International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 199–207, Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_023

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY FOR

IMPLEMENTATION OF PRADHAN MANTRI
AWAS YOJANA (PMAY): A CASE STUDY OF
ANDHRA PRADESH
M. Rajasekhar Naik
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Rajasekhara Reddy
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

P. Santha Rao
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
In the present investigation various technologies available for lowcost massive
housing and their relative merits and demerits are compiled in respect of their cost
and time required for completion and presented. This investigation is conceived with
the objective of offering ready inputs to adopt and implement the suitable technology
in Andhra Pradesh by the various agencies that are involved in the implementation of
the projects like construction of the mass low cost housing units taken up under the
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) which is a prestigious project of the
Government of India taken up under the mission called “Housing For All by 2022
(HFA by 2022)”. The GOI is determined to finish the project by 2022, so the cost and
time is the key for the success of such projects and hence the cost of construction and
time required for completion, for all possible and available technologies as identified
by PMAY technology sub-mission, are compared for implementation in Andhra
Pradesh. Out of many lowcost housing technologies available, precast large panel
systems, Shear wall technology and Solid concrete block are found to be the suitable
technologies in same sequence for implementation in Andhra Pradesh under mission
HFA by 2022.
Key words: Mission, massive housing, low cost housing, shear-wall technology, solid-
concrete block and pre-cast large panel systems.

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 Adoption of Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):
A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

Cite this Article: M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao,
Adoption of Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(PMAY): A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 199–207.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION
The government of India has launched various ambitious welfare and development programs
in order to provide housing for all by 2022. Under this scheme, affordable houses will be built
in selected cities and towns using eco- friendly construction method for the benefits of the
urban poor population in India. And also the created linked subsidy scheme beneficiaries
under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana are eligible for interest subsidy if they avail a loan to
purchase or construct a house. Low cost housing can be considered affordable for low and
moderate income earners if household can acquire a housing unit for an amount upto 30% of
their household income (Miles, 2000). In developing countries such as India, only 20% of the
populations are high income earners, who are able to afford normal housing units. The low
income groups in developing countries are generally unable to access the housing market.
Costeffective housing is a relative concept and has more to do with budgeting and seeks to
reduce construction cost through better management, appropriate use of local materials, skills,
and technology but without sacrificing the performance and structure of life (Tiwariet al.,
1999). It is to be notated that low cost housings are not houses that are constructed using
materials of substandard quality and poor workmanship.
A low cost house is designed and constructed lik eany other house with regard to
foundation structure and strength. The reduction in cost is achieved through identification of
locally available construction materials and adopting construction technologies that are
durable, economical and accepted by users and not requiring costly maintenance (Miles,
2000). The low cost technology aims to reduce construction cost by using alternatives to
conventional technologies and inputs. House construction is a dream for lowincome people in
India whether he is a farmer, labor or private employee. Cost of construction is at high
because of high wages and high material cost. Poor families have to spend entire earnings of
their life for construction of a house (Shinde and Karankal, 2013).
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), with two components Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (urban) (PMAY–U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (gramin)
(PMAY-G and also PMAY–R) for the rural poor, is an initiative by government of India in
which affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor with a target of building 20
million affordable houses by 31 March 2022.As apart of this PMAY scheme, Government of
Andhra Pradesh has received 27 lakhs no. of units spreading in 60 cities and municipalities.
Under this scheme, Vijayawada has got 3200 housing units andthe same is taken up at
Jakkampudi, Vijayawada.

2. OBJECTIVES
 To understand various technologies available for construction of lowcost housing.
 To understand the schemes and plans of central and state governments for massive low cost
housing.
 To identify appropriate lowcost technology that suits to the schemes of central and
Government of Andhra Pradesh.
 Planning, estimation, and scheduling of the schemes of central and state governments.

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 M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao

3. METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in present investigations is given below

Identification of various technologies available for low cost housing

Colleting the plans and schemes of central and state Governments for low
cost housing

Identification of appropriate technologies that suite to plans and schemes of

central and state Governments.

