TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

A LABORATORY MANUAL IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANGALORE 560059
2015-2016
 R. V. College of engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering

12CH62 – Transport Phenomena Lab

Laboratory Manual
Academic Year 2015–2016

Name of the
:
Student

University Seat No. :

Semester & Section :

Batch :
Vision of RVCE:
Leadership in technical education, research & innovation, with a focus on sustainable and
inclusive technology

Mission of RVCE:

• To deliver Quality Technical Education, with an equal emphasis on Experiential Learning

with the state of the art infrastructure

• To create an Open, Conducive and Interdisciplinary Environment for faculty and students to
learn and carry out Research, consequently excel in their areas of interest

• To continuously foster Industry – Institution collaboration for Teaching and Research,

leading to Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• To focus on development of technologies that are Sustainable and Inclusive, addressing

Social Issues

• To Nurture Disciplined, Ethical, Socially Concerned and Employable Engineers

• Vision of the Chemical Engineering department:

Imparting quality education that promotes leadership in Research, Innovation and

Sustainable Technologies through teamwork and Entrepreneurship in Chemical Processes,
Energy, Unit Operations and Computational Chemical Engineering to meet societal
requirements

Mission of the Chemical Engineering department: 1. Impart quality

education in basic and applied areas of Chemical Engineering
2. Enable students and faculty to achieve proficiency in the areas of Chemical Processes, Energy,
Unit Operations and Computational Chemical Engineering using state-of-the-art laboratories and
modern infrastructure

3. Encourage faculty and students to make career in research and contribute towards innovative
processes and products

4. Develop inclusive technologies with a focus on new materials and sustainability

5. Collaborate with industries and research institutes for academics and research

6. Inculcate leadership qualities, entrepreneurial skills, societal and ethical values in students and
faculty

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Graduates will be able to,

PEO 1: Comprehend, analyze, design and implement engineering systems by acquiring sound
knowledge of Basic Sciences and Chemical Engineering

PEO 2: Excel in the areas of Chemical Processes, Energy, Unit Operations and Computational
Chemical Engineering with a focus on research and innovation

PEO 3: Address industry challenges by providing sustainable engineering solutions and to work
in multi disciplinary team with human values

PEO 4: Exhibit sound communication skills, leadership qualities and develop into successful
entrepreneurs

Program Outcomes

The graduates in BE of Chemical Engineering are expected to have the following abilities/
qualities

PO1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, basic sciences and engineering fundamentals to

identify, formulate and solve chemical engineering problems

PO2. Design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs with appropriate societal
and environmental considerations
 PO3. Work in multi-disciplinary teams and develop leadership qualities with effective
communication

PO4. Engage in life-long learning and follow ethical principles

PO5. Identify and use appropriate computational tools in chemical engineering practice

PO6. Undertake research leading to innovations, sustainable technologies and entrepreneurship

with a focus on project management

Experiment 1: 3D-CAD modelling of cyclone

AIM: To create geometry model of cyclone separator using 3D-CAD.
Create a 3D-CAD model:
1.Launch STAR-CCM+.
2.Save the simulation under the name cyclone.sim.
Launch 3D-CAD and create the geometry:
3.Right-click Geometry > 3D-CAD Models and select New.
The 3D-CAD environment launches and a 3D-CAD model is created. Within 3D-CAD, an
object tree that is specific to the 3D-CAD model is displayed. This tree
contains Bodies, Features, and Design Parameters nodes. A 3D-CAD View scene is also
created automatically. Initially, this scene displays three starting sketch planes which are
used as a basis for adding features to the model.
4.Rename the 3D-CAD Model 1 node to Cyclone.

Sketching the Cyclone Profile:

Create a sketch that contains the profile of the cyclone chamber.
 Every 3D-CAD model contains three default sketch planes: XY, YZ, and ZX. Create a sketch
on the YZ sketch plane:
1.Right-click the Features > YZ node and select Create Sketch.
Creating a sketch activates sketch mode, in which a grid is displayed on the sketch plane in
the 3D-CAD View scene, and the Sketch panel opens. This panel contains the tools for
creating sketch entities, such as lines, circles, and arcs. The panel also allows you to control
the settings for the grid that is displayed in the scene. Each sketch plane has local X and Y
axes relative to the position and orientation of the plane in relation to the global coordinate
system.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to align the sketch plane with the plane of the
screen.

3.Click (Set sketch grid spacing) to specify the distance between the grid lines on the
sketch plane so that the spacing is suitable for the dimensions of the model geometry.
4.In the Grid Spacing dialog, set Grid Spacing to 0.025 m.
5.Click OK.
Use the mouse to adjust the position, orientation, and zoom level of the sketch plane.
6. In the 3D-CAD View scene:
Left-click and drag the mouse in any direction to rotate the view.
While holding down the <Ctrl> key, click and drag to roll the view.
Right-click and drag to pan the view.
Middle-click and drag to zoom in or out. Alternatively, if your mouse has a scroll wheel, turn the
mouse wheel to adjust the zoom level.

7.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to realign the sketch plane with the screen.
8.Adjust the view in the 3D-CAD View scene so that the top half of the grid is shown. Leave
some white space above the grid as the sketch will cover some of this space.

9.Click (Create line) and move the mouse over the grid in the 3D-CAD View scene.
The mouse pointer has a blue square that is attached to it, which indicates the position of
the point on the grid. The coordinates of this point are displayed in the Line Properties box

of the Sketch panel, and change as you move the mouse. The (Snap to Grid) option is
enabled by default, so the point jumps to an intersection between two grid lines as it is
approaches them.
10.Position the blue square at [0.0, 0.3] m.
11.Click to fix the blue square in position.
Create the first set of lines with approximate lengths. To exit the tool while creating a
sketch entity, press the <Esc> key. If you want to reposition any sketch entities while you
are sketching, exit the tool first, then click-and-drag the relevant sketch entities to the
desired position. To resume sketching, simply select the appropriate tool from the Create
Sketch Entities box and continue.
12.Move the mouse pointer to the left. A blue preview is shown to indicate the position of the
line. Position the mouse so that the blue line extends horizontally left of the starting point
and click the left mouse button.
The Line tool creates continuous lines, so the end point of the first line is the start point of
the next. The coordinates that are shown in the Line Properties box are automatically
updated as each line is defined.
13.Move the mouse pointer into the white space above the grid and notice that it still snaps to
grid intersections even though they are not visible.
14.Position the mouse so that the second line is vertical and ends in the white space above the
grid.
You can adjust the zoom level while you are in the process of creating sketch entities.
15.Left-click to fix the end point of the second line.
When you draw sketch entities outside of the grid that is shown in the 3D-CAD View scene,
the grid automatically expands.
16.Create a short horizontal line that extends to the left of this point and left-click to fix the end
point in position.
17.Move the mouse vertically downwards to create a longer vertical line and click to fix the point.
18.Press the <Esc> key to exit the line creation tool.

Adding Constraints and Dimensions:

Constraints and dimensions are applied to the sketch to control the position and size of the
sketch entities on the sketch plane. Apply the constraints first to maintain the current
orientation of the lines. Following this, apply the dimensions to define the length of each
line.
• Right-click the first horizontal line and select Apply Horizontal Constraint.

