SEMINAR REPORT

on
“EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

DIPLOMA
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

AKASH.A.L
Reg. No:17201083

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MGM POLYTECNIC COLLEGE

TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS,
KILIMANOOR, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695612
 MGM POLYTECNIC COLLEGE
TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS,
KILIMANOOR, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695612

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that seminar work entitled “EYE GAZE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

“ is a bonafede work carried out in the fifth semester by “AKASH.A.L” in partial
fulfilment for the award of Diploma in Engineering on “ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGNEERING” from technical education in the academic
year 2019-2020, who carried out the seminar work under my guidance.

Mr. ANEESH A Mr. SREEHARI V K

(Lecturer in ECE) (Lecturer in ECE)
MGM PTC MGM PTC
TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS, TECHNOLOGICAL CAMPUS,
KILIMANOOR, KILIMANOOR,
THIRUVANATHAPURAM THIRUVANATHAPURAM
(Seminar co-ordinator) (Seminar guide)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity to

excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.
I am extremely grateful to Mr. RAJU, Principal, MGM POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE KILIMANOOR and Mr. ANEESH A, Head of Department, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, for providing all the required resources for the
successful completion of my seminar.
My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Mr. SREEHARI V K, Lecturer,
Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and guidance in
the preparation of the seminar report.
I express my thanks to Mr. MISBAN A S, Lecturer, Electronics and Communication
Engineering and all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordination extended in
bringing out this seminar successfully in time.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of
the references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.
Last but not the least; I am very much thankful to my parents who guided me in every
step which I took.

AKASH A L
ABSTRACT:
The Eye gaze System is a communication and control system for people with complex
physical disabilities. You run the system with your eyes. By looking at control keys displayed
on a screen, a person can synthesize speech, control his environment (lights, appliances,
etc.), type, operate a telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse, and
access the Internet and e-mail. Eye gaze Systems are being used to write books, attend
school and enhance the quality of life of people with disabilities all over the world.
CONTENTS PAGE NO
INTRODUCTION 1
USERS OF THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM 2
SKILL NEEDED BY THE USERS 3-5
PARTS AND WORKING 6
HOW TO RUN THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM 7
USES OF EYEGAZE 8
MENUS OF THE EYEGAZE SYETEM 9-12
ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED FOR A SYSTEM 13
NEW PORTABLE EYE GAZE SYSTEM 13
ADVANCEMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 14
CONCLUSION 15
REFERENCE 16
INTRODUCTION:

Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely
competitive market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your
hands Or you can't speak. How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can,
because of a very good gift from computer Industry: The Eye gaze, a communication &
control system you run with your eyes. The Eye gaze System is a direct-select vision-
controlled communication and control system. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC
Technologies.

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USERS OF EYE GAZE SYSTEM:
This system is mainly developed for those who lack their hands or voice. Only
requirements to operate the Eye gaze are control of at least one eye with good vision &
ability to keep head fairly still. Eye gaze Systems are in use around the world. Its users are
adults and children with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, ALS, multiple
sclerosis, brain strokes, muscular dystrophy, and Werdnig Hoffman syndrome.

Eye gaze Systems are being used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and long
term care facilities. By looking at control keys displayed on a screen, a person can
synthesize speech, control his environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type, operate a
telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse, and access the Internet
and e-mail. Eye gaze Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance
the quality of life of people with disabilities all over the world.

2
THE SKILLS NEEDED BY THE USER:

 Good control of one eye :

The user must be able to look up, down, left and right. He must be able to fix his
gaze on all areas of the screen. He must be able to focus on one spot for at least 1/2
second. Several common eye movement problems may interfere with Eye gaze use.
These include –

a. Nystagmus:

This is one of the common eye movement problems due to constant,

involuntary movement of the eyeball. The user may not be able to fix his gaze long
enough to make selections.

b. Alternating strabismus:

This means that the eyes cannot be directed to the same object, either one
deviates and is constantly tracking the same eye.

For example, a user with alternating strabismus is operating the Eye gaze
System with the right eye, and that eye begins to deviate, the left eye will take over
and focus on the screen. The Eye gaze camera, however, will continue to take
pictures of the right eye, and the System will not be able to determine where the
user's left eye is focused. When the left eye deviates and the right eye is again fixed
on the screen the Eye gaze System will resume predicting the gaze point.

 Adequate vision:

Several common vision problems may affect a user's ability to see text clearly on
the Eye gaze monitor. These include the following:

a. Inadequate Visual acuity:

The user must be able to see text on the screen clearly. If the user is over 40
years old and has not had his vision checked recently, he might need reading
glasses in order to see the screen clearly.

In most cases, eye tracking works well with glasses. The calibration
procedure accommodates for the refractive properties of most lenses. Hard-line
bifocals can makes it difficult for the system's image processing software to
determine the pupil center accurately. Graded bifocals typically do not interfere
with eye tracking.

Soft contact lenses that cover the cornea work well with the Eye gaze
System. The corneal reflection is obtained from the contact lens surface rather than
the cornea itself.

