i-ii:i'1-{.,iil'c' ,i,!. i:i i ;i i i [,"-']' i.i i; i.

I W O RL D A R C H lT E C T U RE

Before 9000 BC, nomadic tit'e of hunting &

food gathering
PREFIISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
By 9000 l3C, farming and agriculture was
The tirne hefore people recorded history in
practiced
writing . Fertile soil and plentiful food
. Animal domestication for worl<, milk, wool
. People wanted to settle down, Iive in
Refers to the time period before people communities
'
could write, the time before written records. ' First viiiages in the Middie East, South
. Objects are the dacuments of record America, Central America, lndia and China
. Challenge is to "read" the non-verbal info
fnttnrl in ohipr-f<
sT$NE AffiF
E hI FLI-IEFJCES OF TI-IE DEVELOPfuXENT
$F ARCF{ETECTUffiE

Fig 1. The Evolution of Man

Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa

irnrn ) ? rnillinn \/parc aon - ]{nrnn Flahilic
Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens
I he success of the human race was iargeiy h
due to the development of tools * made of
k@*tz#lrrwqiiryftr A.qqe,
stonei wood, bone liitr ildd+r.{d |?#,

Humaiis spread frorn Africa into Southern Fig 3. Stone age tools
Europe, Asia . Paleolithic
Could not settle far north due to the cold (Old Stone Age, c40000-8000 BC) - mostly
climate
nomadic hunter
o

I
Frorn Siberia by foot into North America . Mesoiithic
From Southeast Asia by boat into Austraiia (Middle Stone Age, c8000-7000 BC)
*- L r- -l!rl-:
t\ut ilLilIL-
(New Stone Age, c7000-2300 BC) - began
to settle year-round

- PALEO - ttold't
- MESO - "midtiie i between"
- NEO - "new"
- tlTH - "stone"
- N,4Ef: L,,iltrao nr orr:rt/r
Fig 2. Prehistoi'ic Huntirrg -

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 HISTCIR"}. #F AIT{I.4ITE{TLJFE I WORLD ARCI{ITECTURE

BRONZE ACE into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,

socializing.
. ln places where no industrial revolution
has occurred to transform building
methods and increase population density,
houses show little difference from primitive
ones

Rock Cave - Earliest form of dwellings

- Natural Cave
- Artificial Cave

Fig 4. The Bronze Age

. Covered the Minoan Period of the Crete &

Creek period

IRON ACE

Fig 4. Lascaux Cave

Lascaux Cave is the setting of a

complex ol caves in southwestern
France famous for its Paleolithic cave
paintings. They contain some of the
best-known Upper Paleolithic art.
These paintings are estimated to be
17,30O years old. They primarily
consist of images of large animals, most
Fig 4. The lron Age of which are known from fossil
evidence to lrave Iived in the area at the
25 to 50 years before Iulius Ceasar trme.

3 Classifications Of Early Known Types Of Tents - made from tree barks, animal skins
Architecture & plant leaves
Huts - usually made up of reeds, brushes
. Dwellings and wattles Beehive Hut
. Religious Monuments Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with
. Burial Crounds corbelled roof
Wigwam or Tepee - conical tent with
Early Dwellings wooden poles as framework. Sometimes
. The development of more complex
covered with rush mats and an animal skin
door Hogan - primitive lndian structure of
civilizations led to division of the room
joined logs

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 F{$STSPV ffiF ARC&{iTEETURF I WORLD ARCI.IITECTURE

. lBloo (Eskimo) house constructed of - Religion

hard-packed snow lrlocks huilt up spirally
. No organized religion
. The dead are treated r,vith respect - burial
rituals and monuments

2 Classifications of Religious Structures

. MONOIITH - /'menhir"
isolated single upright stone
also known as

Fig 5. igloo

Nigerian hut - with muci wails and roof of

palm leaves
lraqi Mudhif - covered with split reed mats,
bullt on a reed olatform to orevent
settlement