A glyph is added to the sketch to show that the constraint has been applied.
2.Select one of the horizontal lines, then hold down the <Ctrl> key and select the other
horizontal line. Right-click and select Apply Parallel Constraint.
Apply similar constraints to the vertical lines:
3.Right-click one of the vertical lines and select Apply Vertical Constraint.
4.Using the technique described above, select both of the vertical lines, right-click and
select Apply Parallel Constraint.
Set the length of each line by applying dimensions:
5.Right-click the first horizontal line and select Apply Length Dimension.
6.In the Dimension dialog, enter a value of 0.075 m. 7.
Click OK.
8.Repeat the previous two steps for the remaining lines. Use the values that are displayed in the
following sketch:

Notice that when you select each line, a list of the constraints and dimensions that are
applied to that line is displayed in theConstraints/Dimensions box in the Line Properties.
Draw the remainder of the cyclone profile, and use some additional constraints to control its
position on the sketch plane:
9.Pan the view down and adjust the zoom level so that the 3D-CAD View scene appears as
follows:

10.Click (Create line) and move the mouse to the starting point for the previous set of
lines.
The mouse automatically snaps to existing sketch entities within the sketch, so when the
blue square is close to the point, it jumps onto that point.
11.Click the top of the existing point.
12.Move the mouse vertically downward until a line Length of 0.7 m is shown in the Line
Properties box. Left-click to fix the point at the grid intersection.
13.Move the mouse to the left and create a short line that extends horizontally from this point.
Complete the profile by creating a diagonal line to define the cone shape of the cyclone:
14.Move the mouse pointer to the free end of the first set of lines and click to close the sketch
profile.
15.Right-click the longest vertical line and select Apply Vertical Constraint.
16.Right-click the horizontal line at the bottom of the sketch and select Apply Length
Dimension.
17.In the Dimension dialog, enter a value of 0.05 m and click OK.
Move the axis of the cyclone so that it is aligned with the Y-axis of the sketch plane. To do
this you can drag-and-drop the sketch:
18.If necessary, adjust the zoom level. Left-click and hold at any point on the longest vertical
line, drag the mouse pointer onto the origin and release the mouse button.
Adding a Construction Line
A construction line defines the axis around which the cyclone profile revolves.
Add a construction line to the profile sketch:

1.Click (Create line) and create a line that is aligned with the Y-axis as shown below.
The appearance of the line changes from solid to dashed to indicate that it is now a
construction line. Upon exiting the sketch, this line is no longer visible, as construction lines
are only shown when you are creating or editing a sketch.
Apply a constraint between the construction line and the vertical line at the center of the
cyclone to make sure that they are collinear:
4.To select the construction line, hold down the <Ctrl> key and select the long vertical line on
the Y-axis.
5.Right-click either of the lines and select Apply Collinear Constraint.
The cyclone profile is now complete and is ready to revolve.
6.Click OK at the bottom of the Sketch panel to exit sketch mode.
Revolving the Cyclone Profile:
Right-clicking a sketch in the feature tree lets you perform various CAD operations, such as
revolving a profile around an axis.
Revolve the sketch of the cyclone chamber profile:
1.Rename the Sketch 1 node to Sketch Profile.
2.Right-click Sketch Profile and select Create Revolve.
The Revolve panel lets you specify the parameters for the revolved feature.
The Direction option defines the direction in which the sketch is revolved. The Body
Interaction option specifies how the body that is created from the revolution interacts with
any other bodies in the model. In this case, the sketch is revolved through 360 degrees and
no other bodies are present. Therefore the Direction and Body Interaction settings do not
affect the outcome and can be left as the default. The Axis option lets you choose which
construction line to use as the axis of revolution. In this case, the sketch only contains one
construction line, so this menu contains a single option, Line 8. A blue preview of the
selected axis is shown in the 3D-CAD View scene.
3.In the Revolve panel, click set Angle to 360.0 deg and press <Enter>.
4.Click OK to confirm the settings and create the revolved feature.
A Revolve 1 feature node is added to the feature tree, and the solid body is displayed in
the Graphics window. Bodies that form a 3D-CAD model are shown under the Bodies node.
5.Expand the Bodies node and select Body 1.
The corresponding body is highlighted in the 3D-CAD View 1 scene.
6.Rename the Body 1 node to Fluid.
Creating the Outlet Pipe
The outlet pipe has a circular cross-section and is created by sketching a circle and extruding it.
The circle that is sketched is slightly smaller in diameter than the hole in the top of the
cyclone, and the difference between the two is the thickness of the outlet pipe.
Create the sketch for the outlet pipe on an existing face:
1.Rotate the model in the 3D-CAD View 1 scene so that you can see the sunken face in the top of
the model.
2.Right-click the sunken face and select Create Sketch.
A sketch plane that is defined by the selected face is displayed on the model in the 3D-CAD
View scene.

3.Click (View normal to sketch plane).

4.To see the hole, in the Vis toolbar, click (Make scene transparent).

5.Click (Create circle) in the Create Sketch Entities box and click at [0.0, 0.0] m.
The first click positions the circle at the origin of the sketch. The second mouse click lets you
specify the radius of the circle.
6. Move the mouse so that the radius is approximately 0.06 m, using the Circle Properties box
for reference, and click.
You can define the circle radius more accurately by entering an exact value in the Circle
Properties box.
7.In the 3D-CAD View 1 scene, click on the circle.
8.Set Radius to 0.07 m
9.Click OK to exit the sketch.

10. In the Vis toolbar, click (Make Scene Transparent).

Extrude the sketch to form the outlet section of the cyclone geometry:
11.Right-click the Sketch 1 node in the feature tree and select Create Extrude.
12.In the Extrude panel, make sure that Body Interaction is set to the default option
of Merge.
This option causes it to merge with the Fluid body, resulting in a single body.
13.Set Distance to 0.45 m.
14.Retain the default settings for the other options.
15.Use the mouse to rotate the model and check the preview of the extrusion.
16.Click OK.
Creating the Inlet Duct
Fluid enters the top of the chamber horizontally through a rectangular inlet duct.
Create the inlet duct:
1.Right-click the Features > YZ node and select Create Sketch.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane).

3.Click (Make scene transparent).

4.Zoom in on the top left-hand corner of the geometry.

5.Click (Create rectangle) and click the top left corner of the cyclone.
6.Move the mouse pointer down and to the right until the rectangle Length that is shown in the
properties box is 0.05 m and the Width is0.15 m.
7.Left-click to fix the point in position.
8.Click OK.
Constraints are applied automatically to a rectangle to make sure that the sides are vertical
and horizontal.

9.Click (Make Scene Transparent).

Extrude the sketch:
10.Right-click the Sketch 2 node and select Create Extrude.
11.In the Extrude panel, set the extrusion Distance to 0.35 m and click OK.
Creating a Design Parameter
Design parameters allow you to modify an aspect of the geometry from outside 3D-CAD.
Create a design parameter to control the position of the outlet pipe:
1.Right-click the Sketch Profile node and select Edit.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane).

