CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

1. What do you call an amplifier which has an output current flowing 17. Calculate the common-emitter amplification factor  of a
during the whole input current cycle? transistor with a common-base amplification factor  =0.99.
A. class AB amplifier C. class B amplifier A. 10 C. 100 *
B. class A amplifier * D. class C amplifier B. 50 D. 200
2. Calculate the transconductance of a p-channel MOSFET 18. If the current-gain-bandwidth product of transistor is 250 MHz
enhancement type if the gate-source voltage VGS = -8 V , and is operated at 100 MHz, what is the effective current gain of
threshold voltage VT = -4 and a constant k = -0.3 mA/V2. the transistor?
A. 1.2 mS C. 3.6 mS A. 2.5 * B. 25 C. 250 D. 350
B. 2.4 mS * D. 7.2 mS 19. When the transistor is saturated, VCE is approximately
3. A silicon bar is doped with ND = 2.25 x 1015 atoms / cm3, donor A. 0 V * B. ½ VCC C. VCC D. infinite
impurities. If the intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon is n i = 20. In a common-emitter amplifier with voltage divider bias Rb=68
1.5 x 1010 cm-3at T = 300 K. Determine the equilibrium electron Kohms, R1=33 Kohms, and R2=15 Kohms. The total input
and hole concentrations respectively. Assume complete impurity resistance is
ionization. A. 68 Kohms C. 22.2 Kohms
A. n0 =1.5x1016 cm-3, p0 =1.5x105 cm-3 B. 8.95 Kohms * D. 12.3 Kohms
B. n0 = 1.5 x 1010 cm-3, p0 = 1.5 x 1015 cm-3 21. For a certain JFET, IGSS=10nA at VGS=10V. The input
C. n0 =2.3x1015 cm-3, p0 =1.5x1010 cm-3 resistance is
D. n0 =2.3x1015 cm-3, p0 =1x105 cm-3 * A. 100 Mohms C. 1000 Mohms *
4. Upon what principle does a relaxation oscillator operate? B. 1 Mohms D. 1000 mohms
A. resistor in cascade 22. What are the two most popular RF oscillators?
B. the charging and discharging of a capacitor * A. Wein bridge and Colpitts C. Colpitts and Hartley *
C. the rectification process of a diode B. Wein bridge and phase-shift D. Hartley and phase-shift
D. switching transistors
23. In a lead lag circuit, the output is ______if the input is 100.
5. Consider a zener diode with a slope resistance of 10 ohms in A. 50 B. 25 C. 75 D. 33.3 *
series with a 90 ohms resistor fed from a dc supply containing a
ripple voltage of 20 mV peak-to-peak. Compute for the ripple 24. A UJT has an internal resistances of RB1 = 6 k and RB2 = 3
voltage in load? k, what is its interbase resistance?
A. 1 mV p-p C. 2 mV p-p * A. 2 kohms C. 6 kohms
B. 1 V p-p D. 6 mV p-p B. 3 kohms D. 9 kohms *
6. If the current-gain-bandwidth product of transistor is 250 MHz 25. The r-1 complement of 456base10 is
and is operated at 100 MHz, what is the effective current gain of A. 545 C. 455
the transistor? B. 543 * D. 544
A. 2.5 * B. 25 C. 250 D. 350 26. x is equal to (C+D)barred, multiplied to A and B then the all are
7. A silicon material has an intrinsic concentration n i= 1010 per cubic barred. X is ____ if A=1, B=1, C=1, and D=0
centimeter at room temperature. If it is doped with 1015 antimony A. 0 B. don’t care C. 1 * D. toggle
atoms per cubic centimeter, what is now the approximate 27. Find the increase in temperature T necessary to increase the
electron concentration at the conduction band? reverse saturation current of a diode by a factor of 100.
A. 105 electrons C. 1010 electrons A. 55.3 deg C C. 66.4 deg C