Estimation of materials and cost

Identification of infrastructure requirement

Planning and scheduling

Recommendations

Figure 1 Flow chart of the methodology

Details of PMAY schemes are collected from Andhra Pradesh Housing Development
Corporation, Amaravthi. A visit is made to Vijayawada where PMAY scheme is
implemented. Primavera software is used for scheduling and cost estimation in the present
investigation.

Table 1 Some of the technologies available for construction of lowcost housing are
1 Solid concrete block: Blocks of specified concrete grade are used for the construction of sub structure and
super structure of buildings including retaining walls if any. Concrete block walls are constructed similar to
the brick walls with cement mortar of appropriate proportion as a jointing material.
Merits: Cost effective, Quality control is easy. Fire resistant,
Demerits: Poor tensile strength, More skilled labor is required to handle the vertical joint filling.
2 Shear wall technology: In this technology, building is constructed with reinforced concrete wallsof
specified grade, more appropriately called rigid vertical diaphragms, capable of transferring lateral forces
from exterior walls, floors and roofs to the foundation at groundin a direction parallel to their planes. This
technology offers a great strength and stiffness to building in the direction of their orientation.
Merits: Cost effective, Time saving, availability of more space due to thin walls, Offers high resistance to
earth quakes and wind load etc.
Demerits: Required skilled labor and advanced technology for centering and shuttering, required special
concretes like self-compacting concrete for thinner walls ( < 150mm)

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 Adoption of Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):
A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

3 Hollow core slab: A hollow core slab is basically a pre-cast technology. In this the tubular voids extending
the full length of the concrete slab with a diameter of 2/3 th to 3/4th of the slab thickness to make the slab
lighter with the strength same as that of solid concrete floor slab. Width is 120 cm and the standard
thicknesses are between 15 cm and 50 cm.
Merits: Highly durable, High heat and water resistant, Saves cost upto23%.
Demerits: Logistics is a prime concern for the cost to be within affordable limits
4 Precast large concrete panels: This is also a pre-cast technology and the precast elements of various sizes
will be used for walls, beams, slabs, columns, stair case landings in this system. They have to be
standardized and designed for stability, durability and structural integrity of the building for some
customized elements. This technology is also suitable for the construction of high rise buildings to resist the
seismic and wind induced lateral loads. The casting yard of the elements is to be developed at or near the
site of the execution for the technology to be more economical.
Merits: Joints in the precast construction can be avoided, Better quality control, Total structure can be built
with precast walls
Demerits: Damage of the precast units during transport, Cranes are required to lift the panels, Satisfactory
connections between the precast members is a difficult task.
5 Quick build 3D panels: QuikBuild Panel system consists of a welded wire space frame integrated with a
polystyrene insulation core. The panel is placed in position and a Wythe of concrete is applied to both sides.
Panels are erected manually for walls and slabs with reinforcement rods. The wall panel will act like a truss
and receives its strength and rigidity from the diagonal cross wires welded to the welded-wire fabric on
each side. Desired utilities like doors, windows and ventilators may be pre-built while plumbing and
electrical conduits can be added onsite.
Merits: High on time saving, These panels are suitable for exterior, interior and also for the load bearing
walls.
Demerits: Skilled manpower and training required for installation of the panels.
6 The monolithic concrete construction system: Unlike the traditional column and beam construction, all
walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams and stairs together with door and window openings are cast in place in
one operation at site in this system by the use of a specially designed and easy to handle modular form work
made of either aluminum or Plastic composite.
Merits: Rapid construction of multiple units, Cost-efficient sustainable development in construction, Can
assure the quality and structure durability to homogeneity, Due to the reinforcement being placed in the
middle, availability of the adequate cover is most likely to be maintained.
Demerits: Required skilled and trained workers for construction..
7 Modular tunnel form: This technology is used to build the cellular structures with the help of a
mechanized Tunnel formwork system. The principle is simple that two halves of the shell are placed
together to form a room or cell and several such cells make an structure OR apartment. Concrete walls and
slab are cast in a single day after the reinforcement is placed. The structure is built in phases of each phase
consists of a section of the structure that can be cast in one day. The formwork that is manufactured in a
fully automated plant and that can be stripped in the morning to be positioned for the subsequent phase on
the same day.
Merits: Cost saving by reducing the additional material, machinery and labour requirement for finishing
woks.
Demerits: Continuous need for manpower and lifting equipment due to use of cranes.
8 Sismo building technology: Sismo Building Technology that provides an insulating shuttering kit for
whole building. The basic structure of the Sismo building module is a three-dimensional galvanized steel
wire lattice to be filled with materials of different nature to serve as formwork. On the exterior sides of the
lattice, infill panels (load bearing or not, insulated or otherwise) are inserted, which transform the lattice
into a closed structure that can be filled with concrete. The steel wire also acts as armature and anchoring
for the finished material and it holds reinforcement bars in place during concrete filling.
Merits: Speed of construction and eco-friendly construction.
Demerits: Not much cost effective as compared to other technologies and prone to building failures.
9 Rapid panels: The Rapid Panel is a pre-fabricated assembly of high-strength steel wire that forms a panel
with a core of expanded polystyrene (EPS). Steel wire is bent into a zig-zag shape to form a continuous
chain of web members. This bent wire is then welded to continuous chord wires at every node to form a
complete a basic unit of the rapid panel, the zig-zag truss. These rapid Panels are installed as walls and/or
slabs and specified mixtures of mortar or concrete are applied to the surfaces of the panels to complete the
structure.
Merits: Speed of construction and effective quality control.
Demerits: Transportation cost is more and the panels need to be handled carefully to prevent the damages.

