determining the Plasticity Limit of Soils
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for performing the plastic limit test to determine
the plastic limits of the soil samples
1.3 This standard does not address the safety concerns, related to handling of the specimens. It
is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.1Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual, Sixth Edition (2002), Braja M Das
2.2 Engineering Properties of Soil and Their Measurement, Fourth Edition (1992), Joseph
E. Bowles.
2.3 ASTM D 4318 - 10 Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
Plasticity Index of Soils
3.1This testing method is used as an integral part of several engineering classifications

systems to characterize the fine-grained fractions of soils and to specify the fine-grained
fraction of construction materials.
3.2 The liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of soils are also used extensively, either
individually or together, with other soil properties to correlate with engineering behavior
such as compressibility, permeability, compactibility, shrink-swell and shear strength.
4. Apparatus
The instrument and tools needed for the tests are shown in Fig. 1.
1- Porecelain evaporatingdish.
2- Spatula.
3- Plastic squeeze bottle
4- Moisture can
5- Ground glas plate.
6- Balance sensitive up to 0.01g.
7- 1/8 in diametr metal rod
26 CIGMAT SL 04

5. Procedure
1- Take approximately 20 grams of a representative soil sample which is passing through
No.40 sieve (air dry) in a porcelain evaporating dish.
2- Add water from to the soil and mix thoroughly.
3- Determine the weight of the moisture can (W1).
4- From the moist soil prepared in Step 2, keep rolling the soil.
5- When the thread being rolled in step 4 reaches 1/8 – in (3.18mm) in diameter, break it up
into several small pieces and keep rolling.
6- Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until the thread crumbles into several pieces when it reaches a
diameter of 1/8-in (3.18 mm). It is possible that a thread may crumble at diameter larger
than 1/8-in (3.18 mm). Add water and roll till a diameter of 1/8-in (3.18 mm).
7- Collect the soil sample and determine the moisture content (W2).
8- Perform more tests on the soil as needed for the project.
9- After about 24 hours, remove the can from the oven and take the weight of the can plus
the dry soil (W3)
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Plasticity test (a) Glass plate and other tools and (b) Sample of rolled soil
Sample Calculation
27 CIGMAT SL 04

The results may be presented in a tabular form as shown in the calculation table .It the liquid
limit of the soil is known, calculate the plasticity index (PI) as
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Plasticity test (a) Rolling the soil on the plate and (b) Crumbled soil sample

Results will be accurate to accuracy of weight measured during the study.
10. Keywords
Plastic limit, moisture content, soil classification,
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must
be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either re-approved or withdrawn. Your
comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should
be addressed to CIGMAT Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical committee. If you feel that your comments have not
received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the CIGMAT Committee on
Standards, 4800 Calhoun Rd, Houston, TX 77204-4003.
28 CIGMAT SL 04

Plastic limits
TX-77204-4003
Data sheets
Date Tested: Tested By: Project Name:
Sample Number: Sample Description:
Sample no. 1 2 3 4
Can No.
Weight of can (W1) g
Weight of can + wet soil (W2) g
Weight of can + dry soil (W3) g
P.L =
((W2-W3)/(W3-W1))*100
29 CIGMAT SL 04

Designation: ASTM D 680 /CIGMAT SL 4 -11

Standard Proctor Compaction Test
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the maximum dry unit
weight of compaction for soils which can be used for specification of field compaction.
1.2 The values are stated in SI and British units.
1.3 MSDS sheet must be reviewed before testing the grout or grouted sand.
2.1 ASTM Standard D 680-00aε1 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction
Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lb/ft3 (600kN-m/m3))
2.2 D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of
Soil and Rock by Mass.
2.3 D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil
Classification System).
2.4 D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual
Procedure).
2.5 D 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils
Containing Oversize Particles.
3. Terminology
3.1 Descriptions of terms specific to this standard