Fig 8. Menhir

- Menhir - memorial of victory over one

tribe. Serves a religious purpose.
Sometimes arrangecl in parallel rows,
reaching several miles and consisting of
thousands of stones
Fig 6. lraqi Mudhiff

. . MEGALITHIC- Several number of stones

Sumatran house - for several families, built
of timber and palm leaves, the fenced pen
underneath is for livestock

Fig 9. Dolmen

'i:;
- Dolmen - two or more upright stones
.l r' .,,t:,*':-:,, -, :iFry supporting a horizontal slab. Tomb of
-r--J:-- .-^..-fl-. ^---.-^-J ---irl-
Fig 7. Surnatran House stdrrulflB -t^-^-
srurrEr u5udily LdPPtru wlr,ll d
Iarge horizontal slab

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 fi"{i$Tffitrii f,}F AffiilH;Tffi(TUftT I WORLD ARCI+ITECTURE

- CromlechlStone fircles three or . Tumuli or "Barrows" -

more upright stones capped by unchain
flat stone. Enciosure formed by huge
stones planted on the ground in circular
form.
earthen mounds
use for burials of several to couple hundred
of ordinary persons. It has a corrldor inside
leading to an underground chamber

I t *-,.. n Y art+t
af CtuaA*t ia XeSe*w I'eart*r.

Fig 11. Section of a Tunrulus

Fig 9. Stonehenge, England Architectural Character

Stonehenge, fngland (2800 - 15O0 BC) . Materials - Animal skins, wooden frames,
- Most spectacular and imposing of animal bones
nronoI ith ic monurnents . Construction System Existing or
- Outer ring, inner ring, innermost excavated caves
horseshoe-shaped ring with open enci . Decoration - Caves paintings in Africa,
facing east France and Spain
- Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons,
came fronr Wales 200 km away
- Stones transported by sea or river then -End of Section-
hauled on land with sledges and rollers
by hundreds of people, raised upr'ight
into pits, capped with Iintels
- A solar observatory - designed to rnarl<
the sun's path during sunrlse on
Midsummer Day

Burial Mounds

Fig 10. Burial Mounds

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 L,iB$T#PV $F AP{*48'TE{T["}ftH I U/ORLD ARCI{ITECTURE

PMEMBTORIA ARCHITECTURE"
SRTKIITS tr TREES
LvrLnLy I.,ITU TI[,F
,/AUFDFh
wtilt rvnt
-

'.L*

rt;
*1a.,

'
C Smgu:nues Jum,&orrlno.

F._r,tc5&-.
*,1'f"f\rn,*,.
t.ir.-.-tcr dl.r

RreHrrn,Slw.

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 I WORLD ARCI{ITECTURE

$: &$)F,,1

ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

The civi I ization between two rivers

tu4il${}$,()}';tr&,4*A

Fig 2. Ericiu

- was coirsidereri tire iirst uity irr tire

world lry the ancient Sumerians and,
certainly, is among the most ancient of
!'r.l I n s.

tTIESSFST&Ellft - Eridu was thouglrt to have been created

'; by the gocis anci was home to the great
water god Enki (who, later, would
Fig 1. The l'",tii" C-r"rceni Civilizrrtion .lorrolnn i'rnm s in. ,l nnri ir r moroa rnrif h
deities such as Anu and Enli! as Lord of
from the (ireek, meaning between two the Liniverse, and was associated with
rivers (Tigris and the Euphrates)
Ea, god of wisdorn).
- Mesos - middle - The Sumerian King List cites Eridu as
- Potamos - river the "city of the first klngs"
l..^-.,.- +l^- t!^--Jt^ -f -i..:li-^t:^*r,
r\r r(Jyv I I df, ( r iE LI drlac rrt Llvlliz(rtlrJia
prinrarily because of two developments $,$-i$'sggqSrt*
that occurred there, in the region of 5umer,
irr the 4th r;entrlry BCF:

- the rise oi iire ciiy

- the invention of writing (although
writing rs also known to have
in Fovnt in f ho Inrlr
rlr.vc,lnnrrrl '..-.)/t../.'.1.ll--}l.vI. tc, \/allott
and China)