B. 1015 electrons * D. 1020 electrons B. 77.6 deg C D. 88.5 deg C
8. For a silicon diode, calculate the current at room temperature if 28. A transistor with  = 0.98 and ICBO = 5µA is biased so that IBQ
the forward voltage, VF = 0.3 V and the reverse saturation = 100µA. Find IEQ.
current IS = 100 nA. A. 5 mA C. 5.25 mA *
A. 32.8 A * C. 10.8 mA B. 5.15 mA D. 5.35 mA
B. 10.8 A D. 32.8 mA 29. For a BJT, IC = 5.2 mA,IB = 50 µA, and ICBO = 0.5 µA. What is the
9. Is also known as Eccles/Jordan circuit percentage error in the calculation of  if the leakage current is
A. Monostable multivibrator C. astable multivibrator assumed zero?
B. bistable multivibrator * D. unstable multivibrator A. 1.01% * C. 3.03%
B. 2.02% D. 4.04%
10. What determines the pulse time in a monostable multivibrator?
A. resistor combinations C. inductor combinations 30. For an op-amp having a slew rate SR = 5 V/ms, what is the
B. capacitor combinations D. resistor and capacitor maximum closed loop voltage gain that can be used when the
combinations * input signal varies by 0.2 V in 10 ms?
11. What determines the resonant frequency of a crystal? A. 150 * C. 250
A. external components B. 200 D. 300
B. the temperature of the crystal
31. A silicon bar is doped with ND= 2.25 x 1015atoms / cm3, donor
C. the size and thickness of the crystal material *
D. the hermitic seal impurities. If the intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon is n i= 1.5
12. Which condition must exist for a circuit to oscillate? x 1010cm-3at T = 300 K. Determine the equilibrium electron and
A. It must have a negative feedback sufficient to cancel the hole concentrations respectively. Assume complete impurity
input ionization.
B. It must have a gain of less than 1 A. n0=1.5x1016cm-3, p0=1.5x105 cm-3
C. It must have a positive feedback sufficient to overcome
B. n0= 1.5 x 1010cm-3, p0 = 1.5 x 1015cm-3
losses *
D. It must be neutralized C. n0=2.3x1015cm-3, p0=1.5x1010cm-3
D. n0=2.3x1015cm-3, p0=1x105cm-3 *
13. A unity-gain summing amplifier has three inputs, V1 = 1.0 mV ,
V2 = 1.5 mV, and V3 = 2.5 mV , calculate the total output 32. Two diodes are used to form a full-wave rectifier. The RMS
voltage. secondary voltage of the transformeris 50 V from centretap to
A. 2.5 mV C. 5.0 mV * each end of secondary. If the load resistance is 980 ohms, and
B. 3.5 mV D. 4.0 mV assuming internal resistance of each diode is 20 ohms, what will
14. If three amplifiers with a current gain of 8 each are in cascade, be the value of the mean load current?
how much is the overall gain?
A. 45A C. 45mA *
A. 54 dB * B. 24 dB C. 512 dB D. 8 dB
B. 4.5A D. 45uA
15. A junction field effect transistor has a drain saturation current of
10 mA and a pinch-off voltage of -4 V. Calculate the maximum 33. A full wave rectifier using a center-tapped transformer supplies
transconductance. dc current of 100 mA to a load resistance of 20 ohms . If the
A. 2.5 mS C. 25.0 mS secondary resistance of transformer is 1 ohm and each diode
B. 5.0 mS * D. 50.0 mS has a forward resistance of 0.5 ohm . Compute the rms values
16. An n-channel JFET has a drain-source saturation current IDSS = of signal voltage across each half of the secondary and the dc
10 mA and a gate-source pinch-off voltage Vp = -4 V. If the power supplied to the load.
applied reverse gate-source voltage VGS = 2 V, calculate the
A. 2.4 V and 0.2 Watt * C. 24 V and 2 Watts