3.1.1.Compaction: Densification of soils by the application of mechanical energy.
During Compaction there is particle rearrangement and expulsion of air.
3.1.2.Oversize fraction (coarse fraction), Pc in %—the portion of total sample not
used in performing the compaction test; it may be the portion of total sample retained on the
No. 4 (4.75-mm), 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm), or 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
3.1.3.Standard effort—the term for the 12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3) compactive
effort applied by the equipment and methods of this test.
3.1.4.Standard maximum dry unit weight, γdmax in lbf/ft3 (kN/m3)—the maximum
value defined by the compaction curve for a compaction test using standard effort.
3.1.5.Standard optimum water content, w, in %—the water content at which a soil can
be compacted to the maximum dry unit weight using standard compactive effort.
3.1.6.Test fraction (finer fraction), PF in %—the portion of the total sample used in
performing the compaction test; it is the fraction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method
A, minus 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or minus 3⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.
30 CIGMAT SL 4-11
4.1. The relations between moisture content and the density (dry unit weight) are
determined for a specific soil from this test.
4.2. The optimum moisture content and the maximum dry unit weight are determined
from the above moisture content and soil density. The maximum dry unit weight of
compaction for the tested soil can be used for specification of field compaction.
4.3. Compaction helps reduce settlement – increase soil strength - and control
volume changes caused by frost action.
5. Apparatus
5.1. Compaction mold (4 in. in diameter and 4.584 in. in height).

5.2. No. 4 sieve.
5.3. Standard Proctor hammer [5.5lb (24.5)].
5.4. Balance, sensitive up to 0.1 g.
5.5. A large flat pan.
5.6. Jack.
5.7. Steel straight edge.
5.8. Moisture cans.
5.9. Drying oven.
5.10. Plastic squeeze bottle with water.
6.1. Tests are done at room condition unless specified otherwise
7. Sampling and Test Specimen
7.1. Obtain about 10 lb. (44.48 N) of air dry soil on which the compaction test is to
be conducted.
7.2. Break all the soils lumps.
7.3. Sieve the soil on a No. 4 sieve.
7.4. Collect all the minus 4 material in a large pan. This should be about 6 lb. (26.7
N) or more.
8. Procedure
8.1 Add enough water to the minus 4 material and mix it thoroughly to bring the
moisture content up to about 5%.
8.2 Determine the weight of the Proctor mold + base plate (not the extension), W1, in
lb.
8.3 Now attach the extension to the top of the mold.
8.4 Pour the moist soil into the mold in three equal layers. Each layer should be
compacted uniformly by the standard proctor hammer 25 times before the next layer of loose
soil is poured into the mold.
8.5 Remove the top attachment from the mold. Be careful not to break off some of the
compacted soil inside the mold while removing the top attachment.
31 CIGMAT SL 4-11
8.6 Using a straight edge, trim the excess soil above the mold (Fig. 11-3). Now the top
of the compacted soil will be even with the top of the mold.
8.7 Determine the weight of the mold + base plate + compacted moist soil in the mold
(W2, in lb).
8.8 Remove the base plate from the mold. Using a jack, extrude the compacted soil
cylinder from the mold.
8.9 Collect a moisture sample in moisture can from moist soil extruded in Step 8.8 and
put it in the oven to dry to a constant weight.
8.10 Break the rest of the compacted soil (to No. 4 size) by hand and mix it with the
leftover moist soil in the pan. Add more water and mix it to raise the moisture content by
about 2%.
8.11 Repeat Steps 8.4 through 8.10. In this process, the weight of the mold + base
plate + moist (W2) will first increase with the increase of moisture content and then decrease.
Continue the test until at least two successive down readings are obtained.
8.12 The next day, determine the dry weight of soils in the moisture cans (Step 8.9).
9. Calculation
9.1 Calculate the dry unit weight and water content of each compacted specimen as
explained in 8.9. Plot the values and draw the compaction curve as a smooth curve through
the points (see example, Fig. 1). Plot dry unit weight to the nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.2 kN/m3) and
water content to the nearest 0.1 %. From the compaction curve, determine the optimum water
content and maximum dry unit weight. If more than 5 % by mass of oversize material was
removed from the sample, calculate the corrected optimum water content and maximum dry
unit weight of the total material using Practice D 4718. This correction may be made to the
appropriate field in place density test specimen rather than to the laboratory test specimen
9.2 Plot the 100 % saturation curve. Values of water content for the condition of 100
% saturation can be calculated as explained in 9.5 (see example, Fig. 1).
9.3 Water Content, w—Calculate in accordance with Test Method D 2216.
9.4 Dry Unit Weights—Calculate the moist density (Eq 1), the dry density (Eq 2), and
then the dry unit weight (Eq 3) as follows:
Equation (1)
ρm =
( M t − M md )
1000V
where:
γm or ρm = moist unit weight of compacted specimen
Mt = Weight of moist specimen and mold, kN,
Mmd = Weight of compaction mold, kN, and
V = volume of compaction mold, m3
Equation (2)
ρm
ρd =
ω
1+
100
32 CIGMAT SL 4-11
where:
γd or ρd = dry unit weight of compacted specimen (kN/m3) and
w = water content, %.
9.5 To calculate points for plotting the 100 % saturation curve or zero air voids curve
select values of dry unit weight, calculate corresponding values of water content
corresponding to the condition of 100 % saturation as follows:
Equation (3)
ωsat =
( γ w )( Gs ) − γ d x100
( γ d )( Gs )
where:
wsat = water content for complete saturation, %,
γw = unit weight of water, 62.4 lbf/ft3 (9.8 kN/m3) at 20°C,
γd = dry unit weight of soil, lbf/ft3 (kN/m3), and
Gs = specific gravity of soil.
10. Report
The data sheet(s) shall contain the following information:

