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CBSE 12th Chemistry Chapter - 02 (Solution)

Solved Important Questions
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CBSE 12th Chemistry Chapter - 02 (Solution)
Solved Important Questions
_______________________________________________________________________
SECTION- A
(Each question in this section carry 1 mark)
Q.1. (i) Gssas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. Which
one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes.
Ans. (i) 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐾𝐻 𝑋𝐴 [Henry’s law]
𝑃
As solubility decreases, K increases [𝐾𝐻 = 𝑋𝐴 ]
𝐴
Hence, for Gas B at the same temperature, 𝐾𝐻 value is higher.
(ii) Non-ideal solution having negative deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes.
Q.2. 2g each of two solutes A and B are dissolved separately in 50g each of the same
solvent. Which will show greater elevation in boiling point.
Ans. Solution containing solute B will show greater elevators is boiling point because
1
∆T𝑏 α 𝑀
Q.3. What are isotonic solution?

Ans. Isotonic solutions are those solutions that have the same osmotic pressure at a given
temperature.
Q.4. (i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. Which
one of the two gases will have the higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes.
Ans. (i) 𝑃𝐴 = 𝐾𝐻 𝑋𝐴 [Henry’s law]
𝑃
As solubility decreases, K increases [𝐾𝐻 = 𝑋𝐴 ]
𝐴
Hence, for Gas B at the same temperature, 𝐾𝐻 value is higher.
(ii) Non-ideal solution having negative deviation shows the formation of maximum
boiling azeotropes.
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SECTION- B
(Each question in this section carry 2 marks)
Q.5. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 (𝑴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 )
was dissolved in 100 g of water, assuming 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 undergoes complete ionization.
(𝑲𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝑲 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 )
Ans. ∆Tb = iK b × m
𝑖 × 0.52 × 𝑊𝐵
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 =
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑊𝐴 (𝐾𝑔)
120𝑔
𝑖 = 2, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑊𝐵 = 4𝑔, 𝑊𝐴 = 100𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
2 × 0.52 × 4 × 1000
𝑇𝑠 − 100 =
120 × 100
𝑇𝑠 − 100 = 0.346
𝑇𝑠 = 100 + 0.346
𝑇𝑠 = 100.346 ℃.
Q.6. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases.
What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What
change in temperature would be observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give
reason.
Ans. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. Negative
deviation shown by the resulting solution in which
𝐹𝑥−𝑦 > 𝐹𝑥−𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦−𝑦
Due to this there is decreases in the escaping tendency of X or Y molecules from the
surface of solution. ∆𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 is (-)ve. Hence evolution of heat take place. Hence temp of
resulting solution increases. Consequently, the vapour pressure of the solution will be
lower.
(ii) When we place blood cell in water (hypotonic solution), they will swell due to
osmosis may even burst.

Q.7. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in
carbon tetrachloride.
Ans. Suppose the mass of the solution = 100g.

