CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

Name-Debjani Das
Class-XII
roll no-
Hem Sheela Model School
 Acknowledgement

It is my foremost duty to express my deep regards to my

Chemistry teacher Mrs. Indira Pandey under whose
guidance and supervision I am able to undertake this
project. It is she who has been my primary source of
inspiration and who motivated, guided and encouraged
me at different stages to make this project. I am also
thankful for the help rendered by our lab teacher who
made available the various apparatus and chemicals
needed for the experiments, else it would have been a
difficult task to perform this project successfully. I also
want to thank the lab attendant and my teammates for
their invaluable help.
Debjani Das
2015-16
 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

This to certify that “Debjani Das” of class XII bearing

roll no- who is going to appear for AISSCE-2016
has successfully completed all the practicals and projects in
Chemistry during the session 2015-2016 as per the prescribed
syllabus of C.B.S.E., New Delhi.

Signature of Examiner:_________________
Date:_________________
TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CATIONS,
ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN
COCONUT WATER
Contents
 INTRODUCTION

COCONUT PLANT
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera.) is a member of the family
Arecaceae (palm family).It is the only accepted species in the
genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut
palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a
nut. The spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word.] The
term is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish
word coco meaning "head" or "skull", from the three
indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.
The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the
many uses of its different parts and found throughout the tropics
and subtropics.[5] Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many
people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because
they contain a large quantity of "water" and when immature they
are known as tender-nuts or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for
drinking. When mature, they still contain some water and can be
used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel,
charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous husk. The
endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the
coconut water. As development continues, cellular layers of
endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the
edible coconut "flesh".[6] When dried, the coconut flesh is called
copra. The oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in
cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and
cosmetics. The clear liquid coconut water within is potable. The
husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of
products for furnishing and decorating. The coconut also has
cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.
[cita
Coconut water
Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young green
coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In early development, it
serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during
the nuclear phase of development. As growth continues, the
endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the
rind of the coconut meat. Coconut water has long been a popular
drink in the tropical countries where it is available fresh, canned,
or bottled. Coconuts for drinking are served fresh, chilled or
packaged in many places. They are often sold by street vendors
who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front
of customers. Processed coconut water for retail can be found in
ordinary cans, Tetra Paks®, or plastic bottles, sometimes with
coconut pulp or coconut jelly included. Coconut water can be
fermented to produce coconut vinegar. It is also used to make
nata de coco, a jelly-like food. Bottled coconut water has a shell
life of 24 months. In recent years, coconut water has been
marketed as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of
fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte
content. Marketers have also promoted coconut water for having
low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories. However,
marketing claims attributing tremendous health benefits to
coconut water are largely unfounded. Unless the coconut has
been damaged, it is likely sterile. There is a single documented
case where coconut water has been used as an intravenous
hydration fluid when medical saline was unavailable. Although
this is not generally recommended by most physicians today, it
was a common practice during the Khmer Rouge regime in
Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. Coconut water has long been a
popular drink in the tropics , especially in India , Brazilian Coast
, Southeast Asia , Pacific Islands , Africa , and the Caribbean ,
where it is available fresh , canned , or bottled . In the
Philippines, it is known as ‘buko’.
HARVESTING

Fresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they
are green. A hole may be bored into the coconut to provide
access to the liquid and meat. In young coconuts, the liquid and
air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the
inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts which have fallen to the
ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or
animals.

MEDICAL USE

It is said , albeit quite incorrectly , that coconut water is identical

to human plasma and can be injected directly into the human
bloodstream. The story has its origin from World War II where
British and Japanese patients were given coconut water
intravenously in an emergency because saline was unavailable.
[
Since then, this rehydration technique has been used only for
short-term emergency situations in remote locations where
plasma is not available.

Although substituting coconut water for saline is not

recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice
during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975 to
1979. The Documentation Center of Cambodia cited the practice
of allowing untrained nurses to administer green coconut water
during the Pol Pot regime as a crime against humanity.[

HEALTH BENEFITS
 Coconut water is a very refreshing drink to beat
tropical summer thirst. Its liquid is packed with simple
sugars, electrolytes , and minerals to replenish
dehydration within the human body.

 Research studies suggest that cytokinins (e.g., kinetin

and transzeatin) in coconut water found to have
significant anti-ageing ,anti-carcinogenic, and anti-
thrombotic(anti-clot formation)effects.

