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Chapter 1 of Thesis Grade 11
Chapter 1 of Thesis Grade 11
Introduction
Fire is the most common form of conflagration, which has the potential
to cost burning and threatens humans’ life and also animals’ life.Fire can be
temperature and friction. Fire can only thrive in the presence of oxygen.
During this century, fire still has many uses but it can cause a lot of
destruction. In fact ,fire incidence became one of the major concern of the
country. In a recent report that was published by philstar in region VII alone
by formulating paint that when applied to the building materials will retard
The researcher will make fire retardant paints because it is frequently used in
looking to comply with safety legislation for your building or just want to make
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sure your home, café, restaurant, hotel, guesthouse, warehouse or office has
an extra layer of fire protection, it’s important to make sure you’ve had an
appropriate fire risk assessment. Once this is done, you’ll know the kind of
measures you need to take, from building with specific materials, installing fire
appropriate intumescent paint to making sure you have fire retardant curtains,
industrial substances will again need a different type of fire retardant paint.It
will have a big impact in our country and it will also help people abroad.
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Background of the study
Fire is one of the most dangerous incident happening throughout the world.
The researchers wanted to lessen the cases of fire incidents so they will
In the field of natural and man-made disasters, fire has played a predominant
armed conflicts, there has also been a rapid change in the modalities and
For this reason a report is presented of fire disasters in the twentieth century,
From the classification point of view, as regards the data reported in the
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Statement of the Problem
its respondents. More specifically, it aims to find the answers in the following:
2.1 Appearance
2.2 Texture
2.3 Odor
Alternative- The paint have significant effect to buildings and objects that
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Significance of the Study
●Painters
●Citizens
●Future researcher
country. It will pose awareness for future inventions and study . It is of great
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Theoretical Framework
Fire hazards come in all shapes and sizes, the level of fire protection gained
ensures improved health and safety with every application.There are number
following materials will help the paint retard the burning process.
crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an
Next is the expanded graphite which isis made by immersing natural flake
forces the crystal lattice planes apart, thus expanding the graphite. The
expanded graphite can be used to make graphite foil or used directly as "hot
top" compound to insulate molten metal in a ladle or red-hot steel ingots and
decrease heat loss, or as firestops fitted around a fire door or in sheet metal
collars surrounding plastic pipe (during a fire, the graphite expands and chars
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Lastly, Borax is a component of many detergents, cosmetics,
Conceptual Framework
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Scope and Limitations of the study
This study will focus in the acceptability of Fire proof paint. The said
product will be evaluated by the painters and the citizens at Santa Cruz,
Laguna. The researcher will gather the data and get the result through
Definition of Terms
(potassium alum). Alum may also refer to aluminum hydroxide gel used as a
vaccine adjuvant. Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes. They
and crystallize in regular octahedra. When heated, they liquefy, and if the
heating is continued, the water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths
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dissolve easily in water. A number of closely related minerals or chemical
compounds that differ in their crystal water content are referred to as borax,
but the word is usually used to refer to the decahydrate. Commercially sold
in meteorites.
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CHAPTER 2
research program.
FOREIGN
Our durable intumescent fire protection coatings give you reliable fire
performance.
performance. As a result, you benefit from longer life cycles and lower
maintenance requirements.
Used around the globe on a wide range of structures, from the steel
our Hempacore coatings intended for cellulosic fires are formulated for quick
application, either onsite or offsite. They can be specified for 30, 60, 90 and
120 minutes of passive fire protection, and the range also includes
Hempacore AQ, a waterborne VOC-free coating that complies with the latest
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How do intumescent coatings work?
high enough temperatures. In extreme cases, steel may buckle and collapse
in just a few minutes. In the case of fire, our intumescent Hempacore coatings
expand to create a layer of carbon char. This insulates the steel beneath,
enabling it to retain its load-bearing capacity for up to two hours and giving
They are easy to apply and maintain, can be over-coated with any finish from
our Decorative or Protective range and leave more room for ceiling and wall
fixtures.
Source: http://www.hempel.com/en/products/segments/protective/coating-
applications/fire-protection?sc_lang=en
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*Flammability Studies of Fire Retardant Coatings on Wood
jkoo@swt.edu
This paper describes the use of Cone Calorimetry to study fire retardant (FR)
using the Cone Calorimeter at a radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m2. The peak heat
release rate (PHRR) and total smoke released (TSR) of the Cone Calorimeter
were compared to the flame spread index (FSI) and smoked developed index
(SDI) of the ASTM E-84 test. A direct correlation between the ASTM E-84 FSI
screen FR formulations before conducting the full scale ASTM E-84 test.
Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2001-0797.ch028
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*National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Washington, D.C.
MARK W. WESTGATE
Τhe subject of fire retardancy through the use of protective coatings should
be approached
a little to the right of center --that is, with cautious but definite enthusiasm.
for a product that seems to meet a long-felt pressing need of the consuming
holocaust for an extended period of time without yielding. Not even a sheet of
steel, many times thicker than the average paint film, could live up to such
led to expect so much, andthen receive so little, even in this age of chemical
important, not only for the ad writer, but also for the chemist, the engineer, the
underwriter, and theauthor of a building code. The use of the term "fire-
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Fire-retardant action over steel is altogether different in principlefrom fire-
retardant action over wood or vegetable fiber wallboard. Is any one fire--
retarding agent to be preferred over another? It all depends on what you want
to prevent from becoming fuel to feed the flames -- is it the paint itself, or is it
It cannot be emphasized too strongly that dried paint films, instead of tending
to spread flame, actually retard it when compared with the same unpainted
all possible safeguards, such special types of coatings have a definite utility.
and full gloss, possess a fair amount of fire retardance when exposed to
conditions existing during the first stages of a fire. This can be checked at a
possess considerable fire retardancy have not yet received enough attention.
Special pigments that fuse, release smothering gases, or react with the
insulation -- can be used to make coatings that are both fire-retardant and
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A special top coat then becomes unnecessary. If these two features were
retarding the initia l rate of spread of fire -- the proper climat e of public
opinion would prevail that would ensure the further development and use of
all those concerned with their evaluation and usage. This problem of what
A poor test is worse than no test at all . Too mil d -- it is dangerous to life
and property. Too severe --i t stifles progress. Too costly --i t becomes
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Aldrich (1) covers the role of paint in atomic warfare, as well as in peacetime
manner in six articles. His main thesis is that very littl e can be done about
preventing ignition in the primary blast zone, but that the radius of
storms.
group of experts pooled their information. The papers were combined and
published under the French title , "Journées d'Étude sur les Peintures et
Vernis dans la Lutte contre le Feu," describing the role of paints and
John C . Moore and myself were honored to be invited to present some of the
work done at the laboratories of the Scientific Section of the National Paint,
Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ba-1954-0009.ch001
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LOCAL
Philippines - Filipino Inventor turns rice hull, river silt into fire-resistant
bricks
12/11/2010 – Many consider rice hull and river silt as waste by-products, but
for Emmanuel “Manny” Alkuino, these raw materials can be made into
Manny’s bright idea came after months of research and hard work during the
cannot plant rice at the family farm. With a natural inclination for tinkering
things since he was a child, Manny thought of making bricks despite the
because his parents wanted him to help in their farm, he decided to pursue
Manny did not realize the importance of his course until an exam he took
years ago reminded him that alluvial silt can be used to make bricks.
you were to plant rice so it would be made resistant to rice bugs and prevent
the bugs’ proboscis from injecting genetic material inside very young rice
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plants, what would you do?’ I remembered the answer very well because I got
The answer, said Manny, is to “put silica on the rice hull by genetic
engineering” so that over time, the rice hull will have more silica content and
will eventually become harder and stronger to prevent infection from rice
“That was when I got the idea to use rice hull for making bricks by turning
To make the bricks more solid, Manny did months of research. He then
noticed the silt collecting at the river banks of Pulangi River. He gathered
them and combined it with rice hull. Alluvial silts are soil or granulized rocks
deposited at the bottom of the river or other bodies of water. The debris is
“The result was durable and fire resistant bricks that we can sell at a cheaper
cost compared to most construction materials like hollow blocks and cement,”
said Manny, who added that after patenting the process, he founded Sidlak
Pinoy Inc.
One of his five sons, Fredreich, who helps manage Sidlak Pinoy, said the
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state-of-the-art machine als invented and patented by his father. To date, the
fire bricks and machine are being sold to other towns in Bukidnon.
The process was sustainable and reduces wastes because the rice hulls are
used to fuel the kiln for baking the bricks and in turn become ashes. The rice
hulls’ ashes are collected as raw material for making bricks when combined
with silt.
“Fire bricks are five times stronger than cement and allow savings from use of
less cement because bricks have no hollows to be filled and do not require
finishing. Houses made of bricks are also resistant to termites that usually eat
need paint because they are stylish and make houses cooler,” Fredreich said.