Turned into city-states with populations of

thousarrds
E--l.
L(tLlI -;+,,.+1+^
Llt/-)LciLE ,.-.1^J
5!jrltJlrllLlUU l^,, - ..,^ll
l/y ct ^^-l
VVclti dlr(l
dcinrinated Liy .a large tenrple
Fig 3. City of Ur
Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers,
farmers, priests a City of Ur - the first independent city state
Sometimes would conquer each other and a A-nr .-J Nlrnnr Ziggurats
form an empire
Ziggurats - referred as holy mountains

Ail rights resei'ved O Claudia lsabelle Montero WORLD: ANCIENT NEAR EAST I
 I WORLD ARCI]ITECTURE

VYV
t,l
*: Tv fg' Fv
gt:t
,'1, i{ i'(r\i rl 4 i.q:,,
i\ fu
,t

TlY
r li
7,,\" X:Ypft K
FVT?
B"- I >*L= *Yt'f V* Y>*
il) ',FI " :F 'it;
:
?ll
v
r7:V
7i. i{ tIv I,I F_r
YW

Fig 4. Luneiiorm

Cuneiform - is one of the earliest known Fig 6. Sargon I

systems ot writing, distinguished by its

n'edge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made ' Sargon I - defeats Sumerians
('rrorvr
i:y rneans o[ a biunt reeci for a styius ' I lnrlor i
.^.1
(alru hi. cr r--6ccr\rc
J(jL!LJJ\/|J/
+ho
Akkadian larrgr-rage was hriefly imposed on
- are of nren and women neighborinB conquererj states
' Votive Figures
that are related to the Near Easlern
dcvotional practice w'hei'e thc worshippers
would sculpt inrages o[ tlremselves in a
shrine and place them in front of an e\/en
Iarger imape of the gocl they w'ere
r,vorshipping

Fig 7, Stele of Nar;rm-sirr

Steie of Naram-sin - Nararn-Sirr's famed

tig 2. V<ltivt-- Figures victory siele ciepicts [rim as a gocr'-king
clirnbing a ri-riiurrtaii-l abovc lris solcliers,
Epic of Cilgamesh - an epic poerr from ancl his enemies, the defeaterl Lullubi.
\4ecnr-rnta!'-y-ri.r ic "',,.-. .b".
--rryrnnrrqt the ear'Iiest lJ^:--l:^
I IttlaltL C--l^
JLart - :-
tJ q- +^.-
tcllrl ^^+i,-^
tcl/ruJLrttlrrS +l^^
trr(
surviving vt,orks of Iiterature sizes oI thirrgs accorcling to their
invention r:i wheel - they connected it to irnportance, rather than how tlrey would
r,r"hir'loc r:llar'{ r-hrrinic
lf oni thom tn appeal'irr the reaI world.
" b"'
places they rvanted tcl go qLrickly.

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 ]I. I WORLD ARCHITECTURE

. ln 1595 BCE Hammurabirs empire fell to

the hands of the Hiftites, whet returned to
Anatolia (now Turkey), which was the
Leiller ur tlretr puwct .

Fiu L Cif,v if lasash

. lasash
-O-r_ ferind - thp nrominenf rrrler uvas
King Gudea who was a great br:ilder (City
trf Lagash), known due ti-r the rnany sione
sculptures depicting him. El^
r l5r 1n /-L-l.l-^-
av. Lll(rl(l(dll \,^l.l^-
I \Uur(:J

.' -rL^. , l^{+ D^}.,,1^^ +^ +l^^ rL^lJ^^-^

r i l€y lEjl L Lid.uy r\Jl r L\., Lr rc a-tt(trtlcdlrt/
ffi.&ffiYil#ru$Aru
warlike people wlro came to Babylorr from
. King Hammurabi - r-inited the various the mountains to the east.
lr/",.^^^+--i-^,-+l^^;^
ryr(*)(JlJ\JLcuilrd.r r r:tlililL. .".1..^ ^-;^.,^J
6r(JuH5 vvtt\/ rlt tJ\J),uLl
calnr and prosperity under his rule, and &s$Y&B-qrq
merged their cultures. His rule and the
rule t:f his successors in the Babylonian . R;rco.l in Achr rr hiocrcct prnnire r rndpr Kino
Empire \ /ere based on unification by the Ashurbanipal - conquered Mesopotamia,
laws of ['lammrirabi. Syria, Paiestine and Egypt

