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TENTANG KEWIRAUSAHAAN
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang

Kewirausahaan (entrepreneurship) adalah kemampuan kreatif dan inovatif

yang dijadikan dasar, kiat, dan sumber daya untuk mencari peluang menuju
sukses. Sesuatu yang baru dan berbeda adalah nilai tambah barang dan jasa yang
menjadi sumber keuanggulan untuk dijadikan peluang. Jadi, kewirausahaan
merupakan suatu kemampuan dalam menciptakan nilai tambah di pasar melalui
proses pengelolaan sumber daya dengan cara-cara baru dan berbeda.

Di Indonesia, kewirausahaan dipelajari baru terbatas pada beberapa sekolah atau

perguruan tinggi tertentu saja. Sejalan dengan perkembangan dan tantangan seperti
adanya krisis ekonomi, pemahaman kewirausahaan baik melalui pendidikan formal
maupun pelatihan-pelatihan di segala lapisan masyarakat kewirausahaan menjadi
berkembang.

Orang yang melakukan kegiatan kewirausahaan disebut wirausahawan. Muncul

pertanyaan mengapa seorang wirausahawan (entrepreneur) mempunyai cara berpikir
yang berbeda dari manusia pada umumnya. Mereka mempunyai motivasi, panggilan
jiwa, persepsi dan emosi yang sangat terkait dengan nilai nilai, sikap dan perilaku
sebagai manusia unggul. Pada makalah ini dijelaskan tentang pengertian, hakekat, ciri-
ciri dan karakteristik dan peran kewirausahaan dalam perekonomian nasional.

BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. Pengertian Kewirausahaan

Kewirausahaan berasal dari kata wira dan usaha. Wira berarti :pejuang, pahlawan,
manusia unggul, teladan, berbudi luhur, gagah beranidan berwatak agung. Usaha,
berarti perbuatan amal, bekerja, berbuatsesuatu. Jadi wirausaha adalah pejuang atau
pahlawan yang berbuatsesuatu. Ini baru dari segi etimologi (asal usul kata). Menurut
KamusBesar Bahasa Indonesia, wirausaha adalah orang yang pandai atauberbakat
mengenali produk baru, menentukan cara produksi baru,menyusun operasi untuk
mengadakan produk baru, mengatur permodalanoperasinya serta
memasarkannya.Dalam lampiran Keputusan Menteri Koperasi dan
PembinaanPengusahan Kecil Nomor 961/KEP/M/XI/1995, dicantumkan bahwa:

1. Wirausaha adalah orang yang mempunyai semangat, sikap, perilakudan

kemampuan kewirausahaan.

2. Kewirausahaan adalah semangat, sikap, perilaku dan kemampuanseseorang

dalam menangani usaha atau kegiatan yang mengarahpada upaya mencari,
menciptakan serta menerapkan cara kerja,teknologi dan produk baru dengan
meningkatkan efisiensi dalamrangka memberikan pelayanan yang lebih baik dan
atau memperolehkeuntungan yang lebih besar.

Jadi wirausaha itu mengarah kepada orang yang melakukanusaha/kegiatan sendiri

dengan segala kemampuan yang dimilikinya.Sedangkan kewirausahaan menunjuk
kepada sikap mental yang dimilikiseorang wirausaha dalam melaksanakan
usaha/kegiatan.Kewirausahaan dilihat dari sumber daya yang ada di dalamnyaadalah
seseorang yang membawa sumber daya berupa tenaga kerja,material, dan asset
lainnya pada suatu kombinasi yang menambahkannilai yang lebih besar daripada
sebelumnya dan juga dilekatkan padaorang yang membawa perubahan, inovasi, dan
aturan baru.Kewirausahaan dalam arti proses yang dinamis adalahkewirausahaan
merupakan sebuah proses mengkreasikan denganmenambahkan nilai sesuatu yang
dicapai melalui usaha keras dan waktuyang tepat dengan memperkirakan dana
pendukung, fisik, dan resikosocial, dan akan menerima reward yang berupa keuangan
dan kepuasanserta kemandirian personal.Melalui pengertian tersebut terdapat empat
hal yang dimiliki olehseorang wirausahawan yakni:

1. Proses berkreasi yakni mengkreasikan sesuatu yang baru denganmenambahkan

nilainya. Pertambahan nilai ini tidak hanya diakui olehwirausahawan semata
namun juga audiens yang akan menggunakanhasil kreasi tersebut.
 2. Komitmen yang tinggi terhadap penggunaan waktu dan usaha yangdiberikan.
Semakin besar fokus dan perhatian yang diberikan dalam usaha ini maka akan
mendukung proses kreasi yang akan timbul dalamkewirausahaan.

