zElectric Daisy Carnival

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This article is about the music festival. For the album, see Electric Daisy
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Electric Daisy Carnival
EDC logo black.svg
Genre Music Festival, EDM, Dubstep, House Music, Techno
Location(s) Flagship:
Las Vegas, Nevada
Current:
Orlando, Florida
Mexico City, Mexico
Tokyo, Japan
Shanghai, China
Former:
Los Angeles, California
San Bernardino, California
Denver, Colorado
New York City, New York
Chicago, Illinois
Joliet, Illinois
Dallas, Texas
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Milton Keynes, U.K.
S�o Paulo, Brazil
New Delhi, India
Years active 1991�1993 (first incarnation)
1997�present (Insomniac)
Founded by Insomniac Events
Website http://www.electricdaisycarnival.com/
Electric Daisy Carnival, commonly known as EDC, is an annual electronic dance music
festival, with its flagship event held annually in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The event primarily features electronic dance producers and DJs such as Armin van
Buuren, Calvin Harris, Hardwell, Alesso, Kaskade, Martin Garrix, Zedd, Afrojack,
Seven Lions, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Yellow Claw, and Ti�sto. The festival
incorporates all kinds of electronic music.[1] Sponsors for recent EDC events
include Corona, Smirnoff, and Uber.[2]

EDC was created with the purpose of utilizing music and art to inspire individuals.
In addition to the music, individuals can experience the three-dimensional
superstructures, colorful, glow-in-the-dark environments, and all manner of LED-
infused flora and fauna.[3] Part of the unforgettable experience are the
interactive art installations scattered throughout EDC and the thrilling, as well
as relaxing rides.[3] The goal is ultimately for EDC to be a place where people can
connect, on and off the dance floor. This event welcomes everyone, not
discriminating against shape, size, and color.[3]

Since its inception, other EDC events have been held at venues in the United States
and abroad, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, the UK, Brazil, Japan and India.
In 2009, EDC became a two-day event, and in 2011, a three-day event in Las Vegas
that drew 230,000 people. In 2015, it drew more than 400,000 over three days
(134,000 per day).[4][5][6]

In 2017, EDC won the Festival of the Year award at the Electronic Music Awards.

Contents
1 History
1.1 1997-1998
1.2 1999
1.3 2000
1.4 2001
1.5 2002 - 2006
1.6 2007
1.7 2008
1.8 2009
1.9 2010
1.10 2011
1.11 2012
1.12 2013
1.13 2014
1.14 2015
1.15 2016
1.16 2017
1.17 2018
1.18 2019
2 Charity
3 Awards and nominations
3.1 International Dance Music Awards
3.1.1 Pre-2016
3.1.2 2018-Present[A]
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History

This section may have too many subsection headers dividing up its content. Please
help improve the section by merging similar sections and removing unneeded
subheaders. (April 2018)
The first Electric Daisy Carnival rave started off as a warehouse party in the
early 1990s at an open field in Pacoima, in Los Angeles, California, by Gary
Richards and DJ Mr.Koolaid (real name: Stephen Hauptfuhr).[7][8] In the early
years, several southern California venues played host to the annual electronic
music festival: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Exposition Park in Los Angeles,
National Orange Show Events Center in San Bernardino, Queen Mary Events Park in
Long Beach, Lake Dolores Waterpark in Barstow, Hansen Dam in Lake View Terrace, and
the International Agri-Center in Tulare.

1997-1998
Its next incarnation was held at the Shrine Expo Hall in Los Angeles. "Electric
Daisy Carnival" was selected by Insomniac's partner Philip Blaine. The name usage
was approved by Stephen Hauptfuhr (Mr.Koolaid) via Gary Richards (Destructo) as a
homage to the original creation from several years prior.[9]

1999
Electric Daisy Carnival took place at Lake Dolores Waterpark in Newberry Springs,
California. The festival first happened in a small venue at Lake Dolores Waterpark,
called Insomniac.
2000
The Electric Daisy Carnival moves to Tulare, California, at the World Ag Expo.

2001
Electric Daisy Carnival was held at Hansen Dam in southern California, expanding
for the first time to multiple stages: the Merry Go Round, the Fun House, Clown
Alley, the Confusin� & Amuzin� Mirror Maze, Bassrush Arena and Cosmic Healing
Temple.

In the same year, another EDC was held in Austin, Texas.