10.1 Method used (A, B, C).
10.2 Preparation method used (moist or dry).
10.3 As received water content, to the nearest 0.1%.
10.4 Standard optimum water content, to the nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3.
10.5 Description of rammer (manual or mechanical).
10.6 Soil sieve data when applicable for determination of Method (A, B or C) used.
10.7 Description of material used in the test by Practice D 2488, or classification by
Test Method D2487.
10.8 Specific gravity and method of determination.
10.9 Origin of material used in test, for example, project, location, depth and the like.
10.10 Compaction curve plot showing compaction points used to establish compaction
curve, point of maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content.
10.11 Oversize correction data if used, including the oversize fraction (coarse
fraction), Pc in %.
11. Precision and bias

The accuracy of the dry unit weight results depends on the accuracy of weighing of the
compacted soil specimens and the accuracy of determining the moisture contents.
12. Keywords
Impact compaction using standard effort; density; moisture-density curves; proctor test;
compaction characteristics; soil compaction; laboratory test.
33 CIGMAT SL 4-11
WET
Wrong Curve?
γd (lb/ft3)
100% SATURATION Gs
γdmax
Unit Weight
Water Content ω (%)

Fig. 1: Example Compaction Curve Plotting.
13. Reference

ASTM Standard D 680-00aε “Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction
Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lb/ft3 (600kN-m/m3)).” American
Society of Testing and Material (ASTM), November 2003.
34 CIGMAT SL 4-11
Compaction
DATA SHEETS
Date Tested: Test Group: Sample Description:
Test 1 2 3 4 5
Weight of the mold (w1), g
Weight of mold + moist soil (w2), g
Weight of moist Soil, W2-W1, g
Moist Unit weight, γ = W2-W1/(1/30), pcf
Moisture can number 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of moisture can, W3, g
Mass of can + moist soil W4, g
Mass of can + dry soil, W5, g
Moisture Content, w% = (W4-W5)/(W5-W3) x 100
Dry Unit Weight of compaction, γd = γ/(1 + (w%/100)), pcf
35 CIGMAT SL 4-11
Designation: CIGMAT SL 5-11
Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Compacted Soil
Specimen
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the permeability of the
compacted (remolded) soil specimens.
1.2 The values are stated in SI and British units.
1.3 MSDS sheet must be reviewed before testing the grout or grouted sand.
2.1 ASTM Standard D 2434 (2006) Standard Test Method for Permeability of
Granular Soils (Constant Head)
2.2 AASHTO T 215-70 (2007) Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular
Soils (Constant Head)
2.4 Engineering Properties of Soil and Their Measurement, Fourth Edition (1992),
Joseph E. Bowles
3. Terminology
3.1 Descriptions of terms specific to this standard