 Coconut water is composed of many naturally

occurring bioactive enzymes such as acid
phosphatase , catalase,
dehydrogenase,diastase,peroxidase,rna-polymerases
etc. In effect, these enzymes help in the digestion and
metabolism.

 Despite being very light in consistency, its water has

proportionately better composition of minerals like
calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc than
some of the fruit juices like oranges.

 Its liquid is also a very good source of B-complex

vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,thiamin,pyridoxine,
and folates,these vitamins are essential in the sense
that the human body requires them from external
sources to replenish.
 Coconut water contains very good amount of
electrolyte potassium.100ml of water has 250mg of
potassium and 105mg of sodium. Together, these
electrolytes help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the
body due to diarrhea (loose stools).

 Further, fresh coconut water has a small amount of

vitamin-C(Ascorbic Acid);It provides about 2.4mg or
4% of RDA. Vitamin C is a water-soluble anti-
oxidant.
 Requirements

 Coconut Water

 Ferrous sulphate solution

 Concentrated sulphuric acid

 Lead acetate solution

 Silver nitrate solution

 Ammonium molybdate

 Concentrated nitric acid

 Potassium dichromate

 Sodium hydroxide solution

 Methylene blue

 Benedict’s solution

 Copper sulphate solution

 Sodium cobaltinate solution

 Disodium hydrogen phosphate

 Ammonium chloride

 Ammonium carbonate

 Potassium pyro antimonite

 Universal indicator
 WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Sodium White milkiness Na+ is confirmed.
Potassium is observed.
pyroaluminate is
added to coconut
water.
Potassium Yellow precipitate K+ is confirmed.
Freshly prepared is observed.
sodium salt
Magnesium White precipitate Mg2+ is present.
Add a pinch of is formed.
magnesium
chloride, a few
drops of
ammonium
phosphate
solution to
coconut water.
Calcium A white Ca2+ is present.
Add solid precipitate is
ammonium formed.
chloride,
ammonium
hydroxide and
ammonium
carbonate to
coconut water
and ammonium
oxalate solution.

Wet test for acid radicals

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Chloride
Silver nitrate test:
Add conc.Nitric A white precipitate Cl may be
acid and silver is formed. present
nitrate solution.

Chromyl chloride
test: Mix a small A Yellow
quantity of the precipitate is Cl is present -
salt with a small formed. confirmed.
amount of
powdered
potassium
dichromate. Take
a mixture in test
tube and add
conc. Sulphuric
acid
Heat the tube and
pass the red
vapours evolved
into a gas
detector
containing
sodium hydroxide
solution. To the
yellow thus
obtained add dil.
Acetic acid lead
acetate solution.
Oxalate ion A white precipitate Oxalate ion is
Add calcium is obtained. present.
chloride and
acetic acid to the
coconut water.
Nitrate

Copper chips test: Dark brown fumes NO3- ion may be

Heat a small are evolved. present.
quantity of
coconut water
with conc.
Sulphuric acid
and few copper A dark brown ring NO3- is present.
chips. forms.

Brown ring test:

Add a small
quantity of freshly
prepared solution
ferrous sulphate
to a part of the
aqueous solution
and then pour
conc. Sulphuric
acid slowly along
the sides of the
test tube.
Phosphate

Ammonium molybdate Yellow precipitate is Phosphate ion is present

test: Add conc. Nitric acid formed
to coconut water and boil
then add ammonium
molybdate solution to it.
Test for the presence of food stuff:

Sl.No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Benedict’s No Reducing
test- precipitate is sugar is
Benedict’s Observed absent
solution is
added to 5ml
of coconut
water and
heated in
water bath
for 5 minutes
2 No Reducing
METHYLENE decolourisati sugar is
BLUE TEST-1- on is absent.
2 drops of observed
methylene
blue is added
to coconut
3 water
A blue Proteins and
CuSO4+NaO precipitate is fats are
H TEST- obtained present
Copper
sulphate and
NaOH is
added to
coconut
water
Experiment Observation Inference
pH of fermented A orange tinge is pH =5
coconut water is observed on pH
tested using paper
universal
indicator
pH of fermented A green tinge is pH=6
coconut water is observed on pH
tested using paper.
universal
indicator
 PRECAUTIONS

 The chemicals should be handled carefully.

 All apparatus should be handled carefully.
 The experiments should be conducted at room
temperature.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

To complete this project I have taken help from the following books and
websites:-
1.www.google.com
2.www.wikipedia.com
3.Comprehensive Chemistry Class XII
4.Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class XII