So, mass of 𝐶6 𝐻6 = 30𝑔.
mass of C 𝐶𝐼4 = 100 − 30 = 70 𝑔.
mass 30𝑔
n𝐶6 𝐻6 = = = 0.385 𝑚𝑜𝑙.
molecular mass 78𝑔⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
Similarly,
70𝑔
𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑙4 = = 0.455 𝑚𝑜𝑙.
154𝑔⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛c6 𝐻6 0.385
𝑥C6 𝐻6 = = = 0.458
𝑛c6 𝐻6 + 𝑛𝐶𝐶𝑙4 0.385 + 0.455
𝑥𝐶𝐶𝑙4 = 1 − 0.458 = 0.542.
Q.8. Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’. What is the advantage of using
osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the determination
of molar masses of solutes in solutions?
Ans. Osmosis: The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the
solution or from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a
semi-permeable membrane is called Osmosis.
Osmosis pressure: The external pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop
the passage of solvent into the solution through a semi-permeable membrane, is known as
Osmosis Pressure.
The osmosis pressure method has the advantage over other method as pressure
measurement is around the room temperature and molarity of the solution is used instead
of molality. As compare to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for
every dilute solution.
Q.9. State Raoult’s law for solutions, of volatile liquid components taking a suitable
example, explain the meaning of positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
Ans. Part I: Raoult’s law for solutions containing volatile liquids: It states that for a solutions of
volatile liquids, the partial vapor pressure of each component in the solution in directly
proportional to its mole fraction.
Part II: Non-ideal solution shows positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
(i) Positive deviation from Raoult’s Law: When the total vapor pressure will be greater
than corresponding vapor pressure expected on the basis of Raoult’s law. This type of
behavior of solution is called Positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(ii) Negative Deviations from Raoult’s law: When the total vapor pressure will be less
than corresponding vapor pressure, expected on the basis of Raoult’s law. This type of
behavior of solutions is called negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
Q.10. Define the term ‘osmotic pressure’. Describe how the molecular mass of a substance can be
determined on the basis of osmotic pressure measurement.
Ans. Osmotic pressure is the pressure of the solution column that can prevent the entry of
solvent molecules through a permeable membrane, when the solution and the solvent are
separated by the same. It is shown by 𝜋, It’s unit is mm of Hg of atmosphere. We know that
𝜋𝑉 = 𝜂𝐵 𝑅𝑡
𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇 𝑊𝐵
𝜋𝑉 = (∵ 𝜂𝐵 = , where 𝑊𝐵 ⟶ mass of the solute)
𝑀𝐵 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝐵 ⟶ molecular mass
Thus, 𝜋𝑉 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝐵 𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝐵 =
𝜋𝑉
Q.11. State Henry's law correlating the pressure of a gas and its solubility in a solvent and
mention two applications for the law.
Ans. Henry's Law: It states that at constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
Applications: It is used
(i) in the production of carbonated beverages
(ii) in the deep sea diving
(iii) in the function of lungs.
Q.12. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for
each type.
Ans. When the vapour Pressure of a non-ideal solution is either higher or lower than that
predicted by Raoullt’s law, the solution exhibits deviations.
These deviations are caused because of unequal intermolecular attractive forces between
solute-solvent molecule and solute-solute or solvent-solvent molecules.
Examples of positive deviation: Mixture of ethanol and acetone, carbon-disulphide and
acetons.
Example of negative deviation: Chloroform and acetone, nitric acid and water.
Q.13. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroactic acid (𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯) is its boiling point.
The solution has the boiling point of 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑪. Determine the Van’t Hoff factor for
trichloro-acetic acid. (𝑲𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝑲 𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 )

Ans. 𝑀 = 1, 𝑇𝑏 = 100.18𝑜 𝐶
𝑇𝑏 = 1000 𝐶 𝑖 =? Δ𝑡𝑏 = 0.180 𝐶
𝐾𝑏 = 0.512 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑜𝑙.
Δ𝑇𝑏 (𝑡ℎ10 ) = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑀
Δ Tb (thco) = 0.512 × 1 = 0.512
Δ𝑇𝑏 (𝑜𝑏𝑠) 0.18
𝐿= = = 0.35156.
Δ𝑇𝑏 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜) 0.512
Q.14. Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) Van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution
Ans. (i) Mole fraction: It may defined as the ration of the ration of the number of moles of one
component (solute of solvent) to the number of all the component present in the
solution.
(ii) Isotonic solution: Two solution are said to be isotonic why they exert the same osmotic
pressure because they have the same molar concentration. All intravenous injection
must be isotonic with body fluids.
(iii) Van’t Hoff factor: It may be defined as the radio of normal molecular mass to the
observed molecular mass of the solute.
𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑖=
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖=
𝑎𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
(iv) Ideal solution: Ideal solution is the solution which follows Raoult’s law, Δ𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 =
𝑂, Δ𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0. In an ideal solution force attraction between A-B are equal to that in A – A and B –
B.
Q.15. 18 g of glucose, 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 (𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ) is dissolved in 1 kg of water

in a sauce pan. At what temperature will this solution boil?

Ans. W1 = Weight of solvent (H2 O) = 1kg.
W2 = Weight of solute (C6 H12 O6 ) = 18 gm
M2 = Molar mass of solute (C6 H12 O6 ) = 180 g/mol
K b = 0.52 K kg/mol
Tbo = 373.15 K
K b × 1000 × W2 0.52 × 1000 × 18

∆Tb = = = 0.052 K.
M2 × W1 180 × 1000
∆Tb = Tb − Tbo
0.052 = Tb − 373.15
Tb = 373.202 K.
Q.16. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass =256 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of
benzene to lower its freezing point by 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖 𝑲 (𝑲𝒇 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 )
Ans. Given: Δ 𝑇𝑓 = 0.4𝐾, 𝐾𝑓 = 5.12 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑤1 = 75𝑔𝑚, 𝑤2 =? , 𝑀2 = 256 𝑔𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

