SCIENCE REVIEWER:

A. MIXTURE
Chemical Mixtures
A mixture is a material system made up of two or more different substances, which are mixed
but not combined chemically. A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances in
which the identities of the individual substances are retained. Mixtures take the form of alloys,
solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
Naturally occurring sulfur crystalsSulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, sulfide, and sulfate
minerals and in hydrogen sulfide. This mineral deposit is composed of a mixture of substances.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or
compounds), where the different components can be visually distinguished and easily separated by
physical means. Examples include:
 mixtures of sand and water
 mixtures of sand and iron filings
 a conglomerate rock
 water and oil
 a salad
 trail mix
 mixtures of gold powder and silver powder
Interactive: Oil and Water Explore the interactions that cause water and oil to separate from a mixture.
Homogenous Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or
compounds), where the different components cannot be visually distinguished. The composition of
homogeneous mixtures is constant. Often separating the components of a homogeneous mixture is
more challenging than separating the components of a heterogeneous mixture.
Distinguishing between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures is a matter of the scale of sampling.
On a small enough scale, any mixture can be said to be heterogeneous, because a sample could be as
small as a single molecule. In practical terms, if the property of interest is the same regardless of how
much of the mixture is taken, the mixture is homogeneous.
A mixture’s physical properties, such as its melting point, may differ from those of its individual
components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by physical (mechanical or
thermal) means.

B. SOLUBILITY MATERIALS
Solubility

We compare how well solutes dissolve in solvents by measuring their solubility.

The solubility of a solute is the maximum mass of the solute that you can dissolve in a specified
mass of the solvent. For example, the solubility of salt in water is about 3 grams per 10 grams of
water.
How does temperature affect solubility?
You can usually dissolve more solute in the same amount of
solvent if you warm it up. This is because the solubility of
most solids increases with temperature.
 This means that if you cool a solution down, less solute will
dissolve in it. Some of the solute can no longer remain
dissolved and it appears as solid crystals.

What about gases?

Temperature has the opposite effect on the solubility of gases. If you warm up a solution of a gas, it
becomes less soluble. As the solution gets hotter you can see bubbles of gas appear. These
were dissolved when the solution was cooler and now they are coming out of solution.

Bubbles in the water

You can see this when you heat water in a pan. Bubbles of air appear as the water
warms up. The air was dissolved in the water when it was cold. But now that the
water is hot, it can no longer stay in solution. So it appears as bubbles.
Try not to confuse this with the bubbles you see when the water eventually boils.
These are bubbles of steam formed as the liquid water changes into a gas.
C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

Physical Change A change of matter from one form to another without turning into a new substance.
Physical Property A characteristic or property that can be observed, measured, or changed without
changing the substance itself
Chemical Change A change that occurs when one or more substances produce new substances with
different properties.
D. FIRST FIVE ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE
1. HYDROGEN – “Hydro” meaning water and “genes” meaning generator
- It is classified as non-metal
- The symbol of hydrogen is H
2. Helium – it is located in group 18 and period 1.
- The symbol is He
- It does not react with air, water, halogens, acids and bases.
- It is reactive because of electrons.
3. Lithium – it is classified as a metal
- Located in group 1 and in period 2
- The symbol is Li
- It’s used in batteries
- Classified as metal
4. Beryllium – originated from the stone beryl
- Classified as metal
- Chemical symbol is Be
- Relative transparently to X-rays and is used to make windows for X-ray tubes
5. Boron – name originated from borax and carbon
- Located in period 2 and group 13
- Classified as semi-metal
- Chemical symbol is B
- It reacts with air and halogens
- Used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce green color