drain current ID.
A. 2.5 mA * B. 5.0 mA C. 10.0 mA D. 22.5 mA B. 0.24 V and 20 Watts D. 2.4 V and 2 Watts

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

34. Compute V0 if the diodes are ideal.

A. 0.2 V and 3.33 A C. 2 V and 3.33 A

A. 4 V B. 5 V
 * C. 7.5 V D. 12.12 V B. 0.2 V and 33.3 A D. 2 V and 33.3 A
35. Find the current through the zener diode. 43. Consider a silicon transistor circuit with a dc current gain of 100.
What is the value of Vo ?

A. 4.65 V * C. 5 V
A. 33 mA B. 2 mA * C. 3.3 mA D. 0 mA B. 6.3 V D. 7.23 V
36. A voltage signal 10 sin ωtis applied to the circuit with ideal 44. The transistor is operating in ____ , if the common emitter
diodes, as shown in figure, The maximum, and minimum values forward current gain of the transistor is 100.
of the output waveform Vout of the circuit are respectively

A. Saturation region C. Cutoff region


B. Reverse active region D. Forward active region *
A. +10V and −10V C. +4V and −4V 45. If VD = 12 V and VGSQ = -2 V for the voltage-divider bias
B. +7V and −4V D. +4V and −7V *
37. Compute the turns ratio a transformer, if the secondary is configuration, find the value of RS.
connected to a load with impedance of 8 ohms, and the reflected
impedance on primary is 648 ohms .
A. 81 :1 C. 10 : 1
B. 9 : 1 * D. 8 : 1
38. Compute the common mode rejection ratio of an FET-input IC
operational amplifier which has an open loop differential gain of
1, 00,000 and a common mode gain of 25.
A. 46 dB C. 72 dB *
B. 106 dB D. 144 dB
39. Leakage current approximately doubles for every 10C increase
in temperature of a silicon transistor. What will be the value of A. 5.5 kohms C. 3.35 kohms *
leakage current at 90C, if a silicon transistor has ICBO 1000 B. 4.7 kohms D. 6.32 kohms
nA at 30C? 46. The ideal Op – Amp has the following characteristics.
A. 32uA C. 16uA A. Ri=∞,A=∞,R0 =0 C. Ri=0,A=∞,R0 =0
B. 64uA * D.128uA B. Ri=∞,A=∞,R0 =∞ D. Ri=0,A=∞,R0 =∞
40. The  of a bipolar transistor operating in the active region is 100, 47. Find V0.
with a collector current of 1 mA and thermal voltage V T of 25
mV. Consider common emitter configuration, find the
transconductance gm and the input resistance rp of the
transistor in the respectively.
A. 25 mA/V and 15.625 kohms C. 25 mA/V and 2.5 kohms
B. 40 mA/V and 4.0 kohms D. 40 mA/V and 2.5 kohms
41. A CE amplifier, connected to a load of 10kohms, has the
following h-parameters: hie 1kohms, hfe 50, hre 0, and
1/hoe 40 kohms. Find the voltage gain.
A. –40 C. –400 A. -2 V B. -1 V C. -0.5 V D. 0.5 V
B. –100 D. –500 48. Assume the op-amp is ideal, which of the following is the voltage
42. Consider the given values for the transistor switch in figure: gain of the amplifier?
 120, VCE(sat) 0.2V, RC 1.2kohms and VCC 5V. Determine
output voltage when transistor switch is closed and the minimum
base current needed to close the switch.

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

58. Negative feedback in amplifiers

A. improves the signal to noise ratio at the input
B. improves the signal to noise ratio at the output
C. does not affect the signal to noise ratio at the output
D. reduces distortion *

59. To obtain very high input and output impedance in a feedback

amplifier, the topology mostly used is
A. voltage-series C. voltage-shunt
B. current-series * D. current-shunt

60. In a shunt-shunt negative feedback amplifier, as compared to the

basic amplifier
A. Both, input and output impedances decreases *
B. Input impedance decreases and output impedance increases
C. Input impedance increases and output impedance decreases
49. An amplifier has mid band gain A 500 and negative feedback D. Both, input and output impedances increases
 = 1/100. If upper cut-off without feedback were at 60 kHz, what
would be its value with feedback? 61. Negative feedback in an amplifier
A. 10 kHz C. 360 kHz * A. reduces gain
B. 12 kHz D. 300 kHz B. increases frequency and phase distortions
50. The gain of a power amplifier is 1000 , and it has an output of C. reduces bandwidth *
12 V at 1.5 kHz along with a second harmonic content of 25 %. A D. increases noise
negative feedback is to be provided to reduce the harmonic
content of the output to 2.5 %. Find the gain of the feedback path 62. An amplifier has an open loop gain of 100, an input impedance
and the level of signal input to the overall system, respectively. of 1 kohm and an output impedance of 100 ohms. A feedback
A. 0.9 and 0.12 V C. 0.9 and 12 V network with a feeback factor of 0.99 is connected to the
B.0.09 and 1.2 V D. 9 and 0.12 V amplifier in a voltage series feedback mode. The new input and
output impedances, respectively are
51. Given the following open loop parameters of an Op-Amp:
A. 10 ohms and 1 ohm
Zin 300 kohms, Zout 100 ohms, A=50,000. If the closed loop
B. 10 ohms and 10 kohms *
gain is 100, compute the low frequency system input and output
C. 100 kohms and 1 ohm *
impedances.
D. 100 kohms and 1kohm
A. 0.6ohms and 50 kohms C. Same as in open loop
B. 150 Mohms and0.2ohms * D. None of the above
52. If the given differential gain of an op-amp is 4000, the value of 63. What should be the minimum configuration of the decoder if the
CMRR is 150, and the two input voltages are 200 u V and 160 following switching functions are implemented?
u V respectively, what will be its output voltage?
A. 16 V C. 164.8 mV f1 m 1,2,4,8,10,14 