2002 - 2006
EDC 2002 was held at Queen Mary Events Park in Long Beach, California. A second
edition was held at the Travis County Exposition Center in Austin, Texas.[citation
needed]

From 2003 to 2006, Electric Daisy Carnival was held at the NOS Events Center in San
Bernardino, California.[citation needed]

2007
Electric Daisy Carnival was held at the L.A. Coliseum in Los Angeles� Exposition
Park.[10]

2008
The California event was held June 28 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and
Exposition Park. The EDC Colorado event took place on June 14 at the Arapahoe
County Fairgrounds in Aurora.[11]

2009
Announced at Nocturnal Festival 2008 to be a two-day festival, the California event
was held on June 26�27. On Friday, approximately 55,000 attendees were present and
Saturday saw a crowd of approximately 99,000.[12] EDC 2009 was held at the Los
Angeles Memorial Coliseum and used the entire southern half of Exposition Park.
[citation needed]

The Colorado event was held at the Arapahoe County Fairgrounds in Aurora on June
13. It was headlined by Infected Mushroom, Paul Van Dyk, and several others.
[citation needed]

EDC Puerto Rico was held on August 14. The venue was The Arena Fairgrounds in San
Juan.[citation needed]

2010

EDC Los Angeles, 2010

EDC Los Angeles had an attendance of about 185,000 people. Though tickets were
starting at $60, some attendees paid over $100 per ticket.[13]

It drew criticism from local authorities and promoters after people under the
required age of 16 gained entrance, and over 100 ravers were hospitalized after a
crowd stampede. A 15-year-old attendee, Sasha Rodriguez, died after taking MDMA.
[14] The city of Los Angeles placed a moratorium on all remaining events scheduled
for 2010 and a moratorium on future events, pending the outcome of the new security
and safety provisions. The new provisions included the hiring of on-site doctors,
and stated attendees must be over 18 years of age.[citation needed]

An EDC Colorado event was held on June 12 at the Arapahoe County Fairground in
Aurora.[citation needed]
EDC Dallas was held on June 19 at Fair Park in Dallas. 11,000 people were in
attendance.[citation needed]

EDC Puerto Rico was held on August 28, 2010, at the Estadio Sixto Escobar at Puerta
de Tierra, San Juan.[citation needed]

2011
Electric Daisy Carnival 2011 - Main Stage.jpg
Main stage, EDC Las Vegas, 2011
Due to previous controversy of EDC's former residence in Los Angeles, EDC moved its
flagship festival to Las Vegas, Nevada.[15] The event was held at the Las Vegas
Motor Speedway from June 24�26. Reportedly 230,000 people had attended the 3 day
festival.[according to whom?]

EDC Orlando 2011 was held on May 27�28 at Tinker Field, and the grounds adjacent to
the Florida Citrus Bowl.[16] EDC Orlando 2011 had approximately 12,000 on Friday
and 20,000 on Saturday.[17]

EDC Colorado the same year was held at the Arapahoe County Fairgrounds in Aurora on
June 11.[citation needed]

Electric Daisy Carnival Dallas was held June 18 at Fair Park with an estimated
25,000 attendees. Temperatures above 110 degrees led to dozens of hospitalizations
and at least one death, which made it the last EDC held in Dallas.

EDC Puerto Rico took place[where?] on August 27.[citation needed]

2012
In 2012, the three-day EDC in Vegas (June 8�10) saw attendance increase by 30%, to
a total of 320,000 attendees.[18] A 31-year-old male from Florida died after being
struck by a truck as he left EDC at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway on June 11.
Friends reported that he had been drinking and smoking.[19]

The second night had to shut down early at 1 a.m. due to high winds, of up to 30
mph that started around 8 p.m.[20] 90,000 fans were directed to the speedway's
bleachers. DJs Markus Schulz and Steve Aoki, who were both scheduled to play that
night, performed impromptu sets on the Insomniac Wide Awake art car for a short
period,[21] before officials ordered it to close as potentially dangerous winds
were expected until 5 a.m.[22] In order to make up for the cancellation, Insomniac
allowed those with Saturday passes to return on Sunday.[23]

The Nevada event was held at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway on June 8�10.[24][25] The
event was held by the American promotions company Insomniac Events and Dutch
company Q-dance.[26]

EDC Orlando was held at Tinker Field on November 9�10. This coincided with the
annual Dayglow event in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, called "Dancegiving" held the
weekend after Thanksgiving.[citation needed]

