Physical quantities Measurement Uncertainties

Kinematics: motion along a

Vectors straight line

Average and instantaneous Freely falling bodies and motion

acceleration with varying acceleration

Kinematics: motion in two or Newton's Laws of motion

three dimensions
Spain's 333 years of Philippines colonization ends in 1898. Unwilling to surrender to the Filipinos, Spain
sells the archipelago for $20 million.

While the Americans prepare to claim their latest colony, the Filipinos argue amongst themselves,
unaware of their country's fate under the Treaty of Paris.

December 1898. In Bulacan, President of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo (Mon Confiado),
his Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini (Epi Quizon) and his presidential cabinet are debating the issue of
the American presence in the Philippines.

Filipino ilustrados Felipe Buencamino (Nonie Buencamino) and Pedro Paterno (Leo Martinez) argue for
an American alliance with Philippines as its protectorate. This angers the military leaders present in the
cabinet meeting: General Antonio Luna (John Arcilla) and General José Alejandrino (Alvin Anson) who
want to continue the revolution for Philippines independence. They are wary of the presence of
American forces in the country, believing another imperialist nation will simply replace the Spaniards.
They are concerned about the latest American orders barring Filipino troops out of the walled city
of Intramuros since the mock Battle of Manila in August. Intramuros is the seat of government and
power base of the Spaniards in the archipelago.

Luna's military instinct senses something afoot. He asks the Cabinet to authorize a pre-emptive strike
against their liberators to take control of Intramuros while the Americans forces have not yet landed
their ground troops and the Philippine Revolutionary Army still have the advantage.

Prime Minister Mabini specifically warns the cabinet of the 7,000 additional American reinforcement
arriving to fight any insurgencies. The Generals want to strike now, reiterating their soldiers' willingness
to sacrifice their lives for their country.

Aguinaldo is swayed by the elitist voices in the cabinet and leans towards continuing American peace
and trade discussions and sends Buencamino and Arguelles to meet with them. He assures his cabinet
that the Americans promise to help win freedom from their Spanish overlords.

The truth was that months earlier on August 13, 1898, local Spanish and American generals, secretly and
jointly planned a land engagement, later known as the Battle of Manila"[12] to transfer control of
Intramuros from the Spaniards to the Americans.

Following the surrender of the Spaniards, the Americans turn their attention to keeping General
Aguinaldo's men out of Intramuros, an unusual order questioned by the Filipinos who provide support
for the Americans. Filipino forces were not able to capture Manila, increasing anti-American sentiments
and suspicions that the liberators are our next conquerors.

As it turns out, the peace talks come up empty-handed for the Filipinos. On December 10, 1898, Spain
and United States of America sign the Treaty of Paris that ends the Spanish American war. Spain cedes
authority of the Philippines to the United States. They turn over Intramuros to the Americans, while
American troops begin to engage with Filipino soldiers and seize control of cities like Santa Mesa, San
Juan, Paco and Pandacan, showing aggression against any Filipinos resistance. After their fight against
the Spaniards, the Filipinos fight another war.

Luna and his trusted comrades – General José Alejandrino, Colonel Francisco “Paco” Román (Joem
Bascon), Captain Eduardo Rusca (Archie Alemania), Captain José Bernal (Alex Medina) and Major
Manuel Bernal (Art Acuña) – embark on an arduous campaign against the invading American forces.
During an intense battle against American troops led by General Arthur MacArthur Jr. (Miguel
Faustmann) and General Elwell Otis (E.A. Rocha), Luna asks for reinforcements from the Kawit Battalion
but its commander, Captain Pedro Janolino (Ketchup Eusebio), refuses to comply because the order did
not come from President Aguinaldo himself. Luna angrily rides to Janolino's camp, humiliates him in
front his men, and dismisses the battalion for insubordination. Luna then assembles an army of 4,000
soldiers by declaring his infamous "Article One", stating that all who refuse to follow his orders shall be
executed without the benefit of a trial in a military court. He also recruits Lieutenant García (Ronnie
Lazaro) after witnessing his marksmanship skills, and makes him commander of his elite unit of snipers
and sharpshooters.

As the new war drags on, Buencamino and Paterno indicate their support of a proposal for Philippine
autonomy as the protectorate of the United States. Enraged by this, Luna orders their arrest as traitors
to the constitution they swore to uphold. Aguinaldo reluctantly arrests them, especially as Prime
Minister Mabini validates Luna has grounds.

