PNB VS GENEROSO DE JESUS (BAR QUESTION)

X filed a complaint against PNB for recovery of ownership and possession with
damages over the questioned property. X stated that he acquired a parcel of land; he
had caused a verification survey of the property and discovered that a building
owned by PNB was encroaching upon the northern portion of the lot. Despite two
letters of demand sent by X, PNB failed and refused to vacate the area.
PNB asserted that they acted in good faith when it acquired the lot and the building
sometime in 1981 from then Mayor GGG, the encroachment already was in existence
and to remedy the situation, Mayor GGG offered to sell the area in question (which
then also belonged to GGG) to PNB at P100.00 per square meter which offer the
latter claimed to have accepted. The sale, however, did not materialize when,
without the knowledge and consent of petitioner, Mayor GGG later mortgaged the
lot to the Development Bank of the Philippines.

Does PNB consider as builder in good faith?

SUGGESTED ANSWER:

NO.

In reference to Article 448, et seq., of the Civil Code, a builder in good faith is one
who, not being the owner of the land, builds on that land believing himself to be its
owner and unaware of any defect in his title or mode of acquisition.

The essence of good faith lies in an honest belief in the validity of ones right,
ignorance of a superior claim, and absence of intention to overreach another.
Applied to possession, one is considered in good faith if he is not aware that there
exists in his title or mode of acquisition any flaw which invalidates it. Evidently,
petitioner was quite aware, and indeed advised, prior to its acquisition of the land
and building from Ignacio that a part of the building sold to it stood on the land not
covered by the land conveyed to it.

Equally significant is the fact that the building, constructed on the land by Ignacio,
has in actuality been part of the property transferred to petitioner. Article 448, of
the Civil Code refers to a piece of land whose ownership is claimed by two or more
parties, one of whom has built some works (or sown or planted something) and not
to a case where the owner of the land is the builder, sower, or planter who then later
loses ownership of the land by sale or otherwise for, elsewise stated, where the true
owner himself is the builder of works on his own land, the issue of good faith or bad
faith is entirely irrelevant.

In fine, PNB is not in a valid position to invoke the provisions of Article 448 of the
Civil Code.
CASE DIGEST:

G.R. No. 149295. September 23, 2003]

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK, petitioner, vs. GENEROSO DE JESUS

FACTS:

Respondent filed a complaint against petitioner before the Regional Trial Court of
Occidental Mindoro for recovery of ownership and possession, with damages, over
the questioned property. On 26 March 1993, he had caused a verification survey of
the property and discovered that the northern portion of the lot was being
encroached upon by a building of petitioner to the extent of 124 square meters.
Despite two letters of demand sent by respondent, petitioner failed and refused to
vacate the area.

Petitioner asserted that when it acquired the lot and the building sometime in 1981
from then Mayor Bienvenido Ignacio, the encroachment already was in existence
and to remedy the situation, Mayor Ignacio offered to sell the area in question
(which then also belonged to Ignacio) to petitioner at P100.00 per square meter
which offer the latter claimed to have accepted. The sale, however, did not
materialize when, without the knowledge and consent of petitioner, Mayor Ignacio
later mortgaged the lot to the Development Bank of the Philippines.

The trial court decided the case in favor of respondent declaring him to be the
rightful owner.

The Court of Appeals sustained the trial court.

ISSUE: W/N PETITIONER IS A BUILDER IN GOOD FAITH

HELD:

In reference to Article 448, et seq., of the Civil Code, a builder in good faith is one
who, not being the owner of the land, builds on that land believing himself to be its
owner and unaware of any defect in his title or mode of acquisition.

The essence of good faith lies in an honest belief in the validity of ones right,
ignorance of a superior claim, and absence of intention to overreach another.
Applied to possession, one is considered in good faith if he is not aware that there
exists in his title or mode of acquisition any flaw which invalidates it. Evidently,
petitioner was quite aware, and indeed advised, prior to its acquisition of the land
and building from Ignacio that a part of the building sold to it stood on the land not
covered by the land conveyed to it.
Equally significant is the fact that the building, constructed on the land by Ignacio,
has in actuality been part of the property transferred to petitioner. Article 448, of
the Civil Code refers to a piece of land whose ownership is claimed by two or more
parties, one of whom has built some works (or sown or planted something) and not
to a case where the owner of the land is the builder, sower, or planter who then later
loses ownership of the land by sale or otherwise for, elsewise stated, where the true
owner himself is the builder of works on his own land, the issue of good faith or bad
faith is entirely irrelevant.

In fine, petitioner is not in a valid position to invoke the provisions of Article 448 of
the Civil Code.