EDC New York was held May 18�20 at the MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports
Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[27] Although the venue was located in New
Jersey, the festival was coined Electric Daisy Carnival New York due to the
proximity to New York City.[28] The event drew 45,000 attendees per day.[29]

2013
EDC Las Vegas was held June 21�23.

In 2013, EDC was held in London for the first time, along with events in Chicago,
New York, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Orlando, Florida.[citation needed]

2014
In 2014, EDC was held at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway on June 20�22, 2014.
Insomniac Events announced that all 345,000 tickets to the three-day festival had
been sold by June 18, 2014.[30] At the conclusion of the 2014 event, the massive
three-day festival drew in roughly 134,000 per day.[31]

The setup at the event also led Insomniac to set the record for the largest
structural stage in North America.[32]

EDC events were also held in Milton Keynes, England, San Juan, Orlando, Florida,
and New York.[citation needed]

The first EDC Mexico was held on March 15�16, 2014.[33]

A documentary film called Under the Electric Sky about the festival premiered at
the 2014 Sundance Film Festival.[34]

2015
EDC Las Vegas 2015 was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway
on June 19, 20 & 21.[35] EDC Las Vegas 2015 was met with unwanted publicity for the
death of a UC Irvine graduate on the second night of the festival. Death was ruled
as related to MDMA.[citation needed]

EDC was also held at Orlando, Florida at Tinker Field on November 6 & 7, and East
Rutherford, New Jersey at MetLife Stadium on May 23 & 24.[36][37] Internationally,
EDC was held at Estadio Sixto Escobar in San Juan, Puerto Rico for the sixth time
on February 21 & 22,[38] Aut�dromo Jos� Carlos Pace in S�o Paulo, Brazil for the
first time December 4 & 5,[39] Aut�dromo Hermanos Rodr�guez in Mexico City, Mexico
for the second time on February 28-March 1,[40] and the National Bowl in Milton
Keynes, UK for the third time on July 17.[41]

2016

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EDC Las Vegas was held at Las Vegas Motor Speedway from June 17�19, 2016.

EDC Mexico was held for the third time at Aut�dromo Hermanos Rodr�guez in Mexico
City, from February 27�28, 2016.

EDC New York was held at Citi Field in Queens, NY, from May 14�15, 2016.

EDC UK was held at Milton Keynes, England on 9 July 2016.

EDC Orlando was held at Tinker Field in Orlando, Florida, from November 4�5, 2016.

EDC India was held at Buddh International Circuit in New Delhi, India, from
November 12�13, 2016.

2017

kineticFIELD - EDC Las Vegas 2017

EDC returned to the Las Vegas Motor Speedway from June, with over 135,000 attendees
on opening night.[42] Heat-related incidents saw a significant increase, with
double the medical-related calls on opening night year-over-year, while a 34-year-
old man died from ecstasy and TFMPP usage, with heat exposure as a contributing
factor.[43][44]

EDC was held for the fourth time in Mexico City at Aut�dromo Hermanos Rodr�guez
from 25�26 February.[45]

EDC UK 2017, due to be held at Milton Keynes, England in July 2017, was cancelled.
[46]

EDC Orlando 2017 was held at Tinker Field on November 10�11, 2017.[47]

2018
EDC Orlando was held at Tinker Field from November 9�10, 2018.

EDC Las Vegas was held at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway from May 18�20; the festival
was moved from its traditional June scheduling so that it will be held in
relatively cooler conditions. The festival also introduced on-site camping
(including rentable campers and RV parking) and earlier opening times in order to
reduce traffic congestion.[48][49] An estimated 411,400 people attended the
festival over the three days.[50]

EDC Mexico in Mexico City was planned for February 24�25 at Autodromo Hermanos
Rodriguez.[51]

EDC Japan was held in Tokyo, May 12 & 13 at Chiba Seaside Park Zozo Marine Stadium.
Heavy Rains caused equipment issues.[52]

EDC China in Shanghai, April 29 & 30, debut at Shanghai International Music Park.

2019
EDC Las Vegas returned to the Las Vegas Motor Speedway for May 17�19, 2019. On the
second day, high winds forced stage closures. Due to wording of the message
displayed at one of the closed stages some of the attendees believed the entire
festival was being shut down for the night and left the speedway. Upon learning
that only certain areas were closed for safety precautions some people tried to re-
enter the grounds but were not allowed back in due to the event's strict no-reentry
policy.[53] Las Vegas police announced 65 arrests during the festival, including 2
DUIs and 51 felony or gross misdemeanor arrests.[54]

EDC Mexico in Mexico City returned to Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez for February 23-
24, 2019.[55]

EDC Orlando is now held for 3 days, instead of the normal 2 days. It will remain at
Tinker Field, outside of Camping World Stadium.