3. Memperkirakan resiko yang mungkin timbul. Dalam hal ini resiko yangmungkin
terjadi berkisar pada resiko keuangan, fisik dan resiko social.

4. Memperoleh reward. Dalam hal ini reward yang terpenting adalahindependensi

atau kebebasan yang diikuti dengan kepuasan pribadi.Sedangkan reward berupa
uang biasanya dianggap sebagai suatubentukderajat kesuksesan usahanya.

B. Tujuan Kewirausahaan

Bahan ajar mata diklat Kewirausahaan dapat diajarkan dan dikembangkandi Sekolah-
sekolah Dasar, Sekolah Menengah, Perguruan Tinggi, dan diberbagai kursus bisnis. Di
dalam pelajaran Kewirausahaan, para siswadiajari dan ditanamkan sikap-sikap perilaku
untuk membuka bisnis, agar mereka menjadi seorang wirausaha yang berbakat. Agar
lebih jelas, dibawah ini diuraikan tujuan dari Kewirausahaan, sebagai berikut:

1. Meningkatkan jumlah para wirausaha yang berkualitas.

2. Mewujudkan kemampuan dan kemantapan para wirausaha untuk menghasilkan

kemajuan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.

3. Membudayakan semangat sikap, perilaku, dan kemampuankewirausahaan di

kalangan pelajar dan masyarakat yang mampu,handal, dan unggul.

4. Menumbuhkembangkan kesadaran dan'orientasi Kewirausahaanyang tangguh

dan kuat terhadap para siswa dan masyarakat.

C. Manfaat Kewirausahaan

Kewirausahaan memiliki 4 manfaat sosial, yaitu:

 1. Memperkuat pertumbuhan ekonomi : menyediakan pekerjaan barudalam
ekonomi. Ekonomi saat ini adalah tanah yang subur bagiwirausahawan misalnya
: permintaan pelayanan sektor jasa meledak

2. Meningkatkan produktivitas : kemampuan untuk menghasilkan lebihbanyak

barang dan jasa dengan TK dan input lain yang lebih sedikit.

3. Menciptakan teknologi, produk dan jasa baru: komputer digital,mesinfotokopi,

laser, power steering.

4. Mengubah dan meremajakan persaingan pasar : pasar

internasionalmenyediakan peluang kewirausahaan.

D. Ruang Lingkup Kewirausahaan

Ruang lingkup kewirausahaan sangat luas sekali. Secara umum,ruang lingkup

kewirausahaan adalah bergerak dalam bisnis. Jika diuraikansecara rinci ruang lingkup
kewirausahaan, bergerak dalam bidang:
a. Lapangan agraris
1) Pertanian
2) Perkebunan dan kehutanan

b. Lapangan perikanan
1) Pemeliharaan ikan
2) Penetasan ikan
3) Makanan ikan
4) Pengangkutan ikan

c. Lapangan peternakan
1) Bangsa burung atau unggas
2) Bangsa binatang menyusui

d. Lapangan perindustrian dan kerajinan

1) Industri besar
2) Industri menengah
3) Industri kecil
4) Pengrajin
v Pengolahan hasil pertanian
v Pengolahan hasil perkebunan
v Pengolahan hasil perikanan
v Pengolahan hasil peternakan
v Pengolahan hasil kehutanan

e. Lapangan pertambangan dan energi

f. Lapangan perdagangan
1) Sebagai pedagang besar
2) Sebagai pedagang menengah
3) Sebagai pedagang kecil

g. Lapangan pemberi jasa

1) Sebagai pedagang perantara
2) Sebagai pemberi kredit atau perbankan
3) Sebagai pengusaha angkutan
4) Sebagai pengusaha hotel dan restoran

KEBERHASILAN DAN KEGAGALAN WIRAUSAHAWAN

A. Keberhasilan Kewirausahaan
a. Kerja keras.
Dalam menjalankan usaha kita perlu menyadari bahwa setiap orang yang menekuni
bidang usaha, usaha apapun itu, dituntut untuk memiliki pemikiran untuk selalu bekerja
keras dan tekun.
b. Kerja sama dengan orang lain.
Sebagai makhluk sosial, yang mau tidak mau kita musti bergantung kepada orang lain,
maka dari itu semestinyalah kita belajar bergaul dan membawa diri pada orang lain.
c. Penampilan yang baik.
Penampilan adalah cerminan kebersihan hati dan perilaku seseorang, oleh karena itu,
untuk menunjang usaha yang kita lakukan maka penampilan juga sangat berperan.
d. Yakin, keyakinan.
Segala sesuatu yang dilakukan wujudkan dalam diri kita bahwa kita bisa.
e. Pandai membuat keputusan.
f. Mau menambah pengetahuan.
Seorang wirausahawan dituntut untuk selalu belajar dari sekelilingnya, lingkungan
sekitarnya dan dari produk-produk yang dibuat.
g. Pandai berkomunikasi.
Belajarlah mengeluarkan kalimat yang baik (sesuai).