B. 64 mV D. 76 mV f2 m 2,5,9,11 

f3 m 2,4,5,6,7
53. An op-amp used in an amplifier has a slew rate SR =1 V/usec
and a gain of 40 dB. If this amplifier has to faithfully amplify The minimum configuration of the decoder should be
sinusoidal signals from 10 to 20 kHz, without introducing any A. 2 – to - 4 lines C. 4 – to – 16 lines
B. 3 – to – 8 lines D. 5 – to – 32 lines
slew-rate induced distortion, what isthe maximum input signal
level? 64. The inputs of a half-subtractor circuit, are Aand B. Which of the
A. 795 mV C. 395 mV following describe the Borrow (M) and Difference (N = A- B) ?
B. 79.5 mV D. 39.5 mV
A. M=A⊕ B, N=AB C. M=AB, N=A⊕B]
54. Upon what principle does a relaxation oscillator operate? B. M = 𝐴̅B ,N = A⊕ B * D. M = AB, N = A⊕ B
A. resistor in cascade
B. the charging and discharging of a capacitor *
65. Simplify 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝐶̅ )(𝐴̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
+ 𝐵 + 𝐶) using Boolean algebra
C. the rectification process of a diode
A. 𝑌 = (𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝐶)(𝐴 + 𝐵 ∙ 𝐶)
D. switching transistors
B. 𝑌 = (𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅ + 𝐶̅ )(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) *
C. 𝑌 = (𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝐶̅ )(𝐴 ∙ 𝐶 + 𝐵̅ )
55. What determines the pulse time in a monostable multivibrator?
D. 𝑌 = (𝐵 ∙ 𝐶 + 𝐴̅)(𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝐶̅ )
A. resistor combinations
B. inductor combinations
66. Which of the following is the minimum number of gates (using
C. capacitor combinations
NAND gates only) required to implement the function 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐵 +
D. resistor and capacitor combinations *
𝐶̅ ?
56. What determines the resonant frequency of a crystal? A. 2 * C. 4
A. external components B. 3 D. 6
B. the temperature of the crystal
C. the size and thickness of the crystal material * 67. What is the canonical sum of product form of the function 𝑌 =
D. the hermitic seal 𝐴 + 𝐵̅ ∙ 𝐶?

57. Current-shunt feedback results in A. Y m(1,3,5,6,7) C. Y m(2,3,5,6)

B. Y m(1,4,5,6,7) * D. Y m(2,3,5,7)
A. increase in both input and output impedance
B. decrease in both input and output impedance 68. If S and R inputs of an S-R flip-flop are equal to 1, what is the
C. increase in input impedance and decrease in output value of Q?
impedance A. Unchanged C. Set to 1
D. decrease in input impedance and increase in output B. Clear to 0 D. Indeterminate *
impedance *

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

69. If the outputs of the two flip-flops Q1, Q2 are initialized to 0,0,
what is the sequence generated at Q1 upon application of clock
signal?
D. *

76. If A,B,Cand D are inputs, and Y is the output in the XOR gate
circuit, which of the following statements about the sum S of
A,B,C,D and Y is true ?
A. S is always with 0 or odd

B. S is always either 0 or even
C. S=1 only if the sum of A,B,Cand D is even
A. 01110... C. 01010...
B. 00110... D. 01100... * D. S=1 only if the sum of A,B,C and D is odd *

70. The J-K flip-flop has J and K =1. What will be the 77. Given a 3-line to 8-line decoder, with active low outputs, used to
sequence at the Q output will bAssuming the flip- flop was implement a 3-variable Boolean function. What is the Boolean
initially cleared and then clocked for 6 pulses, function F implemented in ‘Product of Sum’ form?