EDC Japan was held in Tokyo, May 11 & 12, 2019 at ZOZO Marine Stadium & Makuhari
Beach Park.[56]

Charity
For every flagship festival held, Insomniac Care donates a percentage of ticket
sales to national charities and community organizations. In the past, EDC Las Vegas
has partnered with Surreal, a fundraising platform, to raise money from festival
goers who enter in a sweepstake for helicopter rides and other activities with
popular DJs.[57] Since 2011, over two million dollars have been donated to groups.
Some organizations are named below.[58]

Rock the Vote

Families for Effective Autism Treatment
Injured Police Officers Fund
Boys and Girls Club of Southern Nevada
Nevada Childhood Cancer Foundation
The Las Vegas Academy for Arts
Awards and nominations
International Dance Music Awards
Pre-2016
Year Category Work Result Ref.
2010 Best Music Event Electric Daisy Carnival - Los Angeles, California
Nominated [59]
2011 Nominated [60]
2012 Electric Daisy Carnival - Las Vegas, Nevada Nominated [61]
2013 Nominated [62]
2014 Nominated [63]
2015 Nominated [64]
2016 Nominated [65]
2018-Present[A]
Year Category Work Result Ref.
2019 Best Festival Electric Daisy Carnival Nominated [66]
Notes
No award ceremony was held in 2017. In 2018 winners were chosen by the Winter
Music Conference themselves. 2019 marks the first year of public voting since the
Winter Music Conference's restructure.[66]
References
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38�39.
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Retrieved 2018-10-13.
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Retrieved 2018-10-14.
"From Las Vegas to India � The EDC Story | Trance Hub". Trance Hub. 2016-11-10.
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Buerger, Megan (February 17, 2015). "Corner Office: Hard Events CEO Gary Richards
on Life as an EDM Titan and Why TV 'Doesn't Matter' to Dance Music". Billboard.
Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Sherburne, Philip (June 27, 2012). "Live Nation Acquires L.A. EDM Promoter HARD:
Will the Mainstream Get More Ravey?". Spin Media. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
"A look back at the very first EDC". LasVegasWeekly.com. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
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04.
"insomniac.com". Insomniac Events. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.
Retrieved November 12, 2012.
"L.A. Coliseum board extends ban on new raves, bans minors from scheduled raves
[Updated]". latimes.com. July 16, 2010.
Dennis Romero. "'EDC' Raver Teen Sasha Rodriguez Died From Ecstasy Use". L.A.
Weekly.
"Electric Daisy Carnival rave moving to Las Vegas after conflict and controversy
at the Coliseum". Los Angeles Times. February 24, 2011.
"Electric Daisy: Electric Daisy Carnival, a controversial rave festival, comes to
Orlando's Tinker Field". tribunedigital-orlandosentinel.
Clickorlando.com Archived June 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
"2013 Electric Daisy Carnival brought in $278 million to Clark County".
LasVegasSun.com. 2013-12-04. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. Retrieved
2017-10-21.
Dennis Romero. "EDC Vegas Sees Two Attendees Die, Including One Who Reportedly
Took Ecstasy". L.A. Weekly.
"Pop & Hiss". latimes.com. June 10, 2012.
 Andrea Domanick. "High winds put Electric Daisy Carnival on hold during second
night". LasVegasSun.com.
Andrea Domanick. "Photos: Night 2 of Electric Daisy Carnival shut down amid strong
winds, safety concerns". LasVegasSun.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-17.
Retrieved 2012-06-19.
"Regarding EDC Saturday Refunds. Not happening. Oh well, it was still a great
weekend! � r/electricdaisycarnival". reddit. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
"500 Metro officers on duty at EDC 2012". LasVegasWeekly.com. June 7, 2012.
"Electric Daisy Carnival 2012 Phase 1 Lineup Released! - Blog - EDM Lounge -
Electronic Dance Music, News, and Reviews". edmlounge.com.
"Insomniac reveals official Q-Dance lineup at EDC Vegas". Dancing Astronaut.