3.Zoom in on the top of the sketch.
4.Select the vertical line that defines the hole at the top of the cyclone chamber. Right-click the
dimension arrow for this line and selectEdit Dimension.
5.In the Dimension dialog, activate the Expose Parameter option.
6.In the Name textbox enter PipeDepth and click OK.
To make sure that the changes that are made to the length of this line only affect the depth
of the hole into the cyclone chamber, fix the total height of the cyclone using a vertical
dimension. Also fix the position of a point at the top of the cyclone.
7.Right-click the point at the top of the PipeDepth line and select Apply Fixation Constraint.
8.Zoom out so that the whole sketch is visible.
9.Select the point at the top of the PipeDepth line, hold down the <Ctrl> key and select the
point at the bottom-right corner of the sketch.
10.Right-click one of the selected points and select Apply Vertical Distance.
11.In the Dimension dialog, make sure that the value is 0.9 m and click OK.
12.Click OK to exit the sketch.
The design parameter is displayed under the Design Parameters node in the object tree:
13.Expand the Design Parameters node and select the PipeDepth node.
Specifying Inlet and Outlet Faces
The final step in preparing the model geometry is to specify the inlet and outlet faces of the
model by setting face names.
When the 3D-CAD model is imported into the simulation via geometry parts, faces that have
been named are defined as separate part surfaces. Therefore, when the geometry is
assigned to a region, these surfaces can easily become separate boundaries.
Name the faces for the inlet and outlet:
1.Rotate the model so that the inlet duct is visible.
2.Right-click the rectangular inlet face and select Rename.
3.In the Rename dialog, enter Inlet and click OK.
4.Right-click the circular face at the top of the outlet pipe and select Rename.
5.In the Rename dialog, enter Outlet and click OK.
The geometry is now complete and you can exit 3D-CAD.
6.AT the bottom of the object tree, click Close 3D-CAD.
When you exit 3D-CAD, the 3D-CAD View 1 scene closes automatically.
7.Save the simulation.
 Geometry scene
Creating a Geometry Part
Create a geometry part from the 3D-CAD model.
To use the 3D-CAD model in a simulation, create a geometry part:
1. Right-click the Geometry > 3D-CAD Models > Cyclone node and select New Geometry
Part.
2.In the Parts Creation Options dialog, click OK to close the dialog. The default settings are
acceptable.
3.Expand the Parts > Fluid > Surfaces node.
The inlet and outlet faces that you specified in the previous section are defined as separate
surfaces.
Assigning a Part to a Region
To define the computational domain, assign the cyclone separator part to a region.
1.Right-click the Geometry > Parts > Fluid node and select Assign Parts to Regions.
2.In the Assign Parts to Regions dialog, select:
a. Create a Region for Each Part
b. Create a Boundary for Each Part Surface
3.Click Apply then Close.
A new region is created with boundaries that define the inlet, outlet, and main fluid volume.
Check that the region and boundaries are defined correctly:
4.Create a Geometry Scene.
5.Expand the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries node and select each of the boundary nodes to
make sure that they are specified correctly.

VIVA Questions
1. Why are we creating a design parameter?
2. Why are we assigning parts to each region?
3. What happens if you don’t rename Body 1 to fluid in the earlier step?
4. Enunciate the importance of Grid spacing for creating the cyclone separator sketch.
5. What is the importance of applying vertical, horizontal constraints and collinear constraint?
6. Why are we creating the construct line?
7. What is the importance of Merge option in the “create extrude” dialog box?
8. What is the importance of specifying and renaming the inlet and outlet?
9. What is the relation between assigning parts to each region and renaming the inlet and outlet
faces?
10. What is Simulation?
11. What is Modelling?
12. What is the difference between Simulation and Modelling?
13. What is a cyclone separator? Which are the industries it is used?
14. What is vortex separation?
15. What is cut-point of a cyclone?
16. What are the different types of vortex?
 Experiment 2: Post processing of cyclone for velocity
scalar
AIM: To obtain scalar velocity plot for cyclone separator.

Selecting Physics Models

Physics models define the physical variables and phenomena in the simulation. In this
tutorial, the K-Omega turbulence model is used to limit the simulation run time.
To select the physics models:
1.Create a physics continuum.
2.For the physics continuum, Continua > Physics 1, select the following models in order:
3.Click Close.
4.To review the models, open the Physics 1 > Models node.
5.Save the simulation.
Specifying Boundary Conditions
 Specify conditions at the inlet and outlet boundaries:
1.Edit the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries node.
2.Set the following properties:
Generating a Mesh
Use a polyhedral mesh to analyze the flow patterns in the cyclone separator.
1.Create a mesh continuum.
2.For the mesh continuum, Continua > Mesh 1, select the following models in order:
3.Click Close.
Define the mesh settings and generate the volume mesh:
4.Select the Mesh 1 > Reference Values > Base Size node and set Value to 0.01 m.
5.Generate the volume mesh.
6.Create a mesh scene.
7.Save the simulation.

Mesh Scene
Preparing a Scalar Scene
Use a scalar scene to visualize the vertical velocity on a section through the cyclone
chamber.
You can use this scene to visualize the solution while the simulation is running.
1.Create a scalar scene.
2.Create a section plane with the following properties:
3.Rotate the view in Scalar Scene 1 so that the plane section is visible.
Define the scene settings:
4.Click scene/plot.
5.Edit the Displayers node and set the following properties:
6.Save the simulation.

Scalar Scene
Running the Simulation
Preparation of the simulation is now complete, and the simulation can be run.

1.Click (Run) in the Solution toolbar.

2.While the simulation is running, select the Scalar Scene 1 tab at the top of
the Graphics window to visualize the solution.
3.When the simulation has finished running, save it.
 Scalar scene After Iterations
VIVA Questions:
• What is Physics models?
• What is a continuum?
• What is K-Omega Turbulence?
• What is segregated flow?
• What are the different equations of state you know?
• What is turbulence suppression?
• What is the importance of specifying boundary conditions?
• What is mesh continuum?
• How would you differentiate mesh and physics continuum?
• What is the importance of Base size for the polyhedral mesh created?
• What is scalar scene?
• How to create a section plane?
• Why are we creating the section plane?
• What is iteration with respect to the simulation created?
• Differentiate the scalar velocity scene and scalar pressure scene?
• Interpret the pressure scalar scene and velocity scalar scene.
• Define continuum mechanics.
 Experiment 3: Post processing of cyclone for stream
lines
AIM: To obtain stream lines for cyclone separator.
Creating a Streamlines Scene
Create a scene to display the streamlines inside the cyclone separator.
1.Create a Geometry Scene.
2.Rename the Geometry Scene 2 node to Streamlines.
Use the Create Streamline panel to specify the properties of the streamlines. In this case,
the streamlines are grown from the cyclone inlet.
3.Create a Streamline derived part with the following properties:
Define the scene settings:
4.Click scene/plot.
5.Edit the Streamlines > Displayers node and set the following properties:
To extend the streamlines through the fluid domain up to the outlet, increase the maximum
propagation property. This defines how far the streamlines are propagated through the fluid
domain from the starting points. A higher value causes the streamlines to extend further.
6.Select the Derived Parts > streamline > 2nd Order Integrator node and set Maximum
Propagation to 15.
Animating the Streamlines
Animate the streamlines inside the cyclone chamber.
To animate streamlines:
1.Click scene/plot.
2.Edit the Displayers node and set he following properties:
3.In the Animation toolbar:

a.Click (Play)

b.To stop the animation, click (Stop)

Stream lines scene

Additional: Modifying the Geometry and Rerunning (Refer the star CCM+ inbuilt
manual)

VIVA Questions:
• What is streamlines?
• What is maximum propagation?
• Why are we setting scalar field to velocity in K direction?
 Experiment 4: Natural convection of heated fin
AIM: To obtain temperature profile around fin.
Importing the Mesh and Naming the Simulation
To set up the STAR-CCM+ simulation, launch a simulation and import the supplied volume
mesh.
Use the following steps:
1.Launch STAR CCM+.
2.Start a simulation.
3.Select File > Import > Import Volume Mesh.
4.In the Open dialog, navigate
to [INSTALL_DIR]/doc/startutorialsdata/heatTransferAndRadiation/data.
5.Select fin.ccm then click Open.
STAR-CCM+ provides feedback on the import process in the Output window. Two mesh
regions named AIR and AL are created in the Regionsnode representing the grid domain.
A geometry scene is created in the Graphics window.
6.Save the simulation as heatedFin.sim.