1000𝐾𝑓 𝑤2 1000 × 5.12 × 𝑤2
Δ 𝑇𝑓 = =
𝑀2 × 𝑤1 256 × 75
256 × 75
𝑤2 = = 1.8 gm
0.48 × 1000 × 5.12
Q.17. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

Ans. Definition: The solutions that obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are
called ideal solutions. Example: n-hexance and h-heptane.
Characteristics: Enthalpy of mixing (Δ𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝐻) of the pure components to form the solution
is zero. Volume of mixing (Δmix 𝑉) is also equal to zero.
Q.18. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Given an example? What
is the sign of ∆𝐦𝐢𝐱 𝐇 for positive deviation?
Ans. The solutions that do not obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are
known as non-ideal solutions. They have vapor pressures either higher or lower than
those predicted by Raoult’s law. If the vapor pressure is higher, then the solution is said
to exhibit a positive deviation from Raoult’s law. Intermolecular attractive forces
between solute solvent molecules are weaker than those between solute – solute and
solvent – solvent molecules. Eg- ethanol and acetone ∆ Hmix is positive.
Q.19. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from
Raoult’s law? Give an example.
Ans. Azeotropes are the binary mixtures of solutions that have the same composition in liquid
and vapor phases and that have constant boiling points.
A minimum-boiling azeotrope is formed by solutions showing a large positive deviation
from Raoult’s law at a specific composition.
Example: An ethanol-water mixture containing approximately 95% ethanol by volume.
Q.20. (a) Following reactions occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver
chloride solution:
𝐀𝐠 + (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐞− ⟶ 𝐀𝐠(𝐬)𝐄𝐨 = +𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝐕
𝟏
𝐇 + (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐞− ⟶ 𝐇𝟐 (𝐠) 𝐄𝐨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝐕
𝟐
On the basis of their standard reduction electrode potential (𝐄𝐨 ) values, which
reaction is feasible at the cathode and why?
(b) Define limiting molar conductivity. Why conductivity of an electrolyte solution
decreases with the decrease in concentration?
Ans. (a) Given: Ag + (aq) + e− ⟶ Ag(s) E o = +0.80 V
1
H + (aq) + e− ⟶ H (g) E o = 0.00 V
2 2
The relationship between the standard free energy change and 𝑒𝑚𝑓 of a cell reaction is
given by ∆Go = −nFE o
Thus, the more positive the standard reduction potential of a reaction the more negative is
the standard free energy change associated with the process and, consequently, the higher
is the feasibility of the reaction.
o o
Since EAg + /Ag has a greater positive value that EH+ /H the reaction which is feasible at the
cathode is given by Ag + (aq) + e− ⟶ Ag(s)

(b) The limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is defined as its molar conductivity
when the concentration of the electrolyte in the solution is the approaches zero.
The conductivity of an electrolyte solution is the conductance of ions present in a unit
volume of the solution. The number of ions (responsible for carrying current) decreases
when the solutions is diluted of the concentration is decreased. As a result, the
conductivity of an electrolyte solution decreases with the decrease in the concentration.

Q.21. Define the following terms:

(i) Colligative properties
(ii) Molality (m)
Ans. (i) Colligative Properties:
Colligative properties are the properties of the solutions which depend upon the number
of solute particles present in the solution irrespective of their nature, relative to the total
number of particles present in the solution.
Examples: Relative lowering of vapor pressure of the solvent, depression of freezing
point of the solvent, elevation of boiling point of the solvent, osmotic pressure of the
solution.
(ii) Molality (m)

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in terms of molality. It is defined as the
number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 g of the solvent. It is represented by m.
Number of moles of solute
Molality (m) = × 1000
Weight of solvent in grams
Or
Weight of solvent
m= × 1000
Molar mass of solute × Weight of solvent in grams

SECTION-C
Q.22. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10g of non-volatile solute in 200g of water. It

has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308K. Calculate the molar mass of the
solute. (Vapour pressure of pure water at 308K = 32MM Hg)
Ans. Let the molar mass of the solute = M𝐵
200
Moles of Water = = 11.1
18
10
Moles of Solute =
𝑀𝐵
Applying Roult’s Law,
𝑃0 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑊𝐵 𝑀𝐴
= ×
𝑃 𝑀𝐵 𝑊𝐴
32 − 31.84 10 18
= ×
32 𝑀𝐵 200
0.16 1 9
= ×
32 𝑀𝐵 100
9 × 32
𝑀𝐵 =
10 × 0.16
299
𝑀𝐵 =
1.6
𝑀𝐵 = 180𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
Q.23. A solution containing 8 g of a substance in 100 g of diethyl ether boils at 36.86

𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔 𝟎 𝑪 , where as pure ether boils at 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟎 𝟎 𝑪. Determine the molecular mass of
the solute. (For ether 𝑲𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏
Ans. We have, mass of solute, 𝑤2 = 8 g
mass of solvent, 𝑊1 = 100 g
elevation of boiling point,
Δ𝑇𝑏 = 36.86 × 35.60 = 1.26 𝑜 𝐶
𝐾𝑏 = 2.02
∴ Molecular mass of the solute

1000 × 𝑊2 × 𝐾𝑏
𝑀2 =
Δ𝑇𝑏 × 𝑊1
1000 × 8 × 2.02
=
1.26 × 100
161.6
=
1.26
128.25 g mol−1
Q.24. Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54 g of glucose, 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 , 𝐢𝐧 250 g
of water will freeze. [𝑲𝒇 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝐊 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ]
Ans. Molecular mass of glucose,

MB = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180
K f × WB × 1000 1.86 × 54 × 1000 100440
∆Tf = = = = 2.23
MB × WA 180 × 250 45000
Freezing point of solution
= 0 − 2.23 = −2.23° C
Q.25. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water

has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at . Assuming that the gene fragment is a
non-electrolyte, calculate its molar mass.
Ans. 𝝎 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒈 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟓𝒈.
𝑇 = 250 𝐶 = 25 + 273 = 298𝐾.
35
𝑉 = 35.0 𝑚𝑙. = 𝐿,
1000
0.335
𝜋 = 0.335 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760
𝜔𝑅𝑇
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀 =
𝜋𝑉
8.95 × 10−3 × 0.0821 × 298
= = 14193 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
0.335 35
760 × 1000
Q.26. Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54g of glucose, (C6 H12 O6 ),
in 250g of water will freeze. (𝐊 𝐟 for water = 1.86 K 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 kg)

Ans. Molecular mass of glucose,
MB = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180
K f × WB × 1000 1.86 × 54 × 1000 100440

∆Tf = = = = 2.23
MB × WA 180 × 250 45000
Freezing point of solution

= 0 − 2.23 = −2.23° C
Q.27. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If
this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪, What is the molar mass
of the protein? (𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑳 𝐚𝐭𝐦 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐤 −𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐇𝐠 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐭𝐦. )

Ans. Here, 𝑤 = 100 mg = 0.100 = 0.1g
𝑉 = 10.0 mL = 0.01 L
13.3
𝜋 = 13.3 mm Hg = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760
𝑇 = 250 𝐶 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑘 −1

𝑀 =?
𝑤𝑅𝑇
∴ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚 =
𝜋𝑉
0.1 × 0.0821 × 298
=
13.3
760 × 0.01
0.1 × 0.0821 × 298 × 760
=
13.3 × 0.01
1859.4008
= = 13980.4g mol−1 .
0.133
Q.28. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in
99.0 of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31 °C. Determine the molar mass of this
compound. (B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10 °C and 𝑲𝒃 for benzene = 2.53 °C kg m𝒐𝒍–𝟏 )
Ans. Here 𝑤2 = 1.25 𝑔, 𝑤1 = 99.0 𝑔, 𝑀2 = 78.08𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
∆𝑇𝑏 = (80.31 − 80.10)℃ = 0.21℃ 𝑜𝑟 0.21𝐾
𝑊2 × 1000
∴ ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚 = 𝐾𝑏 ×
𝑀2 × 𝑊1

𝐾𝑏 × 𝑊2 × 1000 2.53 × 1.25 × 1000

∴ 𝑀2 = =
∆𝑇𝑏 × 𝑊1 0.21 × 99
3162.5
𝑀2 = = 152.11 ≈ 152𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
20.79
Q.29. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that the freezing
point is depressed by 2k. (𝑲𝒇 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝑲 𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 )
Ans. Assuming 100% dissociation of 𝐾𝐶𝑙,
𝑖 = 2, Δ𝑇𝑓 = 2𝐾
𝐾𝑓 = 1.86 𝐾 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑊𝐵 = ?
𝑀𝐵 = 74.5𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑖 × 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑀
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐶𝑙
2 = 2 × 1.86 × × 1
74.5
2 × 1.86 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐶𝑙
=
74.5
74.5
Mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙 = 1.86 = 40.05 𝑔𝑚.
Q.30. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐠 of