"Electric Daisy Carnival Heading to New York: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved
2017-10-21.
"Official EDMLounge EDC New York Preview - Blog - EDM Lounge - Electronic Dance
Music, News, and Reviews". edmlounge.com.
The New York Times
Ken Ritter (June 19, 2013). "Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas Expected To Draw
115,000 Per Night". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 20,
2014.
Joseph, Matt. "The Numbers Are In For EDC Las Vegas 2014". We Got This Covered.
https://www.youredm.com/2014/06/27/edc-lv-sets-new-record-largest-stage-ever-
assembled-north-america/
"Insomniac Announces EDC Mexico Will Debut in 2014". Complex. Retrieved 2017-10-
22.
Harvey, Dennis (2014-01-22). "Sundance Film Review: 'Under the Electric Sky'".
Variety. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/music-festivals/6605594/electric-daisy-
carnival-las-vegas-10-highlights-day-3
David Garber (May 25, 2015). "EDC NY 2015 RECAP: DANCE MUSIC'S BIGGEST PARKING LOT
RAVE". Vice.
James Tutton (November 6, 2015). "Music, art, neon: Electric Daisy Carnival is
back in Orlando". Orlando Sentinel.
"Miles brincan al ritmo de la m�sica en el Electric Daisy Carnival". Primera Hora.
February 22, 2015.
http://www.musictimes.com/articles/45774/20150819/edc-brasil-2015-lineup-martin-
garrix-tiesto-above-beyond-arty-r3hab.htm
http://www.sopitas.com/448499-guia-para-sobrevivir-y-divertirte-en-el-edc-mexico/
http://www.whtimes.co.uk/what-s-
on/music/edc_uk_2015_hailed_as_an_amazing_celebration_of_music_art_and_individualit
y_as_35_000_flock_to_it_1_4150979
http://lasvegas.electricdaisycarnival.com/
"Drugs, heat caused California man's death at EDC in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Review-
Journal. 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
"Medical calls at EDC's first night double last year's number". Las Vegas Review-
Journal. 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
http://neomusicmex.com/edc-mexico-el-segundo-festival-mas-grande-de-insomniac-y-
edc-new-york-cancelado/
https://www.festicket.com/magazine/news/electric-daisy-carnival-uk-2017-cancelled/
https://www.insomniac.com/media/edc-orlando-returns-florida-november-2017
Brown, August. "Pasquale Rotella talks heat-related EDC date change: 'It wasn't as
comfortable as it needed to be'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
"EDC Announces May Date Change, New Air-Conditioned Campers and Longer Hours in
2018". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
https://m.lasvegassun.com/news/2018/may/21/more-than-400000-attended-electric-
daisy-carnival/
"EDC Mexico 2018 || Dates & Venue Announced!". EDM Identity. 2017-08-22. Retrieved
2017-10-21.
https://japan.electricdaisycarnival.com/
"Many leave EDC after being told to evacuate because of wind". KTNV. 2019-05-19.
Retrieved 2019-05-22.
Komenda, Ed (May 20, 2019). "65 arrested at EDC Las Vegas 2019". Reno Gazette
Journal. Las Vegas, NV. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
@EDC_LasVegas (2018-05-21). "EDC on Twitter: "All love. All weekend. All of us
together. Take this feeling and carry it with you wherever you go. We can't wait to
do it again May 17, 18, and 19, 2019..."". twitter.com. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
"EDC Japan | May 11 & 12, 2019 | Tokyo". japan.electricdaisycarnival.com.
Retrieved 2019-05-22.
"EDC Las Vegas Teams Up with Surreal For Once-in-a-Lifetime Giveaways with
Kaskade, Zedd, Armin Van Burren and more!". EDM.com - The Latest Electronic Dance
Music News, Reviews & Artists. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
"Charity � EDC Las Vegas 2019". lasvegas.electricdaisycarnival.com. Retrieved
2018-10-19.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
"Archivsearch, climatology, ecology and sociology. Applications of network theory
include logistical networks, the World Wide Web, Internet, gene regulatory
networks, metabolic networks, social networks, epistemological networks, etc.; see
List of network theory topics for more examples.