Fig 11. Lamassur

Fig 9. Hanrmr-rrabi Code
Lamassu - is an Assyrian protective deity,
Code of Hamnrurabi - set of laws issued often depicted with a bull or lion's hody,
rt ell thr.
flrrnr rohnr ritioc in thp Frnnirrr tn ^^-l^r- ) ,",:^--
r;d6ls vvllrti)/ -^J L,.*^^r.
clllU L^^-l
llUlllLlll5lt(:clu.
protect their residents.

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 I
I rrrAAl A Arlll+F-+llAF
WL)I(LU AI{LHI
^
I EL I UI{E

Fdfl#-{$r\ffiY$ #ru$,qhi

tig 12. King Nebuchadnezzar

a period of Mesopotamian history which Fig 14. Tower of Babel

began in 626 BC ancl ended in 539 BC.
the city o{ Nineveh was sacked in 612 BC, ' Eten'lenanki the "temple of the
and ihe seat of ci^npire wds again foundation of heaven and earth".
transferred to Babylon ia" Originally seven stories in height, Iittle
Nebuchadnezzar ll - was a patron of the remains of it now save ruins. Accorcjing io
cities anci a spectacLriar builder. He rebuilt itrudcril sclli,rlars such as Steplien L. Hari'is,
all clf Babylonia's rnajor cities on a lavish the biblical story of the Tower of Babel
rr/1c
llUJ I;1,-1.,
lli\\.17 i^fl ',o^-oJ
lllltu!lr(-LU l-., E+o*^^-^l,i
llil iiaiiar\t
scale. lt'l L(\

during the Babylonian captivity of the

Hebrews

Fig 13. Hanging Cardens of Babyfon

. Hanging Cardens of Babylon - According

Fig I5. lshtar Cate
to accounts, the garde-ns were huilt to
cheer up Nebuchadnezzar's honresick wit-e, lshtar Gate - dedicated to the Babylonian
Arnyitis. The land she came from, though, goddess lshtar (gcddess of love, lvar and
was green, rugged and mountainous, and fertility), the gate was constructed using
she found the flat, sunbaked tei'i'ain of glazed brick with aitei'natinB rovvs of bas-
Mesopotamia depressing. The king decided relief
to re{ieve her depression by recreating her
horneland through the building of an
artificial mountain with rooftop gardens

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PEg{li$Ahi ffiE&_$il8$rd

. Each city-state worshipped their own Bod

for prntection
. People aimed to make peace with their
wrathful gocl

Fig 16. (-vrus the Great

Begrrn hy Cyrus the Creat from -559 to \29

BC
Cr:vered Mesr:potamia, Anatolia, Eastern Fig 18. Ziggurat at Ur
Mediterranean, Bactiia, Iridus Valiey and
North Africa
n--;..-
Ziggurat - were built by the Sumerians,
uclrtstJ rr l^^.J
lrdu ,-.^.,;^^^- ",.1^,J l.^.,
Prr_rvurLEJ tulELt rrl cr- --+-^^
so(rap, Rrlr,,lnni,rc
ustJ, tvt ttut trt tALLr.li.^.
1r\r\uurur .^.{ /A..rrri.^.
rJJ/ r rqr rr f^"
rur

rvho guarded the roads. c.ollected taxes and local religions (holy mountains)
controlled the army - The ancient Sumerians believed that the
eods lived iir the skv. In order for the
Bods to hear better, lou needecl to get
Llr.J:)Ct t-u +l----
^l-..^- +.- Ll tEl I l.