A. 010000 B. 010010 C. 011001 D. 010101 * A. (𝑋 + 𝑍)(𝑋̅ + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍̅)(𝑌 + 𝑍)

B. (𝑋̅ + 𝑍̅)(𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍)(𝑌̅ + 𝑍̅)
71. Determine the circuit described by two synchronously clocked J- C. (𝑋̅ + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍)(𝑋̅ + 𝑌 + 𝑍)(𝑋 + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍)(𝑋 + 𝑌 + 𝑍̅)
K flip-flops, with the following connection: J 0 = K0 = ̅̅̅
𝑄1 , J1 = Q0, D. (𝑋̅ + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍)(𝑋̅ + 𝑌 + 𝑍̅)(𝑋 + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍)(𝑋 + 𝑌̅ + 𝑍̅)
K1 = ̅̅̅
𝑄0 .
78. A 4 x1 MUX is used to implement a 3-input Boolean function.
A. counter of mod 2 C. counter of mod 3 *
What is the Boolean function F(A,B,C) ?
B. shift-right register D. shift-left register

72. Given the condition that the output Y of a 2-bit comparator is

high whenever the 2-bit input A is greater than the 2-bit input B.
How many number of combinations for which the output is logic
high?
A. 4 C. 6 *
B. 8 D. 10

73. Which is the output Y of the circuit? A. F(A,B,C) = Σ(1,2,4,6) * C. F(A,B,C) = Σ(1,2,6)
B. F(A,B,C) = Σ(2,4,5,6) D. F(A,B,C) = Σ(1,5,6)

79. Which of the following describes the circuit below?

A. 1 * B. X C. 0 D.

74. The K-map represents a function F. What is the simplified form

of F? A. JK flip-flop C. T flip-flop *
B. Clocked RS flip-flop D. Ring counter

80. The Octal equivalent of HEX and number AB.CD is

A. 253.314 C. 253.632 *
B. 526.314 D. 526.632

A. 𝐹 = 𝑋̅ 𝑌 + 𝑌𝑍 Problems 81 – 84
B. 𝐹 = 𝑋̅ 𝑌̅ + 𝑌𝑍 A copper wire has a circular cross section with diameter of 1.03
C. 𝐹 = 𝑋̅ 𝑌̅ + 𝑌𝑍̅ mm, and resistance per unit length of 2.5 x 10-4 ohms/cm.
D. 𝐹 = 𝑋̅ 𝑌̅ + 𝑌̅ 𝑍 Assume the concentration of free electrons is 8.4 x 1028 per m3.
The current density is 2.1x106 A/m2.
75. Which of the following circuit describes the above function.
81. Calculate current flowing
A. 1.75 mA * C. 3.88 mA
B. 2.31 mA D. 4.21 mA

82. Find Conductivity

A. 2.4 x 107 (ohm-m)-1 C. 1.2 x 107 (ohm-m)-1
A.
B. 4.8 x 107 (ohm-m)-1 * D. 3.6 x 107 (ohm-m)-1

83. Determine the velocity of free electrons

B. A. 0.78 x 10-4 m/s C. 1.56 x 10-4 m/s *
B. 0.25 x 10-4 m/s D. 1.95 x 10-4 m/s

84. Calculate mobility.

A. 1.57 x 10-3 m2/V-sec
C.
B. 2.57 x 10-3 m2/V-sec
C.
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C. 3.57 x 10-3 m2/V-sec *
D. 4.57 x 10-3 m2/V-sec
Page 4
 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

85. Which of the following is the correct instruction execution B. Colpitt’s oscillator * D. None of the above
sequence?
A. Execute, Decode and Fetch
 96. What is the maximum depletion layer width in Silicon?