Converting to a Two-Dimensional Mesh

For greater efficiency, convert the mesh region from a one-cell-thick three-dimensional grid
to a two-dimensional one.
There are special requirements in the STAR-CCM+ product for three-dimensional meshes
that are converted to two-dimensional ones. These requirements are:
The grid must be aligned with the X-Y plane.
The grid must have a boundary plane at the Z = 0 location.
 The mesh imported for this tutorial was built with these requirements in mind. Were the
grid not to conform to the above conditions, it would have been necessary to realign the
region using the transformation and rotation facilities in STAR-CCM+.
1.Select Mesh > Convert To 2D.
2.In the Convert Regions To 2D dialog that appears, make sure that:
All regions are selected.
The Delete 3D Regions After Conversion option is activated.
3.Click OK.
Once you click OK, the mesh conversion takes place. The new two-dimensional mesh is
shown, viewed from the z-direction, in the Geometry Scene 1 display which was created
after you imported the mesh. The mouse rotation option is suppressed for two-dimensional
scenes.
4.Right-click the Continua > Physics 1 continuum node and select Delete.
5.Click Yes in the confirmation dialog.
6.Repeat these steps for the Physics 2 continuum node.

Renaming Regions and Boundaries

Change the default region and boundary names to more suitable names.
Use the following steps:
1.Rename AIR 2D to Fluid.
2.Rename the boundaries within the Fluid node:

Original Name New Name

wall Air-Interface

wall 2 Vertical-Walls

wall 3 Horizontal-Walls

3.Rename AL 2D to Solid.
4.Rename the boundaries within the Solid node:

Original Name New Name

Default_Boundary_Region Fin-Interface
 wall Fin-Bottom

Scaling the Mesh

1.To scale the region, select Mesh > Scale Mesh from the menu bar.
2.In the Scale Mesh dialog, set the Scale Factor to 0.01 for the fluid and solid regions.
3.Click Apply.
The mesh region reduces in size.
4.Click Close.

5.To restore the previous viewing distance for the scaled domain in the display, click (Reset
View) in the toolbar.
6.To verify that scaling has in fact been applied:
a.Select Mesh > Diagnostics from the menu bar.
b.In the Mesh Diagnostics dialog, click OK for all regions.
7.Check and review the output values.

Visualizing the Interior Two-Dimensional Mesh

This part of the tutorial involves examining the interior of the two-dimensional mesh of
the heated fin.
Use the following steps:
1.Select the Scenes > Geometry Scene 1 > Displayers > Geometry 1 node.
2.Activate the checkbox of the Mesh property.
This shows the mesh in the solution domain interior.
3.To get a clearer view of individual mesh regions, highlight them. For example, select
the Regions > Fluid node.

Geometry Scene
Setting Up the Models
 Models define the primary variables of the simulation, including pressure, temperature,
velocity, and what mathematical formulation is used to generate the solution. In this
example, the flow is turbulent and compressible.
The Coupled Flow model is used together with the default K-Epsilon turbulence model. As
there are two materials (air and aluminum) present, two regions are required for the
analysis. Define two sets of continuum models, each appropriate to a different region. By
default, Physics 1 2D and Physics 2 2D are automatically created when the mesh is
converted to two-dimensional. Use these continua for the fluid and the solid.
1.Rename the continua:

Original
New Name
Name

Physics 1 2D Air

Physics 2 2D Aluminum Alloy

2.For the physics continuum, Continua > Air, select the following models in order:

Group Box Model

Two Dimensional (Selected automatically)

Enabled Models
Gradients (Selected automatically)

Time Steady

Material Gas

Flow Coupled Flow

Equation of State Ideal Gas

Turbulent
Viscous Regime
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-
Stokes (Selected automatically)

K-Epsilon Turbulence
Reynolds-Averaged Turbulence
Realizable K-Epsilon Two-Layer (Selected
 automatically)

Two-Layer All y+ Wall Treatment (Selected

automatically)

Optional Models Gravity

3.Click Close.
The color of the Air node turns from gray to blue to indicate that models have been
activated.
4.To review the models, open the Air > Models node.
5.For the continuum of the solid region, Continua > Aluminum Alloy, select the following
models in order:

Group Box Model

Two Dimensional (Selected automatically)

Enabled Models
Gradients (Selected automatically)

Material Solid

Optional Models Coupled Solid Energy

Equation of State Constant Density

Time Steady

6.Click Close.
The color of the Aluminum Alloy node turns from gray to shaded gray to indicate that
models have been activated.
7.To review the models, open the Aluminum Alloy > Models node.
8.Save the simulation.
Setting Material Properties
This part of the tutorial involves changing the solid material properties for the aluminum
alloy fin.
The fin has a density of 2800 kg/m3, a specific heat of 880 J/kg-K and a thermal
conductivity of 180 W/m-K. The surrounding air is considered compressible based on the
Ideal Gas Law. By default it has a variable density, a molecular weight of 28.9664
 kg/kg.mol, a specific heat of 1003.62 J/kg-K, a thermal conductivity of 0.0260305 W/m-K,
and a molecular viscosity of 1.85508E-5 Pa-s.
1.Navigate to the Continua > Aluminum Alloy > Models > Solid > Al node.
2.Edit the Material Properties node and set the following properties:

Node Property Setting

Density > Constant Value 2800 kg/m^3

Specific Heat > Constant Value 880 J/kg-K

Thermal Conductivity > Constant Value 180 W/m-K

3.Save the simulation.

Setting Initial Conditions and Reference Values
This part of the tutorial involves setting the direction and magnitude of the gravity vector
and the reference density for the simulation.
Start with the acceleration force in the negative y-direction.
1.Edit the Continua > Air > Reference Values node and set the following properties:

Node Property Setting

Gravity Value [0.0, -9.81, 0.0] m/s^2

Reference Density Value 1.27588 kg/m^3

2.Edit the Continua > Air > Initial Conditions > Static Temperature > Constant node and
set Value to 293 K.
3.Edit the Continua > Aluminum Alloy > Initial Conditions > Static
Temperature > Constant node and set Value to 343 K.
This temperature is close to the final expected temperature of the solid region.
4.Save the simulation.
Creating Interfaces
STAR-CCM+ requires the existence of an interface between all regions to transfer the
appropriate mass and energy quantities during the calculation.
For this example, create a contact-type interface between the fluid and solid regions. This
procedure involves creating a so-called “in-place interface” between the wall boundaries
 enclosing each of the two regions, and then defining this interface as being of an
appropriate “contact” type for fluid-solid heat transfer.
1.Using the multi-select method, select the following nodes:
Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Air-Interface
Regions > Solid > Boundaries > Fin-Interface
2.Create an in-place interface.
This step creates the following new nodes:
Fluid > Boundaries > Air-Interface [In-place 1]
Solid > Boundaries > Fin-Interface [In-place 1]
When you initialize the flow, these boundaries form the connection between the fluid and
solid regions, superseding the original wall boundaries.
In addition to the new in-place boundaries, a folder node named Interfaces appears in the
object tree. It contains an interface node called In-place 1.
3.Edit the Interfaces > In-place 1 node and set the following properties:

Property Setting

Type Contact Interface

Topology In-place

4.Save the simulation.