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 M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao

10 Light gauge steel framed structure: Using factory made Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with Infill
light weight concrete Panels Or precast panels is an innovative emerging building and construction
technology. The LGS frame is a C cross-section with built in notch, dimpling, slots, service holes etc
produced by computerized roll forming machine. These frames shall be assembled using metal screws to
form into LGSF wall and roof structures of a building. The provisions for doors, windows, ventilators and
other cutouts as required shall be incorporated in the LGSFS.
Merits: Use of the light gauge steel frames for structure enables the structure can be plain without any
composition upto (G+4) and better quality control is possible with this technology.
Demerits: Skilled labour is required for fabrication and erection.
11 Reinforced EPS (Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel System) core panel system: Expanded Polystyrene
Core Panel System is afactory produced panel system for the construction of low rise buildings of upto G+3
and for the filler walls in high rise RCC buildings and steel framed buildings. In this technique a core of
undulated polystyrene is covered with inter-connected zinc coated welded wire mesh on both the sides of
the reinforcement and shortcrete concrete. The panels are finished on site by pouring concrete (double panel
floors and stairs) and spraying the concrete to realise the different elements of the system like Vertical
Structural Walls, Horizontal Structural elements and Cladding elements etc.
Merits: This technology make the structure possible to have high compressive strength with low
maintenance cost and Less deflection.
Demerits: Increased specific gravity of the concrete and high possibility of corrosion of steel fibers.
12 Concrewall panel system: The Concrewall System is an industrial system for the construction of
reinforced concrete walls for building of structure up to G+3 in single panel. The system is composed of a
factory produced panel of undulated (wave shape) polystyrene covered on both sides by an electro-welded
zinc coated square mesh of galvanized steel and linked by 40 connectors per sq m made of high-elastic-limit
3mm dia wires realizing a 3 dimensional hyper-static reinforced steel. The panels are assembled on site with
in-situ concrete (for double panels, floors, stairs) and shotcreted (single panel) for realizing the different
structural elements in the system like Vertical structural walls, Horizontal structural elements, Cladding
elements and Internal walls etc.
Merits: Extremely simple and rapid construction with high quality of execution.
Demerits: Skilled labour and machinery are required for the installation of panels in this technology.
13 Glass fiber reinforced gypsum (GFRG) panel system: Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel,
branded as Rapid wall is a building panel product, made of calcined gypsum, plaster, reinforced with glass
fibers for Mass-scale building construction. The panels are manufactured to a thickness of 124mm under
careful quality control to a length of 12 m and height of 3m. The panel contains cavities that may be
unfilled, partially filled or fully filled with reinforced concrete as per structural requirement. These panels
are suitable for load bearing elements, shear walls and capable of resisting lateral loads due to earthquake
and wind.
Merits: GFRG panel can be used for in-fill walls, walls for multi-storey buildings, micro-beams and RCC
screed can be used as floor/ roof slab.
Demerits: Requires maintenance and only skilled labours are required for the installation of panels.
14 Speed floor system: Speed floor system is a suspended concrete flooring system using a roll formed steel
joist as an integral part of the final concrete and steel composite floor. The Speed floor system essentially is
a hybrid concrete / steel tee-beam in one direction and an integrated continuous one-way slab in other
direction. The joist depth and the concrete thickness are varied depending on the span, imposed loads and
other functional considerations. The Speed floor composite floor system is suitable for use in all types of
construction.
Merits: Saves time and the speed floor joist modular spacing can be used to suit the variable situation.
Demerits: Requires maintenance and not cost effective.
15 Waffle- Crete building system: Waffle-Crete building system consists of large, structural, ribbed panels of
reinforced precast concrete, bolted together and the joints between the panels shall be caulked to form the
walls, floor and pitched or flat roofs of buildings. The surface of each panel shall consist of 51 mm thick
slab or skin, stiffened with the ribs around the perimeter and across the panel, giving an overall panel
thickness of 152 mm or 203 mm.
Merits: Cost effective and Good quality control is possible.
Demerits: A skilled operator is required for operation.

