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2.1 On - Off Control PDF
2.1 On - Off Control PDF
Section Aims:
Some classes of control problem can however be implemented with very simple
(& low cost) schemes. The most simple is simple switching control often
described as ON-OFF or BANG-BANG control.
This approach is widely used and can implemented using simple relays,
contactors or by software implementation using a Programmable Logic
Controller.
The control strategy is of course dictated by the application and the desired level
of performance:
Temperature control in a washing machine controlled to +/- 2° C or +/-2% is fine.
However 2% position error in a robot arm wouldn’t be acceptable.
Once switch S1 is operated the coil k1 is Here the output k is energised UNTIL
2
energized and contactor/switch k1 closes the switch S1 is closed then coil k1
and remains closed as long as S1 energises and switch k1 opens.
remains closed. In this diagram the
output from the relay energises another
coil k2.
The Relay output will only be affected as long as the operating switch S1 is
operated and held closed.
For some applications the switch may be manually operated on a control panel.
Obviously not practical so we need a mechanism which will latch the relay when
the button is pressed and released. We also need a mechanism to reset the
latch.
This is achieved by adding another contactor/switch to the relay coil and wiring it
in parallel with the control switch S1.
Normally Open
Normally Closed
Note that in order to keep diagrams simple the reset element is often left out
By combining these simple relay units and controlling the input switches it is
possible to implement logical (Boolean) expressions. [Indeed early computers
consisted of arrays of switches and electromagnetic relays!]
These in turn can be used to implement simple logic based industrial control
systems.
These principles are best illustrated by examples. In the following section we’ll
only be using Type 1 Relays
Create an auxiliary circuit using relays that will realise the logical
function of a BUFFER
We need circuit that will energise the output X when the input A is ON or TRUE
We assume that the input is switch A and the output is a coil X that is energised
by the circuit.
This is the most simple logical expression to realise – it is just a single Type 1
relay:
Create an auxiliary circuit using relays that will realise the logical
function of a NOT gate.
Here the circuit needs to energise the output X only when the input A is OFF or
FALSE. In this case we need to use a normally closed relay:
Create a relay circuit that will realize the logical function of an AND Gate.
Here we need a circuit that will energize the output coil X when both inputs A
and B are TRUE or ON.
To achieve this we need two input switches A and B and two relay coils.
Create a relay circuit that will realize the logical function of a three input OR
Gate.
Latching NOT
Latching AND
Table showing logical state of output X for possible states of inputs A&B
(enjoy ……….. )
Truth table
Create an auxilliary circuit using relays for the following logical function:
Hint – you might benefit from constructing the Truth Table first !!!
Truth Table
Create a relay based control scheme that will control the water level in a tank.
The system has valve that is either ON or OFF that controls the water flow
A water level sensor outputs a logic value 1 when the water level is higher than the
desired value.
The scheme must have a starting button and an emergency switch that will stop the
flow regardless of the level of the water.
A timer unit integrated into the relay system can achieve this.
When button S1 is pressed (& stays pressed) the coil at T1 is energized after t1
seconds and contactor/switch T1 closes energizing the output coil k1.
Thus this circuit simply inserts a delay of t1 seconds before the effect of pressing
switch S1 takes effect.
If S1 is released (at any time) then the timer coil is reset (and de-energized) and
output coil is also de-energized.
This is simply the latching equivalent of the first type; once S1 is pressed (&
stays pressed) the coil at T1 is energized after t1 seconds and the two
contactors/switches T1 close, latching the timer coil ON and energizing the
output coil.
Unlike the first type if S1 is released after t1 seconds then the latch will hold the
output coil energized. The output then can only be de-energized by operating
the reset switch R1 which resets and de-energizes the timer coil.
If S1 is released before t1 seconds then the timer coil doesn’t energize and the
output coil remains de-energized.
EEE3008/EEE8005: Industrial Automation & Robotics Les Grant 2014/15
Slide 118
Timer Off Types 1 & 2
These timers are very similar to the first two types in structure but the timer coil
energizes immediately on switch S1 being operated and stays energized for t1
seconds after which it de-energizes.
It is required to implement a control system that will only allow the cutter to run
for 10 minutes.
Then, to ensure sufficient time to cool down, the control system must prevent the
cutting tool from running again for a further 20 minutes.
Once the 20 minutes has elapsed the cutter should be started up again for a
further 10 minutes.
Design a control system using relays and timers to carry out the process
All counters have a constant value associated with them that represents the
counter target value (Target).
There are two kinds of simple counters, the up-counter and the down counter.
The up-counter starts counting from zero and when it reaches the target value it
changes the status of its contacts.
The down-counter starts from the target value and will count down to zero at
which it will change the status of its contacts.
This diagram shows an up-counter with a target value of 3 along with the time
sequence of operation of the input 1 , the counter and the reset port.
Wait a further t2 seconds, then close a second contactor, k2. Once contactor k2
is energized, the timer T2 should be reset.
Note that in this solution the reset lines on k1 and k2 aren’t drawn. Some external circuits will reset
them so the whole logic operates sequentially and C1 counts the number of times that k1 switches
state whilst k2 remains energized.
EEE3008/EEE8005: Industrial Automation & Robotics Les Grant 2014/15
Slide 125
Class Exercise 5 : Bank Security System
The diagram shows a security system
at a bank. To protect access to the safe
a security system controls access to the
vault. The specification of the system is
as follows:
To allow for some margin in human response time; whenever a button is pressed it
will close a relay for 2 seconds only. After 2 seconds has elapsed, the relay will
open. If all three relays are closed at the same time, it will be deemed that the
buttons were pressed simultaneously and the vault door will be opened.
Finally, if the bank alarm is activated, the vault door must be kept closed, even if all
three buttons are pressed.
Design a control circuit to implement the security system.
EEE3008/EEE8005: Industrial Automation & Robotics Les Grant 2014/15
Class Exercise 5 : Bank Security System Solution Slide 126
Note that k8 will have a reset line that must be powered in order to reset the system