Setting Boundary Conditions and Values
The heated fin consists of an inverted “T” shape placed in a closed box. The only boundary
specifications required for this analysis are wall thermal conditions.
Apply a fixed temperature of 343 K to the base of the solid fin to provide the heat source.
Set the vertical sides of the fluid-containing box to a fixed temperature of 293 K. All other
wall boundary conditions are considered to be adiabatic. Use a contact-type conducting
boundary at the solid-fluid interface.
Start with the wall boundary definitions for the fluid region.
1.Navigate to the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Vertical-Walls > Physics
Conditions node.
2.Select the Thermal Specification node and set Condition to Temperature.
The temperature value for this boundary can now be set.
3.Select the Vertical-Walls > Physics Values > Static Temperature > Constant node and
set Value to 293 K.
 The conditions for the Horizontal-Walls boundary (upper and lower walls of the fluid region)
can remain at the default adiabatic setting.
You can now set the solid wall boundary conditions and values in a similar way to those of
the fluid.
4.Navigate to the Regions > Solid > Boundaries > Fin-Bottom > Physics Conditions node.
5.Select the Thermal Specification node and set Method to Temperature.
The temperature value for this boundary can now be set.
6.Select the Fin-Bottom > Physics Values > Static Temperature > Constant node and set
Value to 343 K.
7.Save the simulation.
Visualizing the Solution
This part of the heated fin tutorial involves setting up a scene for displaying scalars and vectors
of the solution.
To view the temperature of the fluid and solid regions as the solution develops:
1.Create a scalar scene.
This scene includes both the fluid and solid regions.
2.Set the scalar value to Temperature.
The velocity vectors for the fluid can also be included in the scene by adding a vector displayer to
the scalar scene.
3.Create a vector displayer.
4.Edit the Scenes > Vector Scene 1 > Displayers > Vector 1 > Parts node and select the
fluid region.
5.Save the simulation.
Reporting and Monitoring with Plots
STAR-CCM+ can dynamically monitor virtually any quantity while the solution develops.
To monitor a quantity, set up a report which defines the quantity of interest and the region
parts to monitored. Define a monitor based on the report, which controls the update
frequency and normalization characteristics. Finally, create an X-Y graph plot can from the
monitor.
Use a report monitor to track the heat flux at the interface of the heated fin and
surrounding air:
1.Create a heat transfer report.
2.Edit the Reports > Heat Transfer 1 node and select the Solid > Boundaries > Fin-
Interface [In-place 1] node.
The setup for the report is now complete, and a monitor can be made from that report.
3.Create a monitor from the report.
4.Create a plot from the monitor
5.Save the simulation.
Initializing and Running the Simulation
To verify that the initial conditions for the regions are correct before you run the
simulation, STAR-CCM+ allows you simply to perform solver initialization and then view the
results using an appropriate scene.
Use the following steps:
1.Initialize the simulation.
2.To see the initialization result, look at the scalar scene display.

Scalar scene—before running

As the colors show, the solid fin is at 343 K while the surrounding air is at 293 K. The
velocity value for each cell is 0. The simulation can now be run.
3.Run the simulation.
4.To watch the solution being updated while the simulation is running, look at the scalar scene
display.
5.When the simulation has finished running, save it.
Visualizing the Results
After the solution finishes, you can examine results in plots and scenes.
Click the tab of each display that you set up before the run.
1.To view the heat transfer variation at the solid-fluid interface, activate the Heat Transfer 1
Monitor Plot display.
2.To see the temperature and velocity vector results, click the tab for the Scalar Scene 1 display.
By default, filled cell values are shown. To make the display smoother:
3.Select the Scenes > Scalar Scene 1 > Displayers > Scalar 1 node and set Contour Style
to Smooth Filled.
The contours of the scalar display now appear smooth as seen in the following zoomed-in
screenshot.
Additionally, the temperature solution of each region can be viewed by selecting the
appropriate part.
4.Select the Displayers > Scalar 1 > Parts node and deselect the Fluid region.

Scalar Scene--Final
 Experiment 5: Conjugate heat transfer
AIM: To obtain velocity field around fin.
Adding Streamlines
In this part of the heated fin tutorial, use streamlines to depict flow paths.
Streamlines can be added into any of the scalar or geometry scene plots with the creation of
a “streamline” derived part.
1.Make the Geometry Scene 1 display active.
2.Create a new streamline derived part.
3.To select input parts, click Select.
4.In the object selector, select only the Fluid region.
5.In the Create Streamline panel, make the following settings:
a.For the seed mode, select Line Seed.
b.Activate the display tool option, and set the resolution to 15.
The streamline line seed tool appears in the display.
6.Work with the tool in the scene as follows:
a.Using the mouse buttons, zoom-in and position the part as shown below.
b.Click the sphere at the end of the tool.
c.Adjust the line so that it is approximately half a cell above the top of the solid fin. To adjust the
line, simply grab the sphere and drag the mouse to its new position.

Placing the probe in between two cells

7.Click Create and then Close.

8.Click (Reset View) in the toolbar.

The streamlines are generated and shown in the display.
9.Position the part as shown below.

Geometry Scene
The streamline part can now be added to any suitable scene or be displayed in its own
scene if desired.
10.Create a scalar scene.
11.Set the scalar value to Temperature.
12.By default, the regions Fluid and Solid are included in the scene. To display the streamlines
only:
a.Edit the Scenes > Scalar Scene 2 > Displayers > Scalar 1 > Parts node.
b. Deselect the regions and select the derived part.
13. Edit the Scenes > Scalar Scene 2 > Displayers > Scalar 1 > Parts > Scalar Field node:
a. Set Min to 300.
b.Set Max to 343.
Streamlines colored according to the local temperature appear in the Scalar Scene
2 display.
 Second Scalar scene
14. Save the simulation.
 Experiment 6: Flow through a pipe with sudden expansion
AIM: To obtain stream lines in a pipe with sudden expansion.
Create a 3D-CAD model:
1.Launch STAR-CCM+.
2.Save the simulation under the name expp.sim.
Launch 3D-CAD and create the geometry:
3.Right-click Geometry > 3D-CAD Models and select New.
The 3D-CAD environment launches and a 3D-CAD model is created. Within 3D-CAD, an
object tree that is specific to the 3D-CAD model is displayed. This tree
contains Bodies, Features, and Design Parameters nodes. A 3D-CAD View scene is also
created automatically. Initially, this scene displays three starting sketch planes which are
used as a basis for adding features to the model.
4.Rename the 3D-CAD Model 1 node to expp.

Sketching the Cyclone Profile:

Create a sketch that contains the profile of the cyclone chamber.
Every 3D-CAD model contains three default sketch planes: XY, YZ, and ZX. Create a sketch
on the YZ sketch plane:
1.Right-click the Features > YZ node and select Create Sketch.
Creating a sketch activates sketch mode, in which a grid is displayed on the sketch plane in
the 3D-CAD View scene, and the Sketch panel opens. This panel contains the tools for
creating sketch entities, such as lines, circles, and arcs. The panel also allows you to control
the settings for the grid that is displayed in the scene. Each sketch plane has local X and Y
axes relative to the position and orientation of the plane in relation to the global coordinate
system.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to align the sketch plane with the plane of the
screen.

3.Click (Set sketch grid spacing) to specify the distance between the grid lines on the
sketch plane so that the spacing is suitable for the dimensions of the model geometry.
4.In the Grid Spacing dialog, set Grid Spacing to 0.025 m.
5.Click OK.
Use the mouse to adjust the position, orientation, and zoom level of the sketch plane.
6. In the 3D-CAD View scene:
 Left-click and drag the mouse in any direction to rotate the view.
While holding down the <Ctrl> key, click and drag to roll the view.
Right-click and drag to pan the view.
Middle-click and drag to zoom in or out. Alternatively, if your mouse has a scroll wheel, turn the
mouse wheel to adjust the zoom level.

7.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to realign the sketch plane with the screen.
8.Adjust the view in the 3D-CAD View scene so that the top half of the grid is shown. Leave
some white space above the grid as the sketch will cover some of this space.