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 Adoption of Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):
A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

Table 2 Details of low-cost housing schemes planned and being implemented in Andhra Pradesh
S.NO Name of the scheme Districts in State Central Beneficiaries No. of Area Total Unit
which project government government contribution units amount cost
is been contribution contribution (%) (Rs) (Rs)
implemented (%) (%)

1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Guntur, 45 20 35 3 lakh 328 18,600 3,10,000

Urban Renewal Mission Prakasam, houses sq.ft Crores
(JNNURM) Krishna,
scheme Vizag,
Anantapur,
Kadapa,
Kurnool.
2 Basic Services of Urban Krishna, 40 30 30 2.5 365 15,500 3,20,000
Poor (BSUP )scheme Guntur, lakh sq.ft Crores
Prakasam, houses
East
Godavari,
West
Godavari.
3 NandamuriTarakaRamarao Nellore , 35 20 45 1.93 330 11,530 3,13,000
( PMAY NTR NAGAR) Vizag, lakh sq.ft Crores
scheme Vizianagaram, houses
Srikakulam.
Guntur.
4 Pradhan Mantri Awas Vizag,West 50 20 30 19 330 109,535 3,13,000
Yojana (PMAY ) Godavari, lakh sq.ft Crores
Scheme for rural and urban East Houses
Godavari,
Krishna,
Guntur,
Prakasam,
Nellore,
Chittoor,
Anantapur,
Srikakulam.

Table 3 The silent technical features of the Project

S.No Elements and materials Description
1 Grade of concrete M20 Grade
2 Foundation pile foundation
Column size 300mm dia
Pile cap 1.72x1.72x0.50m on four piles 0.55x0.55x0.55mts
4 Basement filling Quarry rubbish
5 Steel Fe 415TMT Grade
7 Doors and windows Pre-cast RCC door frames, PVC doors,and windows
Front door – Plywood
8 Paint Internal -two coats of emulsion paint inside,
External -waterproof cement paint on walls
9 Floor Glazed ceramic floor tiles
10 Wiring Any IS product
11 Plumbing PVC pipes

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 M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao

Table 4 Infrastructure requirement for identified lowcost housing technologies in Andhra Pradesh
S.NO Name of the Area No. of Infrastructure Capacity Cost of
Technologies units requirement infrastructure
(Rs)
1 Shear wall Vijayawada 1500 Batching plant -1 no 56cum /hr 40,00,000
technology Concrete mixer truck- 1 no 7cum 8,00,000
Lifting Crane -1 no 23tonnes 2,00,000
Concrete pump -1 no 1,00,000
2 Solid concrete Vijayawada 1500 Cement brick making 2000 bricks 8,50,000
block machine- 2 no per/hr
Batching plant- 1 no 40,00,000
Concrete mixer truck -1 no 56cum/hr 8,00,000
Concrete pump -1 no 7cum 1,00,000
3 Precast large Vijayawada 1500 Batching plant -1 no _ 40,00,000
panels systems. Concrete mixer truck- 1 no 8,00,000
Concrete wall panel and
columns making unit-1 no 23tonnes 5,00,000
Lifting crane-1no 2,00,000

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Various technologies available for low costhousing, their merits, and demerits of these
technologies are compiled and given in Table 1. All these technologies are suitable for speedy
completion and meeting the quality requirements to achieve the ambitious goals of
Government of India. Conventional technologies require a relatively longer schedule, more
dependent on manual operations. When such massive projects of low cost housing are
implemented adopting conventional technologies, quality is an area of concern. Details of
various schemes of central and state government under which low cost housing is being
constructed in Andhra Pradesh are given in Table 2. Cost of construction per unit is ranging
from Rs 3,10,000to 3,20,000and the sizes of the units are varying from 328 sq.ft to
360sq.ft.Technologies being implemented are Shear wall technology and precast large panel
system.
Silent features of the project considered for estimation is given in table 3. For the units
sanctioned in Andhra Pradesh, shear wall technology, solid concrete block and precast large
panel systems are the best suitable technologies to complete within time frame and without
compromising on quality. Cost comparison for three suggested technologies is made and
details are given in Table 5 Cost of construction using precast large panel systems is lowest
and time required for completion is also lowest. Infrastructure requirement for suggested low
cost housing technologies is given in Table 4.Status of completion of PMAY schemes in
Andhra Pradesh is given in Figure 2.

Table 5 Comparison of cost of construction and time

S.NO Technologies Cost of Cost of Cost/ sq.ft Time required for
Infrastructure construction completion of project
(Rs) (Rs) (days)
1 Shear wall 51,00,000 46.777crores 914/sq.ft 322
2 Solid concrete block 57,50,000 50.654 crores 1006/sq.ft 400
3 Precast large concrete 55,00,000 42.878 crores 828/sq.ft 230
panel system

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 Adoption of Technology for Implementation of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):
A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

90000 No.of houses sanctioned

80000
No. of Houses
70000 No.of houses completed
60000
50000 No.of houses pending
40000
30000
20000
10000
0

Districts

Figure 2 District wise status of construction oflowcost houses in Andhra Pradesh

5. CONCLUSIONS
It is very difficult to complete the mass low cost housing projects, taken up under the schemes
like PMAY for a mission of achieving “Housing for All by 2022 (HFA by 2022)”, with
conventional technologies since these projects are time bound and constrained heavily by the
availability of the funds. So, an appropriate and new technology that can provide better
control over cost and time without compromising on quality only can be a promising tool for
any engineer to achieve the goal for completing the project.
Hence the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) of GOI has established cell
in the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) to help
implementation of PMAY by identifying the new and appropriate technologies that can be
implemented to achieve the targets. The technologies thus identified are general and the state
governments have to identify the suitable technology to implement in their respective states to
achieve the targets in time.
As discussed, This investigation is conceived with the objective of offering ready inputs to
adopt and implement the suitable technology, out of the various technologies recommended
by the BMTPC, in Andhra Pradesh by the various agencies that are involved in the
implementation of the projects like construction of the mass low cost housing units taken up
under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
As discussed in the results and analysis section, all the possible technologies are compared
with respect to their cost and time efficiencies for implementation and the technologies like
pre-cast large panel systems, shear wall technology and solid concrete block are found to be
suitable in the same sequence to be implemented for low cost housing schemes in case
Andhra Pradesh

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors sincerely thank the authorities of Andhra Pradesh Housing Corporation,
Amravati and Vijayawada Municipal Corporation for providing the data.

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 M. Rajasekhar Naik, K. Rajasekhara Reddy and P. Santha Rao

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