- Religious ceremonies were held on top

of the Ziggurat.
- The priests would collect and use fhese
gifts since they w'ere tl-re representatives
of t[re gotis orr e.rttlr.

A R{: P."fl ATECI"6*J NRAt C T"$ Affi Afl TEffi

' Materials - only materials readily available

was clay, soil, rc,eds, ruslres
Fig "17. Persepoiis
- Bricks made o{ mud and chopped straw,
a Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis sun-dried or kiln-fired
a l\rintrvnrlz
^li.^r.1"
li,rLina tho
(ti\ r^.r:l
rv)i ur rnrrrf
!vurr frr
r\/
- Timber, copper, tin, Iead gold, silver
other parts of the empire from Susa imported
- in
Persia to Sardis in Anatolia ' Decoration Colossal winged-hrulls
Tr:aded raw rnaterials, carpets and spices guarding chief portals
Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Creece ' Folychrome glazed bricks in blue, white,
tr^,,l^J ..,i+1- yeilow, green (as seen in lshtar Cate)
LltLlCu vvttll +1.^ J^f^-+
tllC LtCtCdt (rl
^i n^-;,,-
Uctl lu5 lll
rtl +^
tU
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
. Murals of decorative continuous stone

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 I YIORLD ARCI{ITECTURE

PALACES Gate of all Nations (Gate of Xerxes) -

palace is located in the ruins of the
. Persepolis - "Persian City". People from ancient city of Persepolis. Xerxes, who
all over the empire were involved in its built this structure, named it 'IThe Cate
constructiorr of All Countriesr'
- Variety of architectural styles with parts: The Hall of the Hundred Columns,
audience halls, reception halls, used as an audience and throne-hall.
storerooms for tributes and valuables,
military quarters, apadana tallest Palace of Persepolis:
building, with 36 columns of 2Om 1. The Creat Staircase
height 2. Propylon
3. The Creat Palace of Xerxes
4. Palace oi Darius
5. Palace of Xerxes
6. Secon Prpylon
7. Hall of 100 Columns
B. SmalI Palace

.
"f,!'i :i'',r l.
Fig 19. Apadana of Persepolis

An apadana - ls a large hypostyle hal[,

the best known examples belng the Slrgons fdacc

great audience hall and portico at

.Klrrrs.rterd
Persepolis
Fig21. Sargon's Palace Khorsabaci
i;--
. Palace of Khorsabad - was built by King
t
$<*ru Sargon II, who reigned |rom 722 to 705 BC,
and abandoned when he died in battle.
\s;;'i
DWELLINCS
. Seraglio - segi'egated living quarters used
by wives and concubines in an Ottoman
household.
Harem - literally means "Forbidden place""
Refers to the sphere of women in what are
usually a polygynous household and their
enclosed quarters that are forbidden to
men
Khan -- an inn with a large courtyard that
provides accommodation for caravans
Fig 20. Apatlana Column Detail

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 i-sr$T#ffiv ffiF "effifrh4iTffif,Tti$?fr I WORLD ARCHITECTURE

-^^ a r a.rl^i
t-tM't LfiuEu
lftn HuilT.rBof, lffl NoA[f{

clPgHrE
FEffilT{E
Elttilq
zV aa
oF
t? vl [resff$E
ftew0ur. iffiTltE
ilhlt oF
ffiP0llr.
,a\
(,

f;t{D- ,qo
I fill)t

rD6B{r{DffiB$0r
$tlwETntwitLL,
oriE tE6tD $r,

!ffiB,
Gpru
lPh
vl
-End of Section-

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FFlrhif I I tt I a\ rr-F-.Ft lhF
EU I I' I IAN AKLHI
-r
I EL I UKE
Pre-31a0 BC:7he Niie civilization