9.Click (Create line) and move the mouse over the grid in the 3D-CAD View scene.
The mouse pointer has a blue square that is attached to it, which indicates the position of
the point on the grid. The coordinates of this point are displayed in the Line Properties box

of the Sketch panel, and change as you move the mouse. The (Snap to Grid) option is
enabled by default, so the point jumps to an intersection between two grid lines as it is
approaches them.
Create the below given geometry with appropriate length and diameter as required.

10. The constraints and dimensions were added as per requirement. (Refer expt 1)
11. The construction line was added as shown in the above diagram. (Refer expt 1)
12. The profile was revolved using create revolve option. (Refer expt 1)
13. Design parameter if any was created for later modifications. (Refer expt 1)
14. The Inlet and Outlet of the Pipe was renamed by selecting. (Refer expt 1)
15. Simulation was saved.
16. A new geometry part was created. (refer expt 1)
17. Parts were assigned to each region. (refer expt 1)
18. Physics continuum was created and the required models for liquid as fluid was
chosen. (refer expt 2)
19. The boundary conditions were specified. (refer expt 2)

Geometry scene after adding boundary conditions

20. A mesh continuum was created with required models as mentioned in expt 2 and a
new mesh scene was created after generating the mesh volume. (refer expt 2)

Mesh Scene
21. A scalar scene was created with a section plane of desired coordinates. (refer expt
2)
22. Run the simulation and wait for iterations to complete. Save the simulation after
running it.

Scalar scene
23. Streamlines was created and animated. (refer expt 3)

Streamlines
NOTE: When Referring to the previous experiments, please don’t use the exact
steps, but change as per your geometry and apply.
NOTE: This experiment is same as the flow through sudden contraction
experiment, but with inlet and outlet interchanged.
NOTE: Set the velocity of the order 10-4 example 5*10-4. Only if velocity is less, the
contraction can be observed in the streamlines scene.
 Experiment 7: Flow through a pipe with sudden
contraction
AIM: To obtain stream lines in a pipe with sudden contraction.
Create a 3D-CAD model:
1.Launch STAR-CCM+.
2.Save the simulation under the name contr.sim.
Launch 3D-CAD and create the geometry:
3.Right-click Geometry > 3D-CAD Models and select New.
The 3D-CAD environment launches and a 3D-CAD model is created. Within 3D-CAD, an
object tree that is specific to the 3D-CAD model is displayed. This tree
contains Bodies, Features, and Design Parameters nodes. A 3D-CAD View scene is also
created automatically. Initially, this scene displays three starting sketch planes which are
used as a basis for adding features to the model.
4.Rename the 3D-CAD Model 1 node to contr.

Sketching the Cyclone Profile:

Create a sketch that contains the profile of the cyclone chamber.
Every 3D-CAD model contains three default sketch planes: XY, YZ, and ZX. Create a sketch
on the YZ sketch plane:
1.Right-click the Features > YZ node and select Create Sketch.
Creating a sketch activates sketch mode, in which a grid is displayed on the sketch plane in
the 3D-CAD View scene, and the Sketch panel opens. This panel contains the tools for
creating sketch entities, such as lines, circles, and arcs. The panel also allows you to control
the settings for the grid that is displayed in the scene. Each sketch plane has local X and Y
axes relative to the position and orientation of the plane in relation to the global coordinate
system.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to align the sketch plane with the plane of the
screen.

3.Click (Set sketch grid spacing) to specify the distance between the grid lines on the
sketch plane so that the spacing is suitable for the dimensions of the model geometry.
4.In the Grid Spacing dialog, set Grid Spacing to 0.025 m.
5.Click OK.
Use the mouse to adjust the position, orientation, and zoom level of the sketch plane.
6. In the 3D-CAD View scene:
Left-click and drag the mouse in any direction to rotate the view.
While holding down the <Ctrl> key, click and drag to roll the view.
Right-click and drag to pan the view.
Middle-click and drag to zoom in or out. Alternatively, if your mouse has a scroll wheel, turn the
mouse wheel to adjust the zoom level.

7.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to realign the sketch plane with the screen.
8.Adjust the view in the 3D-CAD View scene so that the top half of the grid is shown. Leave
some white space above the grid as the sketch will cover some of this space.

9.Click (Create line) and move the mouse over the grid in the 3D-CAD View scene.
The mouse pointer has a blue square that is attached to it, which indicates the position of
the point on the grid. The coordinates of this point are displayed in the Line Properties box

of the Sketch panel, and change as you move the mouse. The (Snap to Grid) option is
enabled by default, so the point jumps to an intersection between two grid lines as it is
approaches them.
Create the below given geometry with appropriate length and diameter as required.

10. The constraints and dimensions were added as per requirement. (Refer
expt 1)
11. The construction line was added as shown in the above diagram. (Refer
expt 1)
12. The profile was revolved using create revolve option. (Refer expt 1)
13. Design parameter if any was created for later modifications. (Refer expt
1)
14. The Inlet and Outlet of the Pipe was renamed by selecting. (Refer expt
1)
15. Simulation was saved.
16. A new geometry part was created. (refer expt 1)
17. Parts were assigned to each region. (refer expt 1)
18. Physics continuum was created and the required models for liquid as
fluid was chosen. (refer expt 1)
19. The boundary conditions were specified. (refer expt 1)

Geometry scene after adding boundary conditions

20. A mesh continuum was created with required models as mentioned in expt 1 and a
new mesh scene was created after generating the mesh volume. (refer expt 1)

Mesh Scene
21. A scalar scene was created with a section plane of desired coordinates. (refer expt
1)
22. Run the simulation and wait for iterations to complete. Save the simulation after
running it.
 Scalar scene
23. Streamlines was created and animated. (refer expt 1)

Streamlines
NOTE: When Referring to the previous experiments, please don’t use the exact
steps, but change as per your geometry and apply.
NOTE: This experiment is same as the flow through sudden expansion, but with
inlet and outlet interchanged.
NOTE: Set the velocity of the order 10-4 example 5*10-4. Only if velocity is less, the
contraction can be observed in the streamlines scene.
 Experiment 8: Flow through annulus
AIM: To obtain velocity profile in radial direction in the annulus.
Create a 3D-CAD model:
1.Launch STAR-CCM+.
2.Save the simulation under the name annulus.sim.
Launch 3D-CAD and create the geometry:
3.Right-click Geometry > 3D-CAD Models and select New.
The 3D-CAD environment launches and a 3D-CAD model is created. Within 3D-CAD, an
object tree that is specific to the 3D-CAD model is displayed. This tree
contains Bodies, Features, and Design Parameters nodes. A 3D-CAD View scene is also
created automatically. Initially, this scene displays three starting sketch planes which are
used as a basis for adding features to the model.
4.Rename the 3D-CAD Model 1 node to annulus.
Sketching the Cyclone Profile:
Create a sketch that contains the profile of the cyclone chamber.
Every 3D-CAD model contains three default sketch planes: XY, YZ, and ZX. Create a sketch
on the YZ sketch plane:
1.Right-click the Features > YZ node and select Create Sketch.
Creating a sketch activates sketch mode, in which a grid is displayed on the sketch plane in
the 3D-CAD View scene, and the Sketch panel opens. This panel contains the tools for
creating sketch entities, such as lines, circles, and arcs. The panel also allows you to control
the settings for the grid that is displayed in the scene. Each sketch plane has local X and Y
 axes relative to the position and orientation of the plane in relation to the global coordinate
system.

2.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to align the sketch plane with the plane of the
screen.