Luna's military campaign is undermined by General Tomás Mascardo (Lorenz Martinez), who opposes
Luna's order for reinforcements, stating that he will only follow the President's direct orders. While the
two generals are about to clash in Pampanga, the Americans advance steadily as other Filipino generals
like Gregorio del Pilar (Paulo Avelino) retreat to the north. Luna visits Aguinaldo and Mabini to file his
resignation, knowing that Buencamino and Paterno have been set free. Aguinaldo refuses to accept his
resignation, and approves Luna's request to establish the Philippines Military headquarters in the north.

Later, Luna is summoned to the President's headquarters in Cabanatuan. Although his officers are
suspicious of the telegram, Luna rides to Cabanatuan, bringing only Román and Rusca with him. Upon
arrival, the streets are unusually empty, most of the soldiers had already left the president's
headquarters under Aguinaldo's orders, with the exception of some elements of the Kawit Battalion and
presidential guards. Luna discovers that Aguinaldo had already left that morning, and only Senator
Buencamino remains in the office. As they exchange heated words, a single shot is fired outside. Luna
investigates and encounters Captain Janolino and his men, who attack him. Luna is shot, stabbed, and
hacked repeatedly to death. Román is also killed while a wounded Rusca surrenders to the Kawit
soldiers. Most of Luna's remaining loyal officers are arrested during the purge, while some are tortured
and killed, including the Bernal brothers, Heneral Luna's closest aides.

As ordered by Aguinaldo, Luna and Román are buried with full military honors by the Kawit Battalion -
the same men who killed them. Mabini, who is among the mourners, notices a bloodied Bolo on one of
the soldiers; however, the inquest exonerates the Kawit Battalion and Luna's killers are never caught.

After the war, while American newspapers in the Philippines quickly blame Aguinaldo for Luna's death,
Aguinaldo denies his involvement on the assassination; calling Antonio Luna as his most brilliant and
most capable general. MacArthur and Otis acknowledge Luna as a worthy adversary, laughing at the fact
that the Filipinos killed the only real general they had.

In the film's post-credits scene at the end, General Gregorio del Pilar prepares to cover President
Aguinaldo's retreat to the north. Del Pilar inspects Luna's remaining men and orders his aide, Colonel
Vicente Enríquez (Carlo Aquino) to select 60 of them.

Here’s a summary of Heneral Luna The Movie made by me. The first scene was that in a certain room,
General Luna was alone with a boy named Joven, who wanted to write a biography about the general.
He asked him to tell the story of life and the general reminded him jokingly that the biography might
become a novel.

Then, it started in the meeting between the higher officials of the government. Of course, President
Emilio Aguinaldo and the Prime Minister of the Philippines, Apolinario Mabini were present at the
assembly. However, it was not a civil conversation among the members. They were shouting at each
other, debating on wether they should be trusting the Americans or not. It was clear to the others that
the foreign country was plotting something against their country. However, there are some people that
still sided with the Americans, saying that they were trustworthy, unlike the Spaniards. Pedro Paterno
was one them. Thus, useless arguements erupted among them again and again.
“Para kayong mga birhen na naniniwala sa pag-ibig ng isang puta.” -one of Generel Luna’s remarkable
line during the discourse.

The arrival of a messenger stopped the brawl momentarily, sending a letter to the President which
contained bad news. Yes, the inevitable happened. Some soldiers scouting in Santa Mesa district, Manila
were killed by the Americans and had terrotized other places in the Philippines too.

After the leaders were stationed on the territories they must protect, General Luna with his trusted
comrades,Jose Alejandrino, Francisco “Paco” Roman, Eduardo Rusca, Jose Bernal, and Manuel Bernal
had a battle with the Americans in Intramuros. Their enemies were well-equiped and trained, so they
had to request reinforcements from the Kawit Brigade. But Captain Pedro Janolino was irritated with the
general’s bossy attitude so, he refused to follow his orders. Luna was so annoyed with his lack of
cooperation so, he stomped into the hut the captain was in, who was sleeping beside a naked woman,
and dragged him outside to humilliate him in front of his soldiers. Janolino reported the general’s
wicked deed to the president, but Mabini counseled Aguinaldo to let it pass.