𝑲𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 in 2L of water at 𝟐𝟓𝐨 𝐂, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
(𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝐋 𝐚𝐭𝐦 𝐊 −𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 , 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐊 𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ).
g
Ans. W2 = 2.5 × 10−2 g , M2 = 174 mol . V = 2L , R = 0.0821 L atm K −1 mol−1 T =
25℃ = 298K.
Osmotic pressure,
W2 Rt 2.5 × 10−2 × 0.0821 × 298 61.1645 × 10−2
π= = = = 1.76 × 10−3 atom.
M2 V 174 × 2 348
Q.31. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing

points of 1.62 K. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute
(associated or dissociated). (Given: Molar mass of benzoic acid = 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐢−𝟏 , 𝐊 𝐟
for benzene = 4.9 K Kg 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
Ans. We know that the depression in freezing point is given by
ws × 1000
∆Tf = iK f
Ms × W

Here,
van’t Hoff factor = 𝑖
Depression in freezzing point, ∆Tf = 1.62 K
K f for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol−1
Mass of benzoic acid, ws = 3.9 g
Mass of benzene, W = 49 g
Molar mass of benzoic acid, Ms = 122g mol−1
Substitutiong the values, we get
3.9 × 1000
1.62 = 𝑖 × 4.9 ×
122 × 49
1.62 × 122 × 49
⇒𝑖= = 0.51
4.9 × 3.9 × 1000
As the value of 𝑖 < 1, benzoic acid is an associated solute.
Q.32. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water
is 273.15 K.
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏)
Ans. Here, ΔTf = (273.15 − 269.15) K = 4 K

Molar mass of sugar
(C12 H22 O11 ) = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342 g mol−1
10% solution (by mass) of sucrose (cane sugar) in water means 10 g of cane sugar is
present in (100 − 10)g = 90g of water.
10
Now, number of moles of cane sugar=342 = 0.0292 mol
0.0292×1000
Therefore, molality (m) of the solution, = = = 0.3244 mol kg −1
90
Applying the relation,
ΔTf = K f × m
∆Tf 4
⇒ Kf = = = 12.33 K Kg mol−1
m 0.3244
Molar mass of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol−1
10% glucose in water means 10 g of glucose is present in (100 − 10) g = 90 g of water.
10
Number of moles of glucose =180 mol
= 0.0555 mol
0.0555 ×1000
Therefore, molality (m) of the solution, = = = 0.6166 mol Kg −1
90

Applying the relation,
ΔTf = K f × m
= 12.33 K Kg mol−1 × 0.6166 mol Kg −1

= 7.60 K (approximately)
Hence, the freezing point of 10% glucose solution is (273.15 − 7.60) K= 265.55 K.
SECTION – D
Q.33. (a) A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of 269.15 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water if the freezing point of pure
water is 273.15 K.
Given:
(Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏)
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏)
(b) Define the following terms:
(i) Molality (m)
(ii) Abnormal molar mass
Ans. (a) It is given that

Mass of sucrose (w) = 10g
Mass of water = 90g
Molecular weight of sucrose = 342 g/mol
Molecular weight of water = 18 g/mol
𝑆𝑜 ∆t f = k f 𝑚
∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑡𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
∆𝑡𝑓 = 273.15 – 269.15 = 4

10 1000 1000
𝑆𝑜 𝑚 = × ⇒ ⇒ .325
90 342 3070
4
𝑆𝑜 ∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑘𝑓 = ⇒ 12.30
. 325

So for glucose: -
10×1000
∆𝑡𝑓 ⇒ 𝑘𝑓 × 𝑚 ⇒ 12.3 × ⇒ 7.7
180×90
∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑆𝑜 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) ⇒ 273.15 – 7.7 ⇒ 265.45 k
(b) (i) Molality (m): - It is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of the
solvent.
(ii) Abnormal molar mass: - When the substance undergoes association or dissociation in
the solution, molecular mass determine from colligative property is different from
expected value. This is abnormal molecular mass.
Q.34. (a) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the

vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K
is 23.8 mm Hg.
(b) Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions.
(a) Urea (w) = 30g H2 O(w) = 846 g

