1) ITC e-choupal is a great example of backward integration.

● Inefficiencies in Mandi System: from PPT slide 9- limtiations of Mandi system.

○
○ The company developed its e-Choupal strategy as a way to communicate directly with
the farmer and tobypass the inefficiencies arising out of the agents’ intermediation,
thereby achieving “virtual vertical integration.”

2)in case of food products consumer benefits are often very subjective
Consumption Behaviour of people in India: Fresh vs processed food
Pg: 18- what will drive food processing products- Meat, eggs etc
Food attributes:Pg 14-
-Atkearney Paper -Indian consumption pattern

3)Efficient consumer response at the retail end can add a lot of value to the food
products.
Customer Value formula, eg:CCD Pg 21-22; Effect of packaging eg Parle:G, Pg 23
organised retail
Max perceived benefits through packaging are at retail. Money you pay as proxy for quality.
Efficient Consumer Response has advantages for all members in the supply chain.
Some are general advantages resulting from overall improvement in efficiency of the supply
chain. Others stem directly from the specific strategies used to implement ECR. General
advantages of Efficient Consumer Response include improving the efficiency of the
supply chain and reducing costs.
Additionally, Efficient Consumer Response decreases time and eliminates costs in the core,
value-adding processes of the grocery chain through four specific strategies: efficient store
assortment, efficient replenishment, efficient promotion, and efficient product introduction.
Efficient assortment ensures that the range of products carried by a retail store satisfies the
consumer and that store space is utilized efficiently to increase retailer and supplier
profitability. Where space is at a premium, efficient assortment has the potential to
significantly help supply chain members reduce costs.
Efficient replenishment aims to provide the right product, to the right place, at the right time,
in the right quantity, and in the most efficient manner possible. This Efficient Consumer
Response component is supported by a free flow of accurate and timely information,
integrated with the flow of product, throughout the grocery supply chain. Efficient
replenishment can be most beneficial to the grocery industry where channels of distribution
are rather long.
Efficient promotion, another specific strategy of Efficient Consumer Response, ensures that
trade promotions and consumer promotions used by members of the supply chain are more
cost efficient.
However, due to the complex, unique nature of promotions.
Efficient product introduction ensures that manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and
consumers collaborate together closely to develop better products quicker and less
expensive. The marketplace is exposed to an extremely large number of new products;
 since products could be returned, wholesalers and retailers made little effort to stock only
those products that met consumer needs.
Involving and collaborating with the consumer early in the process and continuously
monitoring (Point of Sales) POS activity to detect trends in sales can help develop
better products.

4)Convergence of food consumption patterns across the globe is resulting in product

diversification by large food companies.
Trends changing, food basket is shrinking but variety is increasing :pg1
5)Strategies alliances are preferred approaches for removing uncertainties in food
business.

Shared risk in Forward & Backward integration - Pg 27,28,

How to control behaviour of suppliers: Pg 31

6)Glocalization is very common strategy adopted by large food MNCs for geographic
expansion.
Pg 28: strict rules, local taste buds
6a report)ch5 WIPO

7)Application of GIS in business depends on imagination power of managers.

Precision Farming,-Virtual Land Consolidation

Precision agriculture, or precision farming, is therefore a farming concept that utilizes

geographical information to determine field variability to ensure optimal use of inputs
and maximize the output from a farm (Esri, 2008). Precision agriculture gained
popularity after the realization that diverse fields of land hold different properties. Large
tracts of land usually have spatial variations of soils types, moisture content, nutrient
availability and so on. Therefore, with the use of remote sensing, geographical
information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS), farmers can more
precisely determine what inputs to put exactly where and with what quantities. This
information helps farmers to effectively use expensive resources such as fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides, and more efficiently use water resources. In the end, farmers
who use this method not only maximize on their yields but also reduce their operating
expenses, thus increasing their profits. On these grounds therefore, this article shall
focus on the use of geospatial technologies in precision farming. To achieve this, the
paper shall focus on how geospatial data is collected, analyzed and used in the decision
making process to maximize on yields.

GIS application in agriculture has been playing an increasingly important role in crop production throughout the world
by helping farmers in increasing production, reducing costs, and managing their land resources more efficiently. GIS
application in agriculture such as agricultural mapping plays a vital role in monitoring and management of soil and
irrigation of any given farm land. GIS agriculture and agricultural mapping act as an essential tools for management of
agricultural sector by acquiring and implementing the accurate information into a mapping environment. GIS application
in agriculture also helps in management and control of agricultural resources. GIS agriculture technology helps in
improvement of the present systems of acquiring and generating GIS agriculture and resources data.
AABSyS IT uses GIS application in agriculture sector such as GIS agriculture for improving present method of acquiring
and generating agricultural and resources data.

The company uses different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions for:
● Crop mapping yield estimation
● Crop assessment and Crop health
● Irrigated landscape mapping
● Application development for GIS agriculture
● Soil and irrigation amendment analysis
● Suitability assessment studies
● Erosion identification and remediation
● Agricultural mapping for detailed vegetation cover and monitoring
● Change detection studies and developing crop models
● Damage and land degradation assessment studies
● Elevation models for efficient drainage

8)Largescale processing of foods and vegetables in India is neither feasible nor

desirable.
Indian people consume fresh food.
AT kearney- pg 15

9)It is observed that as per capita income increases, the spending on food increases but
the overall calorie consumption changes by only a small extent
Pg10> Quality of food increases not quantity, variety of food, try more continental

Ans.2)Western: More rules and regulations

South East asia: Less opportunity cost: Pg 27,28,29
Ans3) Pg 30-social implications,
ITC technology through sanchalak: pg 32, Business model:ITC PPT