The country was at war, but the pathetic cabinet members were still arguing about deepening the
relationship of Americans and Filipinos. Felipe Buencamino was pressing on trusting them, which earned
him an arrest from General Luna, who was flamed by his lies. President Aguinaldo was aware that the
other members are getting fed up of the Luna’s attitude. Luna also fought with General Mascardo
because he was spewing insults at his co-general, who refused to accept that he had a son in the war
who chikened out.

After those internal battle, General Luna went to house of the love of his life to clear his mind from
pressures and stuggles. Isobel was the name of the young woman.
“Mas mahalaga ang papel natin sa digmaan kaysa sa anumang nararamdaman natin,” she stated as a
closure to her relationship with the general. She was right. She pledged that it will be their last
rendezvous and by the next time they meet again, they are stangers to each other.

When General Luna was back at his home, he played his guitar. His moment was interruped by his
mother, Doña Laureana Luna y Novicio, who had spoken with him shortyly. She reminded him that he
was bound to die if he continued fighting, but nonetheless, his will wasn’t shaken. He could have been a
doctor, but look at how destiny played with him ‘cause right now, he’s a mighty general.

Then, General Luna was summoned by a telegram written by the President that asked him to show up in
Cabanatuan. When he arrived, he was welcomed by the silence of the place. Stangely, there’s only a few
people around. Felipe Buencamino was the only one present in the office and he told him that the
President left long ago before he arrived. When he heard a gunshot outside, he went out in order to
punish the soldier who did it. In the ambush, the general was fired and stabbed to death.

In the ending, Felipe, Aguinaldo and Joven were explaining their sides of the story. General Luna’s
demise left a lot of questions unanswered. The end.

I think everything was difficult for him. He fought for his country, leaded many soldiers and constructed
battle strategies. At first, it was not what he really dreamed of. He was supposed to be a doctor, saving
lives of other people, but he was placed on a battlefield, risking his life to save everyone. The most
difficult part in his period of being a general is that he had to argue with his co-Filipinos, make them
follow his orders, and fight for what he think is right. Not everyone agreed with his morals, thus earning
him the title of “Heneral Artikulo Uno” because of his strictness.

For me, the climax and ending had the most impact for me, because it made me realize how scary power
is. It is the reason why the Americans conquered us, why General Luna’s death is still a mystery, and why
peace cannot be achieved that easily. Because of power and selfishness, it blinded us greatly from
nationalism.
Pahina Aktibidad Puntos
1 Ekspresiv (tula) 10/10
2 Liham (transaksyunal) 10/10
3 Maikling Pagsusulit 53/60
4 Akademikong Sulatin 8/10
5 Mini Diksyunaryo 85/100
6 Mahabang Pagsusulit 61/70
7 Abstrak
 Arellano University
Senior High School Department
Juan Sumulong Campus

Ina Cassandra V. Morales

12-Stem 4
Bb. Jean Corpuz
Ang Inhinyero Sibil ay isang propesyon na may kaugnayan sa disenyo at
konstruksyon ng mga kalsada, gusali, tulay, paliparan at iba pang mga
establisyemento . Bago pa man tayo nakatuntong sa kolehiyo, lahat na tayo ay
nagkaroon ng mga pangarap at mithiin sa buhay, at isang hamon sa atin ay ang
pagpili ng linyang ating papasukan. Naging napakalaking desisyon din sa buhay
natin ang pagpili ng kursong kukunin sapagkat dito nakasalalay ang ating magiging
kinabukasan. Sa panahon ng ating pagdedesisyon ay ang paglitaw ng mga
katanungan sa ating sarili kung ano ang magiging bunga kung tayo'y nakatapos na
sa kursong napili.Nais kong maging inhinyero sapagkat isa ito sa mga propesyon na
may malaking kontribusyon sa ating bansa. Ang mgaInhinyero ay may ibat-ibang
sangay upang matustusan at maibigay ang serbisyong kinakailangan ng tao sa ibat
ibang bagay. Hindi man ako ganoong kagaling sa larangan ng matematika at siyensa
, gagawin ko pa rin ang lahat upang makapagtapos at makuha ang aking minimithi
para sa aking pamilya, sa bayan at sa aking kinabukasan