Urea (M.w) = 60 g/mol. H2 O(M.w.) = 18 g/mol.
𝑃° − 𝑃𝑠
𝑆𝑜 = 𝑋2
𝑃°
23.8 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑊(𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎) × 𝑀. 𝑊.(𝐻2 𝑂)
=
23.8 𝑀. 𝑤(𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎) × 𝑊(𝐻2 𝑂)
23.8 − 𝑃𝑠 30 18
= ×
23.8 60 846
23.8 − 𝑃𝑠 ⇒ .0106 × 23.8
23.8 − 𝑃𝑠 ⇒ .2531
𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑠 ⇒ 23.8 – .2530
⇒ 23.54 mm of Hg
Ideal solution Non-ideal solution

(i) Obey rault's law at every range of They do not obey rault's law
concentration
(ii) Neither the heat is absorbed or evolve Heat is evolve or absorbed during
dissolution.

Q.35. (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Molarity,
(ii) Molal elevation constant (𝑲𝒃 )
(b) A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ) per lit-re of solution
in water has the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose
(molar mass = 180 g 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ) in water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one
litre of its solution.
Ans. (a) (i) Molarity (M): Molarity can be defined as no. of moles of solute dissolved per liter
of solution, Molarity M = Vol. of solution (litre) Moles of solute.
(ii) Molal elevation constant (kb): When 1 molal solution is prepared, the elevation in
boiling point is called as molal boiling point elevation constant.
(b) For isotonic solution
𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇 15𝑅𝑇
𝜋𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 = =
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑉 60𝑉
𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇
𝜋𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 =
180𝑉
𝑂𝑟, 𝜋𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
15𝑅𝑇 𝑊𝐵 𝑅𝑇
∴ =
60𝑉 180𝑉
15 × 180
⇒ 𝑊𝐵 = = 45𝑔
60
Q.36. (a) What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give
reason.
(b) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏) in water is labelled as 10% (by
mass). What would be the molality and molarity of the solution?
(Density of solution =1.2𝒎𝑳−𝟏)
Ans. (a) Ethanol and acetone shows +ve deviation because both are non-polar compounds and
after mixing force of attraction decrease.
Like particle force of attraction > unlike particle force of attraction.
𝑊𝐵 × 1000 10 × 1000
(𝒃) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.617𝑀
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑊𝐴 180 × 90
𝑀𝑆 100
𝑉𝑠 = ⇒
𝑑𝑠 1.2𝑔/𝑚𝑙.
𝑊𝐵 × 1000 10 × 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ⇒ × 1.2 = 0.667𝑚
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑉𝑠 180 × 100

Q.37. (a) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. How does
Raoult’s law become a special case of Henry’s law.
(b) 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the
freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. Find the molar mass of the solute. (𝑲𝒇 for
benzene = kg 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏).
Ans. (a) Raoult’s law states that for a solution of voltage liquids the partial vapour pressure of
each component is directly proportional to it mole fraction.
The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of solute in case of
nonvolatile solute.
Because, Henry’s law also states that” the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (P)
is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”.
(b) Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation,
𝐾𝐹 × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
𝑀𝐵 =
∆𝑇𝐹 × 𝑊𝐴
We get,
5.12 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 1.00𝑔 × 1000𝑔 𝑘𝑔−1
𝑀2 = = 256 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −2
0.40 × 50𝑔
Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

(i) Ideal solution
(ii) Azeotrope
(iii) Osmotic pressure
(b) A solution of glucose (𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 ) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What
would be the molality of the solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏)
Ans: (a) (i) Ideal Solution: The solutions which obey raoult’s law over the entire range of
concentration are known as ideal solution. eg-n-hexane and n-heptane.
∆𝐻(𝑚𝑖𝑥) = 0, ∆ 𝑉 (𝑚𝑖𝑥) = 0
(ii) Azeotrope: a mixture of two liquids which has a constant boiling point and
composition throughout distillation.
eg. Ethanol and water.
(iii) Osmotic pressure: It is extra pressure which is applied on the solution to just
prevent the flow of solvent into the solution through a semi permeable membrane.
(b) 10% by weight: 10gm of glucose in 100 gm of solution

∴ 𝑊𝐵 = 10𝑔𝑚, 𝑊𝐴 = 90𝑔𝑚, 𝑤𝑠 = 100𝑔
𝑀𝐵(𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 ) = 180𝑔.
𝑊𝐵 10 × 1000
Molality (m) = = = 0.617𝑚
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑊𝐴 (𝑘𝑔) 180 × 90

