Declaration

We, the undersigned students of B. Tech. of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department hereby declare that we own the full responsibility for the information, results
etc. provided in this PROJECT titled “(automatic traffic light controller) submitted to
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar for the partial fulfillment of the
subject Microelectronic Devices and Circuits (EET2131). We have taken care in all
respect to honor the intellectual property right and have acknowledged the contribution of
others for using them in academic purpose and further declare that in case of any violation of
intellectual property right or copyright we, as the candidates, will be fully responsible for the
same.

Somen Mohanty Biswajeet nayak

Registration No.: 1741013009 Registration No.: 1741013008

DATE:
-------------------------------------

PLACE:
-------------------------------------

i
Abstract
Traffic lights are an integral part of our roads and streets. They continue to be
an important feature of saving lives by saving many deadly accidents on
multiphase streets. The traffic lights continue to function on a variety of
mechanisms –some are pure digitally programmed, some are semi-analog semi
digital, very few of those lights are pure analog microelectronics these days.
But even in this digital age, the prime fundamentals of controlling hardware
devices like signaling lighted systems like traffic lights come from the basic
micro-electronic analog devices. Also in case of sudden failure of lights, the
reprogramming of the devices may take several time depending on the original
platform, language, and interface of coding, creating mayhem on the field. In
such situations, resorting to fundamentals will be faster.

ii
Contents

Serial No. Chapter No. Title of the Chapter Page No.

1. 1 Introduction 1

2. 2 Need Recognition and Problem 2

Definition

3. 3 Function Decomposition 3

4. 4 Analysis 4

5. 5 Concept Generation 5

6. 6 Concept selection 6

7. 7 Testing and Improvement 11

8. 8 Discussions and Conclusion 13

9. References 14

10. Appendices 15

iii
1. Introduction
The traffic light systems at the advent were manually controlled devices, a step
further from the manual policeman of traffic which is better known as traffic
policemen. But the manual traffic lights or the manual traffic policeman can
have limitations on accuracy and most importantly the cost to the authorities as
both require human operators. Instead a better solution will be to implement an
automatic traffic control system which can be accomplished using many
techniques of which we have selected a circuit in consonance with our course
and cost requirements. Most importantly we have decided to incorporate a one-
way traffic control system to maintain simplicity of cost, and aesthetic design
requirements, which nonetheless can be scaled up to three/four way systems.
Here in this report we will go on to explain the reasons of selecting our
particular choice, along with the working and logic along with the circuit
diagram involved.

1|Page
2. Need Recognition and Problem definition
2.1 Need Recognition
1) Simple circuit-the circuit is extremely simple using only analog electronic
devices and very much easy to install everywhere.
2) Low cost-the components used to make the circuit are easily and cheaply
available in any electronics store in almost all markets.
3) Easily Scalable-the simplicity of design of the design along with its low cost
makes it extremely easy to scale up according to the need of the circuit.
4) Highly useful-the system can be easily deployed and be of great use to
general commuters population.

2.2 Problem dentition

The model of should be low cost and it should be a simple as possible to be
deployed to layman and as well as to be explained to someone with basic
knowledge of electronics.

2.2.2 Objectives
The main objectives is to design the circuit with as low resource as possible
The second objective is to study the working and characteristics of the circuit
and suggest improvements if any.

2.2.3 Constraints
The only constraint of the circuit is cost and scale-up parameters. Further due to
paucity of time, cost and complexity we have made only a one-way circuit
instead of 3-way circuit.

2|Page
3. Function Decomposition
Resistor capacitor Transistor(bc-548) to The LEDs which
circuit control the switching of display the signals
leds. (red/green/
(To delay the
impulse) (transistor 1/transistor Yellow)
2/transistor 3)

DC/AC POWER
SOURCE
(to power the entire
circuit)

The above block diagram shows a block to control a single set of

color LEDS, which iterates continuously from red to green to yellow

3|Page
4. Analysis and Design Decision
SL.NO COMPONENT NAME SPECIFICATION NO.OF UNITS