3.Click (Set sketch grid spacing) to specify the distance between the grid lines on the
sketch plane so that the spacing is suitable for the dimensions of the model geometry.
4.In the Grid Spacing dialog, set Grid Spacing to 0.025 m.
5.Click OK.
Use the mouse to adjust the position, orientation, and zoom level of the sketch plane.
6. In the 3D-CAD View scene:
Left-click and drag the mouse in any direction to rotate the view.
While holding down the <Ctrl> key, click and drag to roll the view.
Right-click and drag to pan the view.
Middle-click and drag to zoom in or out. Alternatively, if your mouse has a scroll wheel, turn the
mouse wheel to adjust the zoom level.

7.Click (View normal to sketch plane) to realign the sketch plane with the screen.
8.Adjust the view in the 3D-CAD View scene so that the top half of the grid is shown. Leave
some white space above the grid as the sketch will cover some of this space.

9.Click (Create line) and move the mouse over the grid in the 3D-CAD View scene.
The mouse pointer has a blue square that is attached to it, which indicates the position of
the point on the grid. The coordinates of this point are displayed in the Line Properties box

of the Sketch panel, and change as you move the mouse. The (Snap to Grid) option is
enabled by default, so the point jumps to an intersection between two grid lines as it is
approaches them.
Create the below given geometry with appropriate length and diameter as required.
10. The constraints and dimensions were added as per requirement. (Refer expt 1)
11. The construction line was added as shown in the above diagram. (Refer expt 1)
12. The profile was revolved using create revolve option. (Refer expt 1)
13. Design parameter if any was created for later modifications. (Refer expt 1)
14. The Inlet and Outlet of the Pipe was renamed by selecting. (Refer expt 1)
15. Simulation was saved.
16. A new geometry part was created. (refer expt 1)
17. Parts were assigned to each region. (refer expt 1)
18. Physics continuum was created and the required models for liquid as fluid was
chosen. (refer expt 2)
19. The boundary conditions were specified. (refer expt 2)

Geometry scene after specifying boundary conditions

20. A mesh continuum was created with required models as mentioned in expt 2 and a
new mesh scene was created after generating the mesh volume. (refer expt 2)
 Mesh Scene
21. A scalar scene was created with a section plane of desired coordinates. (refer expt
2)
22. Run the simulation and wait for iterations to complete. Save the simulation after
running it.

Scalar scene
23. Streamlines was created and animated. (refer expt 3)

Streamlines
Creating Vector scene:
24.Create a new vector scene.
25.From derived part select new part then probe then line. A line is created along the
axis.
26. It is adjusted to be cover only the cross sectional area as shown.

Line Probe

Adjusted Probe line

26.Under display, select existing displayer under which select vector 1.click on create.
Vector line probe is created as shown below.
 Vector scene
NOTE: When referring to the previous experiments, please don’t use the exact
steps, but change as per your geometry and apply.
NOTE: Set the velocity of the order 10-4 example 5*10-4. Only if velocity is less, the
contraction can be observed in the streamlines scene.

Experiment 9: 3D-CAD Modelling of S-Bend

AIM: To create geometry model of S-Bend using 3D-CAD.
Creating the S-Bend Geometry:
Create a new simulation and use 3D-CAD to set up the geometry.
Use the following steps:
1. Start up STAR-CCM+ in a manner that is appropriate to your working environment and create
a New Simulation.
2. Save the new simulation to disk with the file name sBend.sim.
The geometry is created using 3D-CAD, which is the parametric solid modeler available
within STAR-CCM+.
3. To activate 3D-CAD, right-click the Geometry > 3D-CAD Models node and select New.
Start by renaming the 3D-CAD model.
4. Rename the 3D-CAD Model 1 node to S-Bend.

Creating the Geometry

Create the geometry of the s-bend pipe, including the circular inlet face.
Use the following steps:
1. Create a sketch on the YZ plane by right-clicking the Features > YZ node and
selecting Create Sketch.

2. Click (Set sketch grid spacing) and change the Grid Spacing to 0.0025 m.

3. Click (View normal to sketch plane) to bring the sketch plane into view.

4. Use the (Create circle) tool to draw a circle with a radius of 0.01 m and whose center
is on the origin, position [0, 0].
5. Click OK to exit the sketch.
To create the profile of the pipe along its length:
6. Create a sketch on the XY plane.

7. Click (View normal to sketch plane).

8. Use the (Create line) tool to draw a line of length 0.035 m starting at the origin and
extending in the positive x direction.
9. Press Esc to exit the line tool.

10. Use the (Center point circular arc) tool to draw an arc with a radius of 0.02 m.
Three mouse clicks are required:
a.Click position [0.035 m, 0.02 m] to define the center point.
b.Click position [0.035 m, 0.0 m] to define the start point.
c.Click position [0.055 m, 0.02 m] to define the end point.
To create a second arc to complete the “S” shape:

11. Use the (Center point circular arc) tool to create the second arc. The coordinates for
the three clicks are listed below:
a.Center: [0.075 m, 0.02 m].
b.Start point: [0.075 m, 0.04 m].
c.End point: [0.055 m, 0.02 m].
Draw the final section of the pipe.
12. Draw a line with start point [0.075 m, 0.04 m] that extends 0.065 m in the positive x
direction.
13. Click OK to exit the sketch.
Create the solid body of the pipe using the sweep feature. A sweep requires two sketches:
one to act as the profile being swept; the other to act as the path for the sweep.
14. Select both sketches from the 3D-CAD object tree, holding down the Shift key to select
multiple items.
15. Right-click one of the highlighted nodes and select Create Sweep.
The Sweep dialog appears.
16. Accept the default settings and click OK.
A new body node, Body 1, is added below the Bodies node in the object tree.
17. Rename the Bodies > Body 1 node to Fluid.
18. Position the geometry as shown below.
Specifying Inlet and Outlet Faces:
The final step in preparing the model geometry is to specify the inlet and outlet faces of the
model by setting face names.
Use the following steps:
1. Zoom in to the pipe end, right-click the circular face and select Rename
2. Enter Inlet in the Rename dialog and click OK.
The benefit of renaming the face in the 3D-CAD model is that it retains its unique identity
when the 3D-CAD model is converted to a geometry part.
To rename the outlet:
3. Position the geometry so that the outlet face on the other end of the pipe is visible.
4. Right-click the circular face at the other end of the pipe, select Rename, and enter Outlet in
the Rename dialog. Click OK to complete the action.
The geometry is now complete and you can exit 3D-CAD.
5. Click the Close 3D-CAD button at the bottom of the object tree.
6. Save the simulation.
Creating a Geometry Part
A new geometry part is created using the 3D-CAD model.
Use the following stesp:
1. Right-click the Geometry > 3D-CAD Models > S-Bend node and select New Geometry
Part.
2. Click OK to accept the default settings.
3. To see the surfaces, expand the Parts > Fluid > Surfaces node.
The inlet and outlet faces in Specifying Inlet and Outlet Faces are defined as separate
surfaces.
Assigning a Part to a New Region
Assign the geometry part to a region. The inlet and outlet surfaces have been renamed in
3D-CAD, and are automatically assigned to separate boundaries.
1. Right-click the Parts > Fluid node and select Assign Parts to Region.
2. In the Assign parts to region dialog set:
Region Mode (top drop-down) to Create a Region for Each Part.
Boundary Mode (middle drop-down) to Create a Boundary for Each Part Surface.
3. Click Apply and then Close.
A new region has been created with boundaries defining the inlet, outlet, and main fluid
volume.
4. Create a geometry scene. Use the mouse to rotate the model in the Graphics window to set up
the view shown below.