3
 b. Diplopia:

Diplopia in other words called Double vision. It may be the result of an brain
injury or a side effect due to prescribed medications, and makes it difficult for the
user to fix his gaze on a given point.

c. Blurred vision:

Another occurrence associated with some brain injuries, as well as a side

effect of medications, a blurred image on the screen decreases the accuracy of eye
fixations.

ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A POSITION IN FRONT OF THE

EYEGAZE MONITOR:

It is easy to run the System from the seated position, with the head centered in
front of the Eye gaze monitor. Continuous, uncontrolled head movement can make Eye
gaze operation difficult, since the Eye gaze System must relocate the eye each time the
user moves away from the camera and then returns. Even though the System's eye search
is completed in just a second or two, it will be more tiring for a user with constant head
movement to operate the System.

MENTAL ABILITIEs THAT IMPROVE THE SUCCESS OF

EYEGAZE USE:

 Cognition:

Cognitive level may be difficult to assess especially if a communication system has

not been established. In general, a user with average intelligence will maximize the
capabilities of an Eye gaze System.

 Ability to read:

At present, the Eye gaze System is configured for users who are literate. The System
is text-based. A young child with average intelligence may not be able to read, but has
the capability to learn to read at an average age. He may be able to recognize words
and move his eyes in a left to right pattern in preparation for reading. As a solution
many teachers and parents stick pictures directly onto the screen. When the child looks
at the picture he activates the Eye gaze key that is located directly underneath it.


 Memory:

Memory deficits are considered as a major problem for those who are using the Eye
gaze System which is mainly due to brain injuries. A user who can't remember from one
day to the next how to operate the system may find it too difficult to use effectively.

5
PARTS AND WORKING:
As a user sits in front of the Eye gaze monitor, a specialized video camera mounted
below the monitor observes one of the user's eyes. Sophisticated image processing
software in the Eye gaze System continually analyzes the image of the eye and determines
where the user is looking on the screen. Nothing is attached to the user's head or body.

Procedure:

The Eye gaze System uses the pupil-center/corneal-reflection method to

determine where the user is looking on the screen. A video camera mounted below the
monitor, takes 60 pictures per second of the user's eye. A low power, infrared light
emitting diode (LED), mounted in the center of the camera's lens illuminates the eye.

The light shines through the pupil and reflects off of the retina, the back surface of the eye,
and causes the pupil to appear white. The bright-pupil effect enhances the camera's image
of the pupil and makes it easier to locate the center of the pupil. The computer calculates
the coordinates of where he is looking on the screen, based on the relative positions of the
pupil center and corneal reflection. Typically the Eye gaze System predicts the gaze point
with an average accuracy of a quarter inch or better.

Before operating the eye tracking applications, the Eye gaze System must learn
several properties of a user's eye in order to project his gaze point accurately. The system
learns these properties by performing a calibration procedure. The user calibrates the
system by fixing his gaze on a small yellow circle displayed on the screen, and following it
as it moves around the screen. The calibration procedure usually takes about 15 seconds,
and the user does not need to recalibrate if he moves away from the Eye gaze System and
returns later.

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HOW TO RUN THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM?
A user operates the Eye gaze System by looking at rectangular keys that are displayed on
the control screen. To "press" any key, the user looks at the key for a specified period of time. The
duration required to activate a key is typically a fraction of a second. An array of menu keys and
exit keys allow the user to navigate around the Eye gaze programs independently.

7
USES OF EYEGAZE:
I. The Basic Eye gaze can:
a.ADJUST TO A NEW USER in about 15 seconds. (CALIBRATION)
b. TYPE with one of four keyboards, then print or speak. (TYPEWRITER)
c. TURN pages on the computer screen by looking at "up" or "down".
(READ TEXT)
d. PLAY games, two "Paddle" games, plus Solitaire and Slot Machine.
(GAMES)
e. TEACH new users with simplified screens. (TEACH SCREENS)

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MENUS OF EYEGAZE SYSTEM:
The main menu: The Main Menu appears on the screen as soon as the user completes a 15-
second calibration procedure. The Main Menu presents a list of available Eye gaze programs. The
user calls up a desired program by looking at the Eye gaze key next to his program choice.

MAIN MENU OPTIONS:

 The Phrase Program :

The Phrases program, along with the speech synthesizer, provides quick communications for
non-verbal users. Looking at a key causes a preprogrammed message to be spoken. The Phrases
program stores up to 126 messages, which can be composed and easily changed to suit the user.


 Typewriter Program :

Simple word processing can be done using the Typewriter Program. The user types by
looking at keys on visual keyboards. Four keyboard configurations, simple to complex, are
available. Typed text appears on the screen above the keyboard display. The user may "speak"
or print what he has typed. He may also store typed text in a file to be retrieved at a later time.
The retrieved text may be verbalized, edited or printed.

 The telephone program :

The telephone program allows the user to place and receive calls. Frequently used numbers
are stored in a telephone "book". Non-verbal users may access the speech synthesizer to talk on
the phone.