1 Bi-polar junction BC-548 3

transistor

2 Resistors 33kohm ,1kohm , 470 1,3,2

ohm

3 capacitors 470 uf,100 uf 2,1

4 LEDs Red,green,yellow 2,2,2

5 breadboard ------- 1

6 Connecting wires 23-swg As required

CALCULATION

The resistors to protect the LED= 470Kohm resistors

The resistors used in delay circuit are:
Delay 1=R*C=100Kohm*100uF=10 seconds (before red turns on)
Delay 2=R*C=100Kohm*47uF=47 seconds (before green turns on)
Delay 3=R*C=100Kohm*100uF=10 seconds (before yellow turns on)

4|Page
5. Concept Generation
As enumerated there are many ways of doing the circuit, some of the ways are
as follows
1) Using Arduino programming/Raspberry pi programming (pure digital
programming route) using appropriate delay time in the code

2) Using a 555 timer circuit, along with a decade counter along with other
analog components (The semi-digital route) which switches on/off the LEDS in
a pre-defined time controlled by decade counter.

3) Using transistors (BJTs), resistors, capacitors (pure analog micro-electronics

route)-where the BJTs act as on-off switching circuit and the R-C network acts
as a delay circuit.

5|Page
6. Concept Selection

The third concept was selected as it is relatively simple and cheaper and also in
consonance in coursework as all the components used in the project is direct
application of concepts of transistors, resistors, LED (diode) etc taught in the
micro-electronics course.
As shown in the block diagram and according to the circuit diagram; first the
power supply powers up the yellow LED, then the current passes through the
delay circuit during which time the yellow LED keeps glowing; and the
Transistor connecting the RC network to the red LED remains in OFF
condition, once the delay is over, the transistor gets on and the red LED starts
glowing and the Second RC network starts charging up, in the meanwhile the
red LED keeps glowing and similarly the signal passes to the transistor
connecting to the GREEN LED and the process continues…over and over
again.

6|Page
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION -

(i)Bi Polar Junction Transistor-

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) has three terminals connected to three
doped semiconductor regions. It comes with two types, P-N-P and N-P-N.
N-P transistor, consisting of a layer of N-doped semiconductor between two
layers of P-doped material. The base current entering in the collector is
amplified at its output.
That is when PNP transistor is ON when its base is pulled low relative to the
emitter. The arrows of PNP transistor symbol the direction of current flow
when the device is in forward active mode.
N-P-N transistor consisting a layer of P-doped semiconductor between two
layers of N-doped material. By amplifying current the base we get the high
collector and emitter current.
That is when NPN transistor is ON when its base is pulled low relative to the
emitter. When the transistor is in ON state, current flow is in between the
collector and emitter of the transistor. Based on minority carriers in P-type
region the electrons moving from emitter to collector. It allows the greater
current and faster operation; because of this reason most bipolar transistors
used today are NPN.

7|Page
Fig 6.1-transistior

(i)Resistors-
A resistor is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical componentthat implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages,
biasactive elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate many wattsof electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or
as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer),
or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits
and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors
are also implemented within integratedcircuits.

8|Page
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude. The
nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance,
indicated on the component.

Fig 6.2-Resistors

9|Page
LED (Light Emitting Diode)-
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible
light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly
bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single
wavelength. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of
approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400nanometers).
It is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to
cross the band gap of the semiconductor.White light is obtained by using
multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.

10 | P a g e
7. Testing and Improvement
The circuit was tested and was found to be working perfectly.

The red light glowing indicating stop signal

11 | P a g e
The green light glowing indicating (go signal)

The yellow light glowing indicating wait signal.

12 | P a g e
8. Discussions and Conclusion
So finally we can conclude that the project works perfectly as a one-phase pure
analog micro-electronics circuit, which can be powered by a 9-V battery.

However the model circuit implemented here is fairly simple which can be
easily scaled up to three-way traffic systems…but in three-way traffic systems
the pure analog circuit can involve tedious calculations of resistors and
capacitors to maintain the synchronous time delays and hence can be easily
implemented by semi-analog method discussed in point 2 of concept generation.

And finally the circuit needs to be modified a little in terms of resistance and
capacitance as that would run on much higher DC supply in real-life traffic
signals and when implemented properly can be immensely useful to curb the
menace of rash driving benefitting the common commuters and maintaining
road safety.

13 | P a g e
References
1) Circuitsgarage.com
2) googlesearch
3) Micro-electronics devices by sedra smith

14 | P a g e
Appendices
DATASHEET OF BC547

15 | P a g e