B. Fetch, Execute and Decode A. 0.143 μm C. 1 μm
C. Execute, Fetch and Decode B. 0.857 μm D. 1.143 μm *
D. Fetch, Decode and Execute *
97. Transistor is in saturation when
86. A half adder can be implemented using which of the following?
A. One XOR and one OR gate with their outputs connected in A. IB IC C. IB 0
parallel B. IB IC / dc * D. IB IC / dc

B. One XOR and one OR gate with their outputs connected in 98. Which Logic Gates are designated as Universal Gates?
series A. NOT, OR and AND Gate
C. One XOR gate and one AND gate * B. XNOR, XNOR and NAND Gates
D. Two XNOR gages only
C. NOR and NAND Gates
 *
87. Which of the following is the correct sequence when the logic D. XOR, NOR and NAND Gates
families are arranged in descending order of fan-out
capabilities?
 99. Which of the following statements describes the effects of
A. CMOS, TTL, ECL and IIL C. IIL, ECL, TTL and CMOS feedback on stability and sensitivity?
B. IIL, TTL, ECL and CMOS D. CMOS, ECL, TTL and IIL * A. Negative feedback improves stability and system response is
less sensitive to external inputs and parameter variations *
88. K-map is used to simplify an output expression when the given B. Feedback does not affect stability but system response is
function is in what form? sensitive to disturbances and parameter variations
A. Product of sum form C. Canonical form * C. Feedback does not affect stability and system response is
B. Sum of product form D. any form sensitive to disturbances and parameter variations
D. Negative feedback affects stability and system response is
89. Which of the following parameters limits the large signal more sensitive disturbances and parameter variations
bandwidth of an operational amplifier?
A. CMRR C. Gain-bandwidth product
100. K-map is used to simplify an output expression when the given
B. Slew rate
 * D. Input impedance
function is in what form?

90. An increase in the base recombination of a BJT will increase A. Product of sum form C. Canonical form *
A. the common emitter dc current gain  B. Sum of product form D. any form
B. the breakdown voltage BVCEO *
101. Which of the following parameters limits the large signal
C. the unity-gain cut-off frequency fT bandwidth of an operational amplifier?
D. the transconductance gm
A. CMRR C. Gain-bandwidth product
91. What is the most commonly used amplifier in sample and hold B. Slew rate
 * D. Input impedance
circuit?
A. a unity gain inverting amplifier
B. a unity gain non inverting amplifier * 102. An increase in the base recombination of a BJT will increase
C. an inverting amplifier with a gain of 10
A. the common emitter dc current gain 
D. an inverting amplifier with a gain of 100
B. the breakdown voltage BVCEO *
C. the unity-gain cut-off frequency fT
92. In a zenervoltage regulator, zener diode is

D. the transconductance gm
1. Connected in series with filter output 103. What is the most commonly used amplifier in sample and hold
2. Forward biased

circuit?
3. Connected in parallel with filter output
4. Reverse biased
 Which of the above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 C. 1 and 4 A. a unity gain inverting amplifier
B. 3 and 4 * D. 2 and 3 B. a unity gain non inverting amplifier *
C. an inverting amplifier with a gain of 10
93. A common emitter amplifier can be converted into an oscillator D. an inverting amplifier with a gain of 100
by
104. In a zenervoltage regulator, zener diode is

1. Providing adequate positive feedback
1. Connected in series with filter output
2. Phase shifting the output by 180and feeding this phase-
2. Forward biased

shifted output to the input.
3. Connected in parallel with filter output
3. Using only a series turned circuit as a load on the amplifier.
4. Reverse biased
 Which of the above are correct?
4. Using the negative resistance device as a load on the
amplifier.
A. 1 and 2 C. 1 and 4
B. 3 and 4 * D. 2 and 3
Which of the above statements are true?
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 C. 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only * D. 3 and 4 only
105. A common emitter amplifier can be converted into an oscillator
94. The differential voltage gain and the common mode voltage gain
by
of a differential amplifier are 48 dB and 2 dB respectively.
Calculate its common mode rejection ratio.
1. Providing adequate positive feedback
A. 23 dB C. 46 dB * 2. Phase shifting the output by 180and feeding this phase-
B. 25 dB D. 50 dB shifted output to the input.
3. Using only a series turned circuit as a load on the amplifier.
95. Which of the following oscillators is characterized by a split 4. Using the negative resistance device as a load on the
capacitor in its tank circuit? amplifier.
A. RC phase shift oscillator C. Wien bridge oscillator

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

Which of the above statements are true? 115. Which of the above statements are correct about the conditions
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 C. 2 and 3 only needed to operate a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) in active
B. 1 and 2 only * D. 3 and 4 only region in a linear circuit?