 Run Second PC :

The Run Second PC program permits the Eye gaze Communication System to act as a
peripheral keyboard and Mouse. The user can run any he chooses on the second computer. He can
access the Internet, and send e-mail by looking at keyboard and mouse control screens on the Eye
gaze monitor. The programs being run are displayed on the second computer's monitor. Typed text
appears simultaneously on the Eye gaze and second pc's screens.

Fig. Frequency Keyboard

Fig. Mouse control screen

For children, two new Eye gaze programs have been added. Both run with the Second PC
option. Eye Switch is a big, basic on-screen switch to run "cause & effect" software programs on a
Second PC. Simple Mouse is an mouse control program to provide access to educational software
on a Second PC.

 The Lights & appliances Program :

The Lights & appliances Program which includes computer-controlled switching equipment,
provides Eye gaze control of lights and appliances anywhere in the home or office. No special
house wiring is necessary. The user turns appliances on and off by looking at a bank of switches
displayed on the screen.

 Paddle games & Score Four:

These are the visually controlled Games.

 Read Text Program:

The Read Text Program allows the user to select text and to "turn pages" with his eyes. Any
ASCII format text be loaded for the user to access. Books on floppy disk are available from Services
for the Blind.

 Television :

Television programs can be displayed directly on the desktop Eye gaze System screen. On-
screen volume and channel controls provide independent operation. (Not available on the Portable
Eye gaze System.)

FOR PEOPLE WITH LIMITED EYE CONTROL

Scanning Keyboard is the new row/column keyboard with an on-screen eye "switch"
for people with limited eye movement. The switch can be placed on either side, above, or below
the keyboard to accommodate users with only horizontal movement, or only vertical movement.
The user may "speak" what he has typed.

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ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED FOR AN EYEGAZE SYSTEM:

Eye tracking is done using infrared light. So, the eye gaze system must take care of light
sources in the room in order to ensure the best accuracy. The Eye gaze System must be operated in
an environment where there is limited infrared light. Common sources of infrared light are sunlight
and incandescent light bulbs. The System makes its predictions based on the assumption that the
only source of infrared light is the light coming from the center of the camera. Therefore, sources of
infrared may degrade the accuracy or prevent Eye gaze operation altogether. The System works
best away from windows, and in a room lit with fluorescent or mercury-vapor lights, which are low
in infrared.

NEW PORTABLE EYEGAZE SYSTEM:

The Portable Eye gaze System can be mounted on a wheelchair and run from a 12-volt
battery. It weighs only 6 lbs (2.7 kg) and its dimensions are 2.5"x8"x9" (6.5cm x20cm x23cm). The
Portable Eye gaze System comes with a flat screen monitor and a table mounts for its monitor. The
monitor can be lifted off the table mount and slipped into a wheelchair mount.

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ADVANCEMENTS:
The advancement of eye gaze system is INTELLIGAZE IG-30.It is a sophisticated system with
a high tracking rate and excellent working range. It can accommodate rapid or involuntary head
movements. Intelligaze uses the latest camera technology, very sophisticated image processing and
calibration methods.

Features of Intelligaze IG-30 are:

• Totally Free Head Motion
• Automatic Eye Acquisition
• Binocular Eye tracking
• High Gaze point Tracking Accuracy
• Easy User Calibration

APPLICATIONS:
Some of the applications in which eye gaze system is predominantly used are:
• Neurosciences /Neuropsychology
• Vision Research
• Experimental Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Psycholinguistics
• Psychiatry /Mental Health
• Transportation: Flight simulators /driving simulators
• Robotics - remote vision control
• Video and arcade games

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CONCLUSION:
Today, the human eye-gaze can be recorded by unremarkable techniques. This argues that
it is possible to use the eye-gaze of a computer user in the interface to aid the control of the
application. Care must be taken, though, that eye-gaze tracking data is used in a sensible way, since
the nature of human eye-movements is a combination of several voluntary and involuntary
cognitive processes. The main reason for eye-gaze based user interfaces being attractive is that the
direction of the eye-gaze can express the interests of the user-it is a potential porthole into the
current cognitive processes -and communication through the direction of the eyes is faster than
any other mode of human communication. It is argued that eye-gaze tracking data is best used in
multimodal interfaces where the user interacts with the data instead of the interface, in so-called
non-command user interfaces.

15
REFERENCE :

 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, VOL.10,

NO.1, MARCH 2002 The camera Mouse: Visual Tracking of Body features to Provide
Computer Access for People With Severe Disabilities. Margrit Betke, James Gips, Peter
Fleming

 Perceptual Gaze Extent & Level of Detail in VR: Looking outside the Box Hunter Murphy*,
Andrew T. Duchowski* Department of Computer Science, Clemson University
{hmurphy/Andrew}@vr.clemson.edu

 Disability studies Quarterly Spring 2002,Volume 22,N0.2 Pages 159-

174<www.cds.hawaii.edu>

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