Geometry scene-After assigning parts to region

5. Expand the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries node and select each of the boundary nodes to
make sure that they have been specified correctly.
Setting Up the Case
 In this first part of the tutorial, run the simulation using a steady state laminar flow (Re =
500).
By default, all boundaries are set to be walls. Modify the boundary type for
the Inlet and Outlet:
1. Select the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Inlet node and set the Type to Velocity Inlet.
The icon next to the Inlet boundary changes, indicating that it is now a velocity inlet
boundary.
2. Select the Outlet boundary node and set the Type to Pressure Outlet.
Generating a Surface Mesh
Generate a polyhedral mesh using the generalized cylindrical mesher.
This meshing model is suited to pipe flow. Define a prism layer mesh along the wall
boundary, to assure that near wall effects are adequately resolved.
1. Right-click the Continua node and select New > Mesh Continuum.
2. Right-click the Mesh 1 > Models node and select the following models, in order:
3. Click Close.
To define the mesh settings:
4. Select the Mesh 1 > Reference Values > Base Size node.
5. Set the Value to 0.0008 m.
6. Continuing with the reference values section, set the following properties
Generate and check the surface mesh before running the generalized cylinder mesher. A
good quality surface mesh is needed before the volume mesh can be generated.

7. Click (Generate Surface Mesh).

8. Create a mesh scene and examine the surface mesh.
Generating a Volume Mesh
Before generating the volume mesh, define the boundaries that form the cylindrical
geometry.
Use the following steps:
1. Right-click the Mesh 1 > Models > Generalized Cylinder and select Manage Cylinders.
2. Make sure the Default cylinder is selected, then click OK.
3. Select the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Default > Mesh Conditions > Generalized
Cylinder Extrusion Type node.
Verify that the Extrusion law property was set to Constant.
4. Within the same Default boundary, select the Default > Mesh Values > Generalized
Cylinder Parameters node.
Notice that the Number of Layers property was set to 82. STAR-CCM+ calculates this
value from the geometry model.
 The volume mesh can now be generated.

5. Click the (Generate Volume Mesh) button.

6. Right-click a blank space in Mesh Scene 1 and select Apply Representation > Volume
Mesh.
7. Examine the final volume mesh.

Volume Mesh
8. Save the simulation.
 Experiment 10: Analysis of flow through S-Bend
AIM: To obtain velocity profile and stream line in the S-Bend.
Selecting Physics Models
Select the models for the incompressible fluid.
A physics continuum was automatically created during the mesh generation process. To
select the physics models:
• Right-click the Continua > Physics 1 > Models node and select the following models, in
order:

Group Box Model

Time Steady

Material Gas

Flow Segregated Flow

Equation of State Constant Density

Viscous Regime Laminar

2. Click Close.
Modifying Material Properties
Set the values for the dynamic viscosity and density of air.
Use the following steps:
1. Select the Models > Gas > Air > Material Properties > Density > Constant node and set
the Value to 1 Kg/m^3.
2. Select the Dynamic Viscosity > Constant node and set the Value to 1.716E-5 Pa-s.
Setting Initial Conditions and Boundary Settings
 To achieve a Reynolds number of 500 for this gas and pipe diameter, you require a mean
velocity of 0.429 m/s.
To assist solution convergence, define the initial condition for velocity:
1. Select the Physics 1 > Initial Conditions > Velocity > Constant node and set
the Value to [0.429, 0.0, 0.0] m/s.
Set the same velocity on the Inlet boundary.
2. Select the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Inlet > Physics Values > Velocity
Magnitude > Constant node and set the Value to0.429 m/s.
Preparing a Scalar Scene
A scalar scene is created to show the velocity magnitude on a section plane through the
center of the s-bend. Use this scene to visualize the solution while the simulation is running.
Use the following steps:
1. Create a scalar scene.
2. Right-click the Derived Parts node and select New Part > Section > Plane
3. In the Create Section panel, set the following values
4.Click Create and then Close.
5. Click the scene/plot button.
6. Select the Displayers > Scalar 1 > Scalar Field node and set
the Function to Velocity > Magnitude.
7. Select the Displayers > Scalar 1 node and set the Contour Style to Smooth Filled.

Scalar scene
8. Click the Simulation button to return to the STAR-CCM+ simulation object tree.
A vector plot displaying the velocity magnitude is created.
9. Create a vector plot.
10. Using the drag-and-drop method, add the section plane from the Derived Parts node to the
scene.
Setting Up Stopping Criteria
Limit the number of iterations for the solver to 500.
500 iterations are sufficient for the solution to converge. Use the following steps:
1. Select the Stopping Criteria > Maximum Steps node and set the Maximum Steps to 500.
2. Save the simulation.
Running the Simulation
The simulation is now ready to be run.
Use the following steps:
1. Click (Run).
While the simulation is running, you can click the tabs at the top of the Graphics window to
view each of the scalar scenes.

During the run, it is also possible to stop the process by clicking (Stop) on the toolbar. If

you do halt the simulation, it can be continued later by clicking (Run). If left alone, the
simulation continues until 500 iterations are complete.
The Residuals display is created automatically and shows the progress of the solvers.
2. While the simulation is running, select the Scalar Scene 1 tab at the top of
the Graphics window to visualize the solution.
3. When the simulation has finished running, save it.
Visualizing the Results
Examine the scalar and vector scenes.
The scalar scene is shown below.
 Scalar scene—Laminar

Vector Scene—Laminar
Changing to a Turbulent Flow
Edit the models, initial conditions, and boundary conditions to simulate a turbulent flow
(Reynolds number = 50,000).
First, save the state of the simulation as developed so far:
• Save the simulation as sBendTurbulent.sim.
Modifying the Physics Continuum
Edit the physics models to represent turbulent flow.
Disable the laminar model and enable the turbulent and K-epsilon models.
1. For the physics continuum Continua > Physics 1, deselect Laminar in the Enabled
Models box.
2. Select the required models, in order.
3. Click Close.
Modifying Initial Conditions and Boundary Settings
To achieve a turbulent flow (Re = 50,000) in the existing pipe, increase the velocity of the
air to 42.9 m/s at the Initial Conditions node and at the Inlet boundary condition.
Change the Turbulence Specification so that the turbulence intensity and length scale can
be defined.
Use the following steps:
1. Select the Continuum > Physics 1 > Initial Conditions > Velocity > Constant node and
set the Value to [42.9, 0.0, 0.0] m/s.
2. Select the Turbulence Specification node and set its Method to Intensity + Length
Scale.
The Turbulent Length Scale node is added to the object tree.
3.Set the following values:

Use the same values at the Inlet boundary. Start by setting the Turbulence
Specification to use Intensity + Length Scale.
4. Select the Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Inlet > Physics Conditions > Turbulence
Specification node and set the Method toIntensity + Length Scale.
5.Set the following values:

Node Property Value

Physics Values > Turbulent Length

Value 0.0014 m
Scale> Constant
 Regions > Fluid > Boundaries > Inlet >Physics
Values

Velocity Magnitude > Constant Value 42.9 m/s

Turbulence Intensity > Constant Value 0.12

Extending the Stopping Criteria

The turbulent flow requires a longer time to converge. Increasing the number of iterations
to 1000 gives the solver sufficient time to converge.
1. Select the Stopping Criteria > Maximum Steps node and set the Maximum Steps to 1000.
2. Save the simulation.
Clearing the Solution and Running the Simulation
Clear the solution from the laminar flow before running the solver.
Use the following steps:
1. Select Solution > Clear Solution from the menu.
The Clear Solution dialog appears.
2. Accept the default settings and click OK.
The simulation is now ready to be run.

3. Click (Run).
4. While the simulation is running, select the Scalar Scene 1 tab at the top of
the Graphics window to visualize the solution.
5. When the simulation has finished running, save it.
Visualizing the Results for the Turbulent Flow
Scalar Scene—Turbulent

Vector scene--Turbulent