INDIAN RAILWAYS

SUMMER TRAINING

PRESENTED BY:
KAPILESHWAR
EC-A
1206431047
 INTRODUCTION
• Railways were first introduced to India in the year 1853 from
Mumbai to Thane.

• Its operations cover twenty nine states and seven union

territories and also provides limited international services
to Nepal , Bangladesh and Pakistan.

• Indian Railways is divided into 17 zones , which are further

sub-divided into divisions.
 MTRC
• Mobile Train Radio communication is a digital wireless
network based on GSM-R.

• designed on EIRENE (European Integrated

Railway Radio Enhanced Network).

• The Radio link uses both FDMA and TDMA .

• The 900 MHz frequency bands for down link and up link signal
are 935-960 MHz and 890-915 MHz respectively.
 THE BASIC FEATURES OF GSMR
• Point to Point call Allows user to make a distinct call.

• Voice Broad cast call Allows groups of user to receive

common information.

• Voice Group call Allows groups of user to make calls

within/among the groups.

• Emergency call Allows user to call controller by short

code or button during emergency.
 NATIONAL EIRENE NUMBERS

National EIRENE Numbers are used specifically for

Railway purposes and consist of three parts.

i) Call type (CT)

ii) User ID No

iii) Function code (FC)

 • The call type prefix tells the network how to
interpret the number dialed.It is one digit long.

• The user identification Number can be one of the following:

i. Train Running Number for TFN (Train Functional Number)
ii. Engine Number for EFN (Engine Functional Number)
iii. Coach Number for CFN (Coach Functional Number)

• Train Functional Number is used for calling the driver by its

train number.
• The following numbering scheme is used in the Railway.

Functional Number of driver in Rajdhani Express for Thursday

is as follows.
2 4 2301 0 01

Call Type Thursday Train Number Schedule Train Driver

for link train -1 for gaurd
for special train -2 -80
• User can register itself as a driver / guard of any train from their
handset by dialing 091 i.e. Railway access code following the
above digits for a specific train .
 OFC EQIPMENTS & CABLES
Optical fiber
• An optical fiber( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light
along it’s length.

Optical fiber construction

• Core: Thin Glass Center of
the fiber where light travels.

• Cladding: Outer Optical

Material surrounding the
Core.

• Buffer Coating: Plastic

Coating that protects the
Fiber.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OFC
 FEATURES
• Greater bandwidth
Fiber provides far greater bandwidth and greater
fidelity than copper wire.

• Low attenuation and greater distance

Because the fiber optic signal is made of light,
very little signal loss occurs during transmission , and
data can move at higher speeds and great
distances.
• Security
Your data is safe with fiber cable. It doesn’t radiate
signals and is extremely difficult to tap.

• Immunity and reliability

Fiber provides extremely reliable data transmission.
It’s completely immune to many environmental
factors that affect copper cable.

The core is made of glass, which is an insulator, so no

electric current can flow through it.
It’s immune to electromagnetic and radio-frequency
interference (EM/RFI), crosstalk, impedance
problems, and more.
 EQIPMENTS
Fusion Splicing Machine
• It melts the two ends of fiber optic cables together to form a
continuous cable.
• To do this properly, machines must align the cable, touch the
ends together, and send heat or an electric arc through the
joint to melt the glass.
 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

• An OTDR is used for estimating the fiber's length and overall

attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses.
• It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks, and to
measure optical return loss.
 Cleaver

• A perpendicular cut in a optical fiber cable is critical to the

success of the splice or joint. A cleaver breaks the glass
cable with high precision.
 Optical Power Meter

• An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to measure

the power in an optical signal.
• A typical optical power meter consists of a calibrated sensor,
measuring amplifier and display.
• The sensor primarily consists of a photodiode selected for the
appropriate range of wavelengths and power levels.
 TELE EXCHANGE
• A telephone exchange is a telecommunication system used in
the public switched telephone networks or in large
enterprises.
• A telephone switch is the switching equipment of an
exchange.
 NETWORKING

IP Networks: Networks which adopt packet data transmission

and use IP protocol are called IP networks.
• worked at speeds of 2mbps.

Non-IP networks: In these networks, direct connection exists

between the client and server.
• higher speeds are not adopted in non-IP networks.
• worked at speeds of 64Kbps.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• Local Area Network (LAN) is an interconnection of data
devices using speeds of 10 Mbps/ 100 Mbps/ 1Gbps.

• The network topologies commonly used for LAN are:

i. Bus : Data devices are connected to a common bus which is
linear.

ii. Ring: Data devices are connected in a ring from which gives an
alternative path during failure of any one link. Generally not
followed.

iii. Star / Hub: Number of data devices connected to a data

device at a central location
• Wide Area Network (WAN) is formed when data devices are
located far away and cannot be connected together to form a
LAN.
• In other words, WAN is an interconnection of LANs with
communication links of required speed.
• The network topologies in WAN are:
i. Point-to-point : In this configuration, two locations are
connected together by a communication link.
ii. Point – to –multipoint: In this configuration, central
location is connected to many locations by communication
links.
iii. Mesh: Interconnection of every data device to every other
data device in the network.
iv. Combination of the above.