1. The emitter diode must be forward biased.

106. The differential voltage gain and the common mode voltage gain
2. The collector diode must be reverse biased
of a differential amplifier are 48 dB and 2 dB respectively. 3. The voltage across the collector diode must be greater than
Calculate its common mode rejection ratio. the breakdown voltage.
4. The voltage across the collector diode must be less than the
C. 23 dB C. 46 dB * breakdown voltage.
D. 25 dB D. 50 dB A. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 1, 3 and 4
107. An ideal op-amp is an ideal B. 1, 2 and 4 only * D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
A. voltage controlled current source
B. voltage controlled voltage source *
C. current controlled current source 116. If the N-channel MOSFET is ideal, and its threshold voltage is
D. current controlled voltage source +1.0 V, compute the voltage Vabbetween nodes a and b.

108. Which of the following oscillators is characterized by a split

capacitor in its tank circuit?

A. RC phase shift oscillator

B. Colpitt’s oscillator *
C. Wien bridge oscillator
D. None of the above
A. 5 V C. 2 V
B. 1 V D. 0 V *

109. What is the maximum depletion layer width in Silicon?


117. An operational amplifier has __
A. 0.143 μm C. 1 μm
B. 0.857 μm D. 1.143 μm * A. Very large input resistance and very large output resistance
B. Very large input resistance and very small output resistance *
110. Transistor is in saturation when C. Very small input resistance and very small output resistance
D. Very small input resistance and very large output resistance
A. IB IC C. IB 0
IC/ IC 118. What is the relationship between the series and parallel resonant
B. IB dc * D. IB / dc frequencies of a quartz crystal
A. they are equal
B. parallel resonant frequency is higher than series resonant
111. Which Logic Gates are designated as Universal Gates?
frequency *
A. NOT, OR and AND Gates C. series resonant frequency is higher than parallel resonant
B. XNOR, XNOR and NAND Gates frequency
C. NOR and NAND Gates
 * D. none of the above
D. XOR, NOR and NAND Gates 119. A 20-Vdc power supply was found to have a ripple voltage of 2
Vrms when supplying 1.5 amps load. Calculate its percent ripple.

112. Which of the following statements describes the effects of A. 7.5%

B. 10.0 %*
feedback on stability and sensitivity?
C. 12.5 %
D. 15.0 %
A. Negative feedback improves stability and system response is
less sensitive to external inputs and parameter variations *
B. Feedback does not affect stability but system response is
sensitive to disturbances and parameter variations
C. Feedback does not affect stability and system response is
sensitive to disturbances and parameter variations
D. Negative feedback affects stability and system response is
more sensitive disturbances and parameter variations

113. Which of the following describes the function of the circuit?

A. abistable multi-vibrator *
B. an astable multi-vibrator
C. a monostable multi-vibrator
D. an oscillator

114. Consider the outputs Q and 𝑄̅ of master S-R flip-flop are

connected to its R and S inputs respectively. What will be the
output Q when clock pulses are applied?

A. Permanently 0

B. Permanently 1
C. Fixed 0 or 1
D. Complementing with every clock pulse *

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

120. A type of oscillator which uses an amplifier circuit that introduces

1800 phase shift B. Forward bias the collector/base junction and reverse
A. RC Phase Shift Oscillator * bias the emitter/base junction.
B. Wien Bridge Oscillator
C. Hartley Oscillator
C.Apply a positive voltage on the n-type material and a
negative voltage on the p-type material.
D. Armstrong Oscillator
121. If the feedback signal (voltage or current) is applied in such a
way that it is in phase with the input signal and thus increases. It
D.Apply a large voltage on the base.
is also known as regenerative feedback or direct feedback
A. Positive Feedback* 131. When slew-rate distortion of a sine wave occurs, the output
B. Negative Feedback A. is larger
C. Stabilized Feedback B. appears triangular *
D. Impedance Feedback C. appears square
D. has no offset