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Ideal Solution
(b) 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. The

resulting Solution freezes at – 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝑪. What is the molar mass of the material?
(𝐊 𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝐊 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
Ans. (a)(i). Mole fraction: It may define as the ration of the ration of the number of moles of
one component (solute of solvent) to the number of all the component present in the
solution.
(a)(ii). Ideal solution: Ideal solution is the solution which follows Raoult’s law,
Δ𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑂, Δ𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 0. In an ideal solution force attraction between A-B are equal
to that in A – A and B – B.
(b) Δmix H = 0 Δmix V = 0

ΔTf = K f X molality
1.86 × 15.0 × 1000

ΔTf =
M × 450
1.86 × 15.0 × 1000

M=
0.34 × 450
M = 182.3gm mol−1
Q.40. (a) Explain the following:

(i) Henry's law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid
(ii) Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent
(b) A solution of glycerol (𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 𝐎𝟑 ) in water was prepared by dissolving some

glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟐° 𝐂. What mass
of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? (𝐊 𝐛 for water = 0.512 K kg 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
Ans. (a)(i). The most commonly used form of Henry is law states that the partial pressure of
the Gas is vapour phase (P) is proportional to the male fraction of the gas (X) in the
solution and is expressed as:
P = K H X.
(a)(ii). Boiling point elevation constant in the elevation of boiling point of a solution
when the concentration for solution is one mol.
(b) ∆Tb = 100.42 = 100 = 0.42° C
K b = 0.512K Kg mol−1
∆Tb = Kb × m
M(C3 H8 O3 ) = 92 gm mol−1
W × 1000
0.42 = × 0.512
92 × 500
W = 37.73gm.

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Van’t Hoff factor
(b) 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to male 10.0 mL of a solution. It
this solution has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪, What is the molar mass of
protein? (𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑳 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎).
Ans. (i) Mole fraction: Mole fraction (X) of a component in a mixture is the ratio between the
number of moles of that component to the total number of moles of all the component of the
mixture.
Mole fraction of component A is given by moles of A
∴ 𝑋𝐴 =
total number of all the components of the mixture
(ii) Van’t Hoff factor: Van’t Hoff factor is a correction factor defined as
Observed value of collifative property
i=
Normal value of colligative property
(b) Here, 𝑤 = 100 mg = 0.100 = 0.1g
𝑉 = 10.0 mL = 0.01 L
13.3
𝜋 = 13.3 mm Hg = 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760
𝑇 = 250 𝐶 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑘 −1

𝑀 =?
Q.42. (a) What is meant by:

Colligative properties
(b) what concentration of nitrogen should be present in a glass of water at room
temperature? Assume a temperature of 𝟐𝟓𝟎 C, total pressure of 1 atmosphere
𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑴
and mole fraction of nitro gen in air of 0.78 [𝑲𝑯 ] for nitrogen = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝐇𝐠𝐥
𝒎𝒎
Ans. (a) (i) Colligative properties: the properties of solution which depend upon the number of
solute particles and not upon the nature of the solute particles are known as colligative
properties.
There are four colligative properties
(i)relative lowering of vapour pressure
(ii)Elevation of coiling point
(iii)Depression of freezing point
(iv)Osmotic pressure.
(b) Given: 𝑃𝑁2 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚.
Applying Henry’s law
𝑃𝑁2 = 𝐾𝐻 . 𝑋𝑁2