Euler's solution of the Seven Bridges of K�nigsberg problem is considered to be the

first true proof in the theory of networks.[4]

Contents
1 Network optimization
2 Network analysis
2.1 Electric network analysis
2.2 Social network analysis
2.3 Biological network analysis
2.4 Narrative network analysis
2.5 Link analysis
2.5.1 Network robustness
2.5.2 Web link analysis
2.6 Centrality measures
2.7 Assortative and disassortative mixing
2.8 Recurrence networks
3 Spread
4 Interdependent networks
5 See also
6 References
7 Books
8 External links
Network optimization
Network Optimization
Break down a NP-hard network optimization task into subtasks by discarding of the
most irrelevant interactions in network.[5]
Network problems that involve finding an optimal way of doing something are studied
under the name combinatorial optimization. Examples include network flow, shortest
path problem, transport problem, transshipment problem, location problem, matching
problem, assignment problem, packing problem, routing problem, critical path
analysis and PERT (Program Evaluation & Review Technique). In order to break a NP-
hard task of network optimization down into subtasks the network is decomposed into
relatively independent subnets.[5]

Network analysis
Electric network analysis
The electric power systems analysis could be conducted using network theory from
two main points of view:
(1) an abstract perspective (i.e., as a graph consists from nodes and edges),
regardless of the electric power aspects (e.g., transmission line impedances). Most
of these studies focus only on the abstract structure of the power grid using node
degree distribution and betweenness distribution, which introduces substantial
insight regarding the vulnerability assessment of the grid. Through these types of
studies, the category of the grid structure could be identified from the complex
network perspective (e.g., single-scale, scale-free). This classification might
help the electric power system engineers in the planning stage or while upgrading
the infrastructure (e.g., add a new transmission line) to maintain a proper
redundancy level in the transmission system.[6]

(2) weighted graphs that blend an abstract understanding of complex network

theories and electric power systems properties.[7]

Social network analysis

Visualization of social network analysis[8]

Social network analysis examines the structure of relationships between social
entities.[9] These entities are often persons, but may also be groups,
organizations, nation states, web sites, or scholarly publications.

Since the 1970s, the empirical study of networks has played a central role in
social science, and many of the mathematical and statistical tools used for
studying networks have been first developed in sociology.[10] Amongst many other
applications, social network analysis has been used to understand the diffusion of
innovations, news and rumors. Similarly, it has been used to examine the spread of
both diseases and health-related behaviors. It has also been applied to the study
of markets, where it has been used to examine the role of trust[citation needed] in
exchange relationships and of social mechanisms in setting prices. Similarly, it
has been used to study recruitment into political movements and social
organizations. It has also been used to conceptualize scientific disagreements as
well as academic prestige. More recently, network analysis (and its close cousin
traffic analysis) has gained a significant use in military intelligence, for
uncovering insurgent networks of both hierarchical and leaderless nature.[citation
needed]

Biological network analysis

See also: Metabolic network, proteome, metabolome, and omics
With the recent explosion of publicly available high throughput biological data,
the analysis of molecular networks has gained significant interest.[11] The type of
analysis in this context is closely related to social network analysis, but often
focusing on local patterns in the network. For example, network motifs are small
subgraphs that are over-represented in the network. Similarly, activity motifs are
patterns in the attributes of nodes and edges in the network that are over-
represented given the network structure. Using networks to analyse patterns in
biological systems, such as food-webs, allows us to visualize the nature and
strength of interactions between species. The analysis of biological networks with
respect to diseases has led to the development of the field of network medicine.
[12] Recent examples of application of network theory in biology include
applications to understanding the cell cycle.[13] The interactions between
physiological systems like brain, heart, eyes, etc. can be regarded as a
physiological network.[14]

Narrative network analysis

Narrative network of US Elections 2012[15]

The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and
their relational networks on a vast scale. The resulting narrative networks, which
can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from Network
theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general
properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or
centrality of certain nodes.[16] This automates the approach introduced by
Quantitative Narrative Analysis,[17] whereby subject-verb-object triplets are
identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-
object.[15]

Link analysis
Link analysis is a subset of network analysis, exploring associations between
objects. An example may be examining the addresses of suspects and victims, the
telephone numbers they have dialed and financial transactions that they have
partaken in during a given timeframe, and the familial relationships between these
subjects as a part of police investigation. Link analysis here provides the crucial
relationships and associations between very many objects of different types that
are not apparent from isolated pieces of information. Computer-assisted or fully
automatic computer-based link analysis is increasingly employed by banks and
insurance agencies in fraud detection, by telecommunication operators in
telecommunication network analysis, by medical sector in epidemiology and
pharmacology, in law enforcement investigations, by search engines for relevance
rating (and conversely by the spammers for spamdexing and by business owners for
search engine optimization), and everywhere else where relationships between many
objects have to be analyzed. Links are also derived from similarity of time
behavior in both nodes. Examples include climate networks where the links between
two locations (nodes) are determined for example, by the similarity of the rainfall
or temperature fluctuations in both sites.[18][19][20]