3.1.1. Coefficient of Permeability: Constant of proportionality relating to the ease with
which a fluid (water) passes through a porous medium (soil).
3.1.2. Darcy’s Law: Q = k.i.A, where, q = discharge (cu.cm/s); k = coefficient of
permeability (hydraulic conductivity) (m/s); I = hydraulic gradient = head loss across the flow
path of length L (no units); A = cross sectional area of the soil mass (sq.cm); h = total head
difference across a flow path of length L (cm); L = length of the soil sample (cm)
4.1. This test method will provide information regarding the porous behavior of soils.
4.2. The coefficient of permeability mainly depends on the void ratio of the soil, size
and shape of the individual soil particle, degree of saturation and also the viscosity of the fluid
used (in this case water).
4.3. Soil permeability is an important factor which is considered in the field of
agriculture and also in the field of construction. Extremely pervious soils that are loose often
need soil stabilization before being put to use.
36 CIGMAT SL 5-11
5. Apparatus
5.1. Constant Head Permeameter: the permeameter basically consists of a standard

proctor compactor mold under the standard proctor collar sandwiched inbetween metal plates
at the top and bottom, where the top plate (water inlet) is connected to the metal cylinder
which stores water and the bottom plate has an outlet for water to flow through to the
graduated cylinder. The water cylinder is connected subjected to pressure to get the desired
hydraulic gradient.
5.2. Graduated Cylinder (250 cc)
5.3. Balance sensitive upto 0.1 g
5.4. Thermometer, sensitive upto 0.1 C
5.5. Rubber tubing
5.6. Stop Watch
6.1.1.Tests shall be conducted under known conditions of temperature and humidity or

as specified in individual test procedures. The default condition will be the room temperature
(23±2) and humidity (50±5%).
7. Sampling and Test Specimen
7.1. The test specimen shall be a cylindrical specimen enclosed inside the standard
proctor mold hich is 4 in in diameter and 4.585 inches in height.
7.2. Test specimens must have parallel top and bottom surfaces and sides
perpendicular to the base. Neither end of the specimen when tested shall depart from
perpendicularity to axis by more than 0.5 degrees (approximately equivalent to 1/8 inch in 12
inch).
7.3. The average diameter of the specimen is determined by measuring the diameter
of the specimen at right angles to each other.
7.4. The length shall be measured to the nearest 0.1mm when the volume of the
cylinder is determined from measured dimensions.
8. Procedure
• Sandwich Ottawa sand (20-30), in the collection rings (inner and outer) of the bottom
plate, in between filter papers cut to fit the rings tightly.
• Place the compacted soil specimen on the bottom plate. Mount the collar on the
compaction mold with a 1/8 – inch diameter thick O-ring.
• Place the top plate and tighten four rods with nuts.
• Fill the permanent liquid into the permeameter through the influent line.
• Connect the influent line to the permanent- filled headwater accumulator.
• Close the vent line of the permeameter.
• Connect the pressure line of the accumulator to the pressure panel board.
37 CIGMAT SL 5-11
• Close the vent line of the accumulator after ensuring no air in the collar and influent
lines.
• Effluent lines at the bottom plate are connected to two graduated cylinders.
o Headwater pressure was set at 16.5 psi (1113.7 kPa) for the hydraulic
conductivity (permeability).
o Amount and pH of the effluent was measured at regular intervals, say 24 hours.
9. Calculation
9.1 The volume of water collected in the graduated cylinder is measured

periodically.
9.2 Q = k.i.A,
where, q = discharge (cu.cm/s);
k = coefficient of permeability (hydraulic conductivity) (m/s);
I = hydraulic gradient = h/L = head loss across the flow path of length L (no units);
A = cross sectional area of the soil mass (sq.cm);
h = total head difference across a flow path of length L (cm);
L = length of the soil sample (cm)
9.3 therefore, k = Q/i.A
10. Sample Calculation
Coefficient of permeability, k = QL/Ath
For 1.5 in(3.75 cm) diameter cylinder,

Area of the cylinder, A = 11.045 cm2 = 1.767 in2.
Length of the sample, L = 6.25 cm = 2.5 in.
Let the applied pressure of water, Po = 7 psi.
Applied head = Po /γw = 7×(123)/62.4 = 194 in.
Total head h = 194 + 2.5 (specimen height) = 196.5 in.
Hydraulic gradient, i = h/L = 196.5/2.5 = 78.54
If discharge Q = 10 mL in time t = 200 hours = 720,000 s
Coefficient of permeability, k = 10/(11.045×720000×78.54)