B. Kegagalan Kewirausahaan
a. Kurangnya dana untuk modal.
Tidak semua kegagalan disebabkan karena modal yang tidak ada, akan tetapi sebagian
besar kegagalan itu ada karena kurangnya dana.
b. Kurangnya pengalaman dalam bidang bisnis.
Berikan suatu jabatan kepada ahlinya, dengan kata lain tempatkan sesuatu pada
tempatnya.
c. Tidak adanya perencanaan yang tepat dan matang.
Dalam berwirausaha, merencanakan sesuatu, atau menyusun sesuatu perlu disiapkan
sebelumnya.
d. Tidak cocoknya minat terhadap bidang usaha yang sedang digeluti (diteliti).
Terkait dengan penjelasan point b diatas, yaitu menempatkan sesuatu pada tempatnya,
termasuk tempatkan minat dan bakat dimana orang itu berminat dan berbakat agar
usaha atau pekerjaan yang dilakukan menjadi sahabat dan dapat ditekuni dengan baik.

C. Sebab – sebab Kegagalan dalam Menjalankan Usaha

a. Kurang ulet dan cepat putus asa, sedangkan kita harus dituntut untuk rajin, tekun,
sabar, dan jangan putus asa.
b. Kurang tekun dan teliti.
c. Kurangnya pengawasan.
d. Kemacetan yang sering terjadi.
e. Pelayanan yang kurang baik.
f. Tidak jujur dan kurang cekatan.
g. Kurang inisiatif dan kurang kreatif.
h. Kekeliruan dalam memilih lapangan usaha.
i. Menyamakan perusahaan sebagai badan sosial, karena salah satu ciri-ciri kalau
orang berbisnis harus kikir, kalau badan sosial, ikhlas beramal, karena apabila
perusahaan jadi kikir maka ia jelas irit.
j. Banyak pemborosan dan penyimpangan.
k. Kurang dapat menyesuaikan dengan selera konsumen.
l. Sulit memisahkan antara harta pribadi dengan harta perusahaan.
m. Mengambil kredit tanpa pertimbangan yang matang.
n. Memulai usaha tanpa pengalaman dan modal pinjaman.
o. Banyaknya piutang ragu-ragu.
p. Kekeliruan menghitung harga pokok. Dalam melakukan suatu usaha penjualan harus
menghitung berapa banyak harga pokok.

BAB III
PENUTUP

Kesimpulan
Kewirausahaan berasal dari kata wira dan usaha. Wira berarti pejuang, pahlawan,
manusia unggul, berbudi luhur, berani dan berwatak agung. Di dalam kamus besar
bahasa Indonesia itu dikatakan bahwa kewirausahaan adalah:

a. Orang yang pandai atau berbakat mengenali produk baru.

b. Menentukan cara produksi baru.
c. Meyusun operasi untuk mengadakan produk baru.
d. Mengatur permodalan operasinya serta memasarkannya.

Usaha berarti perbutan amal, berupa sesuatu, bekerja atau berusaha. Jadi wira usaha
secara etimologi berarti pejuang yang berbuat sesuatu.
Instruksi Presiden No.4/1995, kewirausahaan adalah semangat, sikap, perilaku, dan
kemampuan seseorang dalam menangani usaha atau kegiatan yang mengarah pada
upaya cara kerja tekhnologi, dan produk baru dengan meningkatkan efisiensi dalam
rangka memberikan pelayanan yang baik dan keuntungan yang lebih besar.
Kata inovasi pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Schumpeter 1953, inovasi dipandang
sebagai kreasi dan implementasi atau biasa juga disebut sebagai koordinasi baru
dalam inovasi itu juga dapat menciptakan nilai tambah, yang berkaitan dengan
oraganisasi. Pemegang saham maupun masyarakat luas. Jadi inovasi adalah
mengkreasikan dan mengimplementasikan sesuatu menjadi satu kombinasi. Kombinasi
baru itu dapat merujuk pada produk jasa, proses kerja pasar, kebijakan dan sistem
baru.