Manny added that bricks are “reusable” because old bricks can be recycled
The Sidlakan bricks have undergone a battery of tests against heat, wind and
excessive rains. Stress tests on these bricks show that they are stable even
Sidlak Pinoy has been tapped by anti-poverty housing project Gawad Kalinga.
The company has manufactured bricks in all sizes for homes in Mindanao,
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In the future, Sidlak Pinoy is “seeking opportunities to make the fire brick
“When we were delivering the bricks to them, they were amazed because
they often have the notion that bricks are used by more affluent families when
Fredreich said.
Asked for a message to Filipinos, Manny said: “Our country is rich in natural
resources and the biggest resource we have is our people. We have a lot of
materials that can be converted to something useful, let us just look for ways
Source: http://flar.org/en/philippines-filipino-inventor-turns-rice-hull-river-silt-
into-fire-resistant-bricks/
Fire disaster consistently topped the most devastating disasters for decades
by record (flood disaster topped the list). Fire disasteris frequent in urban
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Loss of such material things could be regained through time and work, but the
loss of lives would not be bearable unto a person. The disaster caused by fire
could be worse depending on its rate of expansion among its nearby areas.
using cheaper materials, not to mean substandard, and by small lots of land,
housing system is common locally, since it is one idea to maximize the area
Structures, such as these, are mostly low-cost; though timber could not be
system would be very much risky, since the structure itself is vulnerable to fire
Fire disasters could be classified into what causes them, naturally or man-
made.
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Natural fire occurrences are mostly involving forest fire. Man-made fire can
equipment, indoor smoking, and etc. Most are due to irresponsibility and
salvage structures from fire and to prevent its expansion among other
structures. However, considering the place from which the fire fighters came
from, there would be a definite time of delay by which the service will come
from the needed area. This time of delay will cause the fire to grow and to
avoided, but the spreading throughout the structure, may be delayed with the
Shell that comes from molluscs is a material that is common in the Philippines
general, mostly composed of minerals that help it maintain its hard state even
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The shell serves as a protective mechanism against mechanical and chemical
harmful effects on the molluscs flesh. Since the shell of the molluscs is not
edible, it is used for other purposes, crafting, decorative material for furniture,
oris put to waste. Other various events of wastage consider the edibility of
these shells, for example red tide, oil leakage near shores, etc.Instead of
being wasted, due to the shell’s protective properties, extension of its function
Source:
http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Assessment%20of%20Crushed
%20Oyster%20Shells%20as%20an%20External%20Coating%20to%20Plywo
od.pdf
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion on the research methodology, the
instrument and statistical treatment of data that will be used for precise data
Research Design
experimental method will be used in doing the product of paint that can be
made into Fireproof paint and find its effect to the painters, citizens and for
cause and effect relationship among a group of variables that make up the
Libraries, 2017)
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In this study, descriptive research design was used in order to
treatment in reducing stress in terms of appearance, taste, smell, price and its
be used for statistical reference from your respondents through data analysis.
This type of research takes the form of close ended questions which limits is
The respondents of the study will be the citizens and the painters
2017-2018.
Sampling Technique
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This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need
not the main concern. There are seven types of purposive samples, each
Research Instrument
Research Procedure
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Materials, Tools and Ingredients
Table 1: Materials
Materials Description
a solid film.
of K2(SO4)
Paint Brush
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Table 2: Tools and Equipment
the tree
Construction Procedure
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Figure 2. Paint
Figure 3. Alum
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3. Pouring the alum to the paint
Figure 4. Pouring
Figure 5. Mixture
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5. Applying the paint with alum to a craft of wood.
Figure 6. Applying
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Table 1. Time of Combustion
Table 1 shows that the wood did not burn easily. It was observed that as the
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Table 2. Trials and Revisions
fire.
fire. borax.
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Construction Time Frame
This time frame will be used to have the best results of the Fireproof
Preparing 6minutes
Mixing 20minutes
Applying 3minutes
Drying 8 hours
Subjecting 5minutes
Cost of Production
This table examine the cost in making Fireproof paint.
Materials Costs
Paint Php. 170.00
Alum Php. 550.00
Paintbrush Php. 15.00
Borax Php. 110.00
Total PHP. 845.00
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Statistical treatment
The data obtained will be treated statistically with the use of weighted
and price.
data entries vary from the mean. It is calculated as the square root of
variance. The more spread the data, the higher the deviation.
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Chapter 4
data gathered to answer all questions related to the main problem of the
study. This includes the different tables showing the Acceptability of Fireproof
Methods of Preparation
Testing the
combustibility
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Figure 8. Flow Chart in making Fireproof Paint
the materials, applying the paint into a scrap of wood, drying the wood and
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