𝑃𝑁2 1
𝑋𝑁2 = =
𝐾𝐻 8.42 × 10−7
Since,
𝑛(𝑁2 ) 𝑛(𝑁2 )
𝑋𝑁2 = =
𝑛(𝑁2 ) + 𝑛(𝐻2 𝑂) 𝑛(𝐻2 𝑂)
1000
𝑛(𝑁2 ) = 𝑋𝑁2 . 𝑛(𝐻2 𝑂) ∵ 𝑛(𝐻2 𝑂) = 55.5 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
18
1
= × 55.5
8.42 × 10−7
= 6.59 × 107 Moles.
Hence concentration of nitrogen in water = 6.59 × 107 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 .
Q.43. (a) Differentiate between molarity and molality for a solution. How does a change in
temperature influence their values?
(b) Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of 𝐌𝐠𝐁𝐫𝟐
in 200 g of water. (Molar mass of 𝐌𝐠𝐁𝐫𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝐠) (𝐊 𝐟 for water = 1.86 K kg 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 )
Ans. (a). Molarity: It is defined as the no, of moles of solute dissolved in 1kg of solvent.
Molarity: It is defined as the no, of moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of solution.
(b) Molecular mass of MgBr2 = 184 g
i = 3 as MgBr2 ⟶ Mg 2+ + 2 Br −
K f × WB × 1000 1.86 × 10.50 × 1000 × 3
∆Tf = i = = 1.592 k
MB × WA 184 × 200
Freezing point of solution (Ts) = 273 − 1.592 = 271.408 K
Q.44. (a) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a
solution a colligative property? Explain.
(b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to
250.0 g of water. (𝐊 𝐛 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝐊 𝐤𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 , 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 =
𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝐠)
Ans. (a) Osmosis: The spontaneous flow of solvent molecules from a less concentrated
solution to a more concentrated solution though semi permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure: The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution
to prevent the entry of solvent into the solution through SPM.
It is a colligative property because it depends upon, no. of solute particles not on the
nature of particle. E.g., o. | MKCl and Na Cl has same osmotic pressure under same temp
and pressure condition.

(b) Elevation is boiling point

[𝑖 = 2 as NaCl ⇌ Na+ + Cl]
𝐾𝑏 × 1000 × 𝑊𝐵 0.512 × 1000 × 15 × 2 512 × 2
∆𝑇𝑏 = = = = 1.051 k
𝑊𝐴 × 𝑀𝐵 250 × 58.44 974
Boiling point of water = 373 𝑘
373 + 1.051 = 374.051 𝑘.

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CBSE 12th Chemistry Chapter - 02 (Solution)

Q.3. What are isotonic solution?

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Ans. Suppose the mass of the solution = 100g.

𝑥𝐶𝐶𝑙4 = 1 − 0.458 = 0.542.

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𝑇𝑏 = 1000 𝐶 𝑖 =? Δ𝑡𝑏 = 0.180 𝐶

Q.14. Define the following terms:

Q.15. 18 g of glucose, 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 (𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝐠 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 ) is dissolved in 1 kg of water

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Ans. W1 = Weight of solvent (H2 O) = 1kg.

W2 = Weight of solute (C6 H12 O6 ) = 18 gm

M2 = Molar mass of solute (C6 H12 O6 ) = 180 g/mol

K b × 1000 × W2 0.52 × 1000 × 18

Ans. Given: Δ 𝑇𝑓 = 0.4𝐾, 𝐾𝑓 = 5.12 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

𝑤1 = 75𝑔𝑚, 𝑤2 =? , 𝑀2 = 256 𝑔𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

Q.17. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.

cathode is given by Ag + (aq) + e− ⟶ Ag(s)

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Q.21. Define the following terms:

(ii) Molality (m)

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Q.22. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10g of non-volatile solute in 200g of water. It

Q.23. A solution containing 8 g of a substance in 100 g of diethyl ether boils at 36.86

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Ans. Molecular mass of glucose,

Q.25. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water

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Ans. Molecular mass of glucose,

K f × WB × 1000 1.86 × 54 × 1000 100440

Freezing point of solution

of the protein? (𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑳 𝐚𝐭𝐦 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐤 −𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝐇𝐠 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐭𝐦. )

𝑅 = 0.0821 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑘 −1

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𝐾𝑏 × 𝑊2 × 1000 2.53 × 1.25 × 1000

Ans. Assuming 100% dissociation of 𝐾𝐶𝑙,

Q.30. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐠 of

Q.31. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing

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Ans. Here, ΔTf = (273.15 − 269.15) K = 4 K

Applying the relation,

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Applying the relation,

= 12.33 K Kg mol−1 × 0.6166 mol Kg −1

Ans. (a) It is given that

∆𝑡𝑓 = 273.15 – 269.15 = 4

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∆𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑆𝑜 𝑡(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) ⇒ 273.15 – 7.7 ⇒ 265.45 k

Q.34. (a) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the

(a) Urea (w) = 30g H2 O(w) = 846 g

Ideal solution Non-ideal solution

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Q.35. (a) Define the following terms:

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Q.38. (a) Define the following terms:

(b) 10% by weight: 10gm of glucose in 100 gm of solution

Q.39. (a) Define the following terms:

(b) 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. The

(b) Δmix H = 0 Δmix V = 0