= 1.6×10-8 cm/s.
11. Precision and bias
11.1 Precision- Data is being evaluated to determine the precision of this test method.
11.2 Bias-There is no accepted reference value for this test method; therefore, bias
cannot be determined at this time.
38 CIGMAT SL 5-11
12. Keywords
Constant Head, Rigid Wall, Permeameter, Hydraulic Conductivity, Coefficient of

Permeability, Hydraulic Gradient, Darcy’s Law.
39 CIGMAT SL 5-11
Permeability of Soil Specimen CIGMAT Laboratory

4800 Calhoun, Houston
TX-77204-4003
Group Name: ____________________ Date: ________ Specimen No.: _________
Description of Soil: ______________
Sample height L = (cm) Initial-diam. d = (cm) Area = _____ (sq.cm)
Volume = _______ (cu.cm)
Sample mass + Mold M = __(gm) Mass of Mold Mo = __(g)
Sample Mass (M-Mo) = (g) Density = ______(g/cu.cm)
Coefficient of Permeability
k = QL/Ath
Test No. Time Discharge Permeability Remark

(t) s (Q) cm3 k, cm/s
Remark:
40 CIGMAT SL 5-11

Laboratory Manual Vipulanandan (Latest)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laboratory Manual Vipulanandan (Latest)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIVE 3339

C. Vipulanandan (Vipu), Ph.D., P.E.

Department of Civil and Environmental

Organization and Content

Cleary state the objective of the test based on your goals.

3. Procedure or Designing of the test

Standard procedures already described in textbooks or class notes need to be re written

Neatness is a habit developed by conscious effort. Consequently, there is no excuse for

1. Provide a prominent and descriptive title.

4. Significance and Use

Table 5.1: U.S. Sieve numbers and Sieve openings

Sieve No. Opening (mm)

6. General Test Conditions

9.1 Percent of soil retained on nth sieve (counting from top)

9.2 Cumulative percent of soil retained on the nth sieve

9.3 Cumulative percent passing through the nth sieve

Figure 1: Sample particle size distribution curve

These may be needed for soil classification.

11. Precision and Bias

CIGMAT Geo Laboratory

Table 1: Summary of Sieve Analysis Test data

Figure 1: Particle size distribution curve

3. Significance and Use

6. General Test Conditions

of percent finer = R + FT − FZ (6)

10a. General Comments

11. Precision and Bias

CIGMAT Geo Laboratory

Sample No. ___________________ Location _____________________________________

Gs ____________________ Hydrometer type ____________________________________

Dry weight of soil, Ws ______________(g) Temperature of test, T _________________(˚C)

Meniscus correction, Fm _____________ Zero correction, Fz ________________________

Temperature correction, FT ____________________________________________________

Time Hydromet Rcp Percent finer RcL L A D

Table 2: Values of L for respective Rcls.

Table 3: Value of A for different conditions

Designation: ASTM D 4318/CIGMAT SL 03

3. Significance and Use

9. Precision and Bias

Sample Number: Sample Description:

Weight of can (W1) g

Weight of can + wet soil (W2) g

Weight of can + dry soil (W3) g

Number of Blows (N)

25 CIGMAT SL 03

Designation: ASTM D 4318/CIGMAT SL 04

2.1Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual, Sixth Edition (2002), Braja M Das

3. Significance and Use

3.1This testing method is used as an integral part of several engineering classifications

9. Precision and Bias

Date Tested: Tested By: Project Name:

Sample Number: Sample Description:

Weight of can (W1) g

Weight of can + wet soil (W2) g

Weight of can + dry soil (W3) g

Designation: ASTM D 680 /CIGMAT SL 4 -11

3.1 Descriptions of terms specific to this standard

4. Significance and Use

5.1. Compaction mold (4 in. in diameter and 4.584 in. in height).

6. General Test Conditions

6.1. Tests are done at room condition unless specified otherwise

7. Sampling and Test Specimen

The data sheet(s) shall contain the following information:

11. Precision and bias

Sample No. _ Location ___________________

Gs Hydrometer type ________________

Dry weight of soil, Ws (g) Temperature of test, T ___(˚C)

Meniscus correction, Fm _ Zero correction, Fz ____________

Group Name: ____________ Date: Specimen No.: _

Sample mass + Mold M = (gm) Mass of Mold Mo = (g)