Network robustness
The structural robustness of networks is studied using percolation theory.[21] When
a critical fraction of nodes (or links) is removed the network becomes fragmented
into small disconnected clusters. This phenomenon is called percolation,[22] and it
represents an order-disorder type of phase transition with critical exponents.
Percolation theory can predict the size of the largest component (called giant
component), the critical percolation threshold and the critical exponents. One such
example was in the use of percolation theory to predict the fragmentation of
biological virus shells (capsids), with the percolation threshold of Hepatitis B
Virus capsid predicted and detected experimentally: a molecular, randomly played
game of Jenga on a rhombically tiled sphere. [23] [24]

Web link analysis

Several Web search ranking algorithms use link-based centrality metrics, including
Google's PageRank, Kleinberg's HITS algorithm, the CheiRank and TrustRank
algorithms. Link analysis is also conducted in information science and
communication science in order to understand and extract information from the
structure of collections of web pages. For example, the analysis might be of the
interlinking between politicians' web sites or blogs. Another use is for
classifying pages according to their mention in other pages.[25]

Centrality measures
Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be
obtained through centrality measures, widely used in disciplines like sociology.
For example, eigenvector centrality uses the eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix
corresponding to a network, to determine nodes that tend to be frequently visited.
Formally established measures of centrality are degree centrality, closeness
centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, subgraph centrality and
Katz centrality. The purpose or objective of analysis generally determines the type
of centrality measure to be used. For example, if one is interested in dynamics on
networks or the robustness of a network to node/link removal, often the dynamical
importance[26] of a node is the most relevant centrality measure. For a centrality
measure based on k-core analysis see ref.[27]
Assortative and disassortative mixing
Further information: Assortative mixing
These concepts are used to characterize the linking preferences of hubs in a
network. Hubs are nodes which have a large number of links. Some hubs tend to link
to other hubs while others avoid connecting to hubs and prefer to connect to nodes
with low connectivity. We say a hub is assortative when it tends to connect to
other hubs. A disassortative hub avoids connecting to other hubs. If hubs have
connections with the expected random probabilities, they are said to be neutral.
There are three methods to quantify degree correlations.

Recurrence networks
The recurrence matrix of a recurrence plot can be considered as the adjacency
matrix of an undirected and unweighted network. This allows for the analysis of
time series by network measures. Applications range from detection of regime
changes over characterizing dynamics to synchronization analysis.[28][29][30]

Spread
Content in a complex network can spread via two major methods: conserved spread and
non-conserved spread.[31] In conserved spread, the total amount of content that
enters a complex network remains constant as it passes through. The model of
conserved spread can best be represented by a pitcher containing a fixed amount of
water being poured into a series of funnels connected by tubes . Here, the pitcher
represents the original source and the water is the content being spread. The
funnels and connecting tubing represent the nodes and the connections between
nodes, respectively. As the water passes from one funnel into another, the water
disappears instantly from the funnel that was previously exposed to the water. In
non-conserved spread, the amount of content changes as it enters and passes through
a complex network. The model of non-conserved spread can best be represented by a
continuously running faucet running through a series of funnels connected by tubes.
Here, the amount of water from the original source is infinite. Also, any funnels
that have been exposed to the water continue to experience the water even as it
passes into successive funnels. The non-conserved model is the most suitable for
explaining the transmission of most infectious diseases, neural excitation,
information and rumors, etc.

Interdependent networks
An interdependent network is a system of coupled networks where nodes of one or
more networks depend on nodes in other networks. Such dependencies are enhanced by
the developments in modern technology. Dependencies may lead to cascading failures
between the networks and a relatively small failure can lead to a catastrophic
breakdown of the system. Blackouts are a fascinating demonstration of the important
role played by the dependencies between networks. A recent study developed a
framework to study the cascading failures in an interdependent networks system.[32]
[33]

See also
Complex network
Congestion game
Quantum complex network
Dual-phase evolution
Percolation
Network partition
Network science
Network theory in risk assessment
Network topology
Network analyzer
Seven Bridges of K�nigsberg
Small-world networks
Social network
Scale-free networks
Network dynamics
Sequential dynamical systems
Pathfinder networks
Human disease network
Biological network
Network medicine
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"The Geometry of Chthe signal is meaningful, and each level of the signal
represents a different level of the phenomenon that it represents. sinusoidal
voltage waveform by the source information, frequency modulation (FM) changes the
frequency. Other techniques, such as phase modulation or changing the phase of the
carrier signal, are also used.[4]

In an analogue sound recording, the variation in pressure of a sound striking a

microphone creates a corresponding variation in the current passing through it or
voltage across it. An increase in the volume of the sound causes the fluctuation of
the current or voltage to increase proportionally while keeping the same waveform
or shape.

Mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also use analogue signals.
Inherent noise
Analogue systems invariably include noise that is random disturbances or
variations, some caused by the random thermal vibrations of atomic particles. Since
all variations of an analogue signal are significant, any disturbance is equivalent
to a change in the original signal and so appears as noise.[5] As the signal is
copied and re-copied, or transmitted over long distances, these random variations
become more significant and lead to signal degradation. Other sources of noise may
include crosstalk from other signals or poorly designed components. These
disturbances are reduced by shielding and by using low-noise amplifiers (LNA).[6]

Analogue vs digital electronics

Since the information is encoded differently in analogue and digital electronics,
the way they process a signal is consequently different. All operations that can be
performed on an analogue signal such as amplification, filtering, limiting, and
others, can also be duplicated in the digital domain. Every digital circuit is also
an analogue circuit, in that the behaviour of any digital circuit can be explained
using the rules of analogue circuits.

The use of microelectronics has made digital devices cheap and widely available.

Noise
The effect of noise on an analogue circuit is a function of the level of noise. The
greater the noise level, the more the analogue signal is disturbed, slowly becoming
less usable. Because of this, analogue signals are said to "fail gracefully".
Analogue signals can still contain intelligible information with very high levels
of noise. Digital circuits, on the other hand, are not affected at all by the
presence of noise until a certain threshold is reached, at which point they fail
catastrophically. For digital telecommunications, it is possible to increase the
noise threshold with the use of error detection and correction coding schemes and
algorithms. Nevertheless, there is still a point at which catastrophic failure of
the link occurs.[7][8]

In digital electronics, because the information is quantized, as long as the signal

stays inside a range of values, it represents the same information. In digital
circuits the signal is regenerated at each logic gate, lessening or removing noise.
[9][failed verification] In analogue circuits, signal loss can be regenerated with
amplifiers. However, noise is cumulative throughout the system and the amplifier
itself will add to the noise according to its noise figure.[10][11]

Precision
A number of factors affect how precise a signal is, mainly the noise present in the
original signal and the noise added by processing (see signal-to-noise ratio).
Fundamental physical limits such as the shot noise in components limits the
resolution of analogue signals. In digital electronics additional precision is
obtained by using additional digits to represent the signal. The practical limit in
the number of digits is determined by the performance of the analogue-to-digital
converter (ADC), since digital operations can usually be performed without loss of
precision. The ADC takes an analogue signal and changes it into a series of binary
numbers. The ADC may be used in simple digital display devices, e. g., thermometers
or light meters but it may also be used in digital sound recording and in data
acquisition. However, a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) is used to change a
digital signal to an analogue signal. A DAC takes a series of binary numbers and
converts it to an analogue signal. It is common to find a DAC in the gain-control
system of an op-amp which in turn may be used to control digital amplifiers and
filters.[12]

Design difficulty
Analogue circuits are typically harder to design, requiring more skill than
comparable digital systems.[citation needed] This is one of the main reasons that
digital systems have become more common than analogue devices. An analogue circuit
is usually designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than for
digital systems. Since the early 2000s, there were some platforms that were
developed which enabled Analog design to be defined using software - which allows
faster prototyping. However, if a digital electronic device is to interact with the
real world, it will always need an analogue interface.[13] For example, every
digital radio receiver has an analogue preamplifier as the first stage in the
receive chain.

Circuit classification
Analogue circuits can be entirely passive, consisting of resistors, capacitors and
inductors. Active circuits also contain active elements like transistors. Many
passive analogue circuits are built from lumped elements. That is, discrete
components. However, an alternative is distributed element circuits built from
pieces of transmission line.

See also
Analogue computer
Analogue signal
Digital � for all Professional. p. 730. ISBN 0-07-145281-8. In order for analog
devices... to communicate with digital circuits...
Williams, Jim (1991). Analog circuit design. Newnes. p. 238. ISBN 0-7506-9640-0.
Even within companies producing both analog and digital products...
Categories: Analog circuitsElectronic engineering
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