122. The measure of how “pure” or “real” an inductor is. The higher its
value in an inductor, the fewer losses there are. 132. The characteristic curve for the complex model of a silicon diode
shows that
a. Q-factor*
b. Beta Factor A. the barrier potential is 0 V
c. Alpha Factor B. the barrier potential stays fixed at 0.7 V
d. K-factor
C. the barrier potential increases slightly with an increase
123. This can be defined as the ratio of output d.c. power available at in current *
the load to the power rating (Volt Ampere) of the transformer
used in the rectifier circuit D. the barrier potential decreases slightly with an increase
a. Transformer Utilization Factor* in current
b. Transformer Form Factor
c. Transformer Load Voltage Factor 133. Which of the following circuits would require the least amount of
d. Transformer Working Factor filtering?
A. A half-wave rectifier
B. A full-wave rectifier
124. A type of flip-flop in which the data are entered and appear on C. A bridge rectifier
the output on the same clock edge D. A full-wave rectifier and a bridge rectifier *
A. Set Reset Flip flop
B. Edge Triggered Flip flop*
C. JK Flip flop
134. An RL integrator and an RC differentiator can act as what types
D. D Flip flop
of filters, respectively?
125. Given a fixed biased configuration having a VCC equal to +12
with an RB and RC of 240kΩ 2.2kΩ respectively, find IBQ..
A. 47.08mA b. 47. 08µA * c. 4.708µA
A. low-pass, low-pass
d. NOTA B. low-pass, high-pass *
126. The _______ is a relaxation oscillator whose frequency can be C.high-pass, high-pass
changed by a variable dc contol voltage
A. voltage controlled oscillator * D.high-pass, low-pass
B. triangular wave oscillator
C. crystal controlled oscillator
D. Armstrong oscillator
135. The crystal oscillator frequency is very stable due to _____ of the
127. It is a network constructed of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor crystal.
that shifts a waveform to a different dc level without changing the A. rigidity C.
appearance of the applied signal. ductility
A. clipper b. clamper * c. rectifier d. B. high Q * D.
amplifier low Q

136. Why is it that the size of a power transistor is made considerably

128. Convert (0.6875)10 to binary. large?
a. 0.01112 b. 0.11012 A. to provide easy handling C. to
c. 0.10012 d.0.10112 * simplify construction
B. to dissipate more heat * D. to
facilitate connections
129. In order for feedback oscillators to have any practical value, the
gain has to be
137. A circuit usually containing two transistors or tubes in an RC-
A. < 1 coupled amplifier, the two active devices switch each other
alternately on and off.
B. self-adjusting * A. Multivibrator * C.
Oscillator
C.stabilized B. Signal generator D.
Thyristor
D.non-linear 138. A self-excited oscillator in which the tank is divided into input and
feedback portions by an inductive voltage divider or a tapped
coil.
A. Hartley oscillator * C.
130. Which of the following conditions are needed to properly bias an
Relaxation oscillator
NPN transistor amplifier? B. Copitts oscillator D. Klystron
A. Forward bias the base/emitter junction and reverse oscillator
139. Calculate the closed-loop voltage gain of an inverting amplifier
bias the base/collector junction. * having a feedback and an input resistance of 100 kohms and 10
kohms, respectively.

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 CERTC-ECE Refresher 4 ELECS

A. 10 *
C. 100
B. 11
D. 110
140. Calculate the CMRR of an op-amp having a common-mode gain
of 10 and a differential-mode gain of 100,000.
A. 1000 dB B. 100 dB C.
80 dB * D. 40 dB

141. The specified value of holding current for an SCR means that
A. the device will turn on when the anode current exceeds
this value
B. the device will turn off when the anode current falls this
value*
C. the device may be damage if the anode current exceeds
this value
D. the gate current must equal or exceeds this value to turn
on the device
142. Any thyristor can be turned off with
A. Breakover C.
Low-current drop out *
B. Forward-bias triggering D. Reverse-
bias triggering

143. What are the three terminals of a triac?

A. anode 1(A1) , anode 2 (A2) and gate (G)
B. mainterminal 1 (MT1), mainterminal 2 (MT2), and gate
(G)
C. anode (A) , cathode (K) and gate (G)
D. both A and B are acceptable *

144. Mode in which a flip-flop changes states for each clock pulse.
A. Toggle *
C. trigger
B. Bubble-Triangle D. Switch
145. Mode in which a flip-flop changes states for each clock pulse.
A. Toggle *
C. trigger
B. Bubble-Triangle D. Switch

1. What is the total phase shift requirement, around the feedback

loop, for a phase-shift oscillator?
A. 45 C. 180
B. 90 D. 360 *

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