GEffi{;RAPB-E gC&8- ruFE-UENCT f,

APFETE ltf \

CITI: I E

Fig 2. Date Palm

ll::il ili: i ;,1riti,l ri

1-I a[{A-rrr-
s.-fr-!tvtft ,LtrE I rEL.i-r
* tE_ 3 t\(-&-EJti\t_5_

Ciinrate is equitai:ie anci oi warm

[ 1?:r"]! +E I
temperature, snow and frost being wholly
* - '- GrEslElI e xler rl D I
E+iE|tan En rir E
unlcnown, whi[e storm, fog and even rain
{t,,j',,i' .Tiru te:: '
l.l8fl iJjlr$tri 2rF) r2ro t^rhi-h errnr rntc tn a Ieroe evtpnf
r:i 1!r.
t, PP ER
for the good preservation of the temples
rl,u::rn[el LGYF( Structure has no ciownspout, drainage, anci
gutters due tcl absence of rain.
lij.;Li I 5

ti liiil :fli il *j
MHI$6IC}US $NFLTJENCE
Fig 1. Egyptian Civilization

. Egypt consists of a sandy desert with a strip

of fertile countr)/ on the hanks of Nile
. Egypt was the only nation of the ancient
woricj which had once easy access to
Northern or Mediterranean Sea, as well as
to the Eastern, or Arabian Sea, or by the
rnre., tho Porl Sc:
"* / ^(
"'
AAATEPIAI q, AMd IhJMAF.IT

-- ff^.-^
JturIE - duul rudr rt L..:lJ;.--
-L-.,-J-*. lrrlilLilt 15 ^^-+^-:-l ^,,-^^^+
r r l,:il,Er ldr EALgPT

on temples & pyranrids

. Soft stone -[imestone, sandstone, alabaster
. Hard stone granite, quartzite, basalt
porphyry Fig 3. Egyptian Cods and Goddesses
. Sundried Bricks - made up of clay &
chopped stone {or pyramids & temples.
. Pyramids were built brecause they believe
i^
lr I lif^ rffnr rlnr*h gP, fn. +ha
(r lL nrocAr\,a+i^n
. Date Palm - for roofirrg materials
lrlL ulrLl vlqarl rvr !JLl
l'/r v sl lur ^i
r ul

. Acacia- for boat

tl"re dead body.
. Sycamore - mumnry cases

Ali rights reserved O Ciauciia isabeile Montero VvOFLD: EGYPTIAN i 13

 Priesthood was powertul, possessed of . Development of two types of tombs:
almost unlinrited authority and equipped - Mastaba
with all the Iearning of tlre age. - Fyramid
The refigious rites were traditional,
unchangeable and mysterious . lmporatant Personalities:
They are monotheistic in theory & - Djoser flrst pharaoh to order the
polytheistic in practice construction of a pyramid (Step
Herodotus mentions that they loolced upon Pyramid)
the dwelling house as a mere temporary - lmhotep - Dioser's vizier. Considered
Iodging, the tomb being the permanent by some to be the earliest known
abode. architect
- Sneferu - constructed the Bent Pyramid
Egyptian gods and goddesses: - Khufu - Sneferu's son, the pharaoh whcr
- Amun-Ra - chief god built the Three Creat Pyramids of
- Rah - synrbol of the sun, hope for Cizeh
(jLEl ildl I:f^
^+^-^^l lllE
- Atum - world creator
Middle Kingdom (1 1 th-l 6'h Dynasty)
- Osiris - god of the dead
- lsis - wife of osiris
- Horus - sky god, also reincarnatiorr of
"Ra" himself
- Set - eJread god of evil, l-irother of
pleasure
- Anubis - jackal headed god of death
- Pfah - porj ol craftsmen
.,-."'-.-'.
- Serapis -hrult god

$.{ 8STffi $A${.&E* { N F [-er E NCE

Fig 5. Flyksos lnvasion

A prosperous period in which mr,rch

h.rilciing w'as carried out
l-lyksos Dynasty - shepherd kings
lmportant Personal ities:
- Mentuhotep l! - tounder of the Midclle
Kingdom. He also developed the 3rd
type of tornb rock-cut tomlr.
- Senuseret - erected the earliest known
obelisk
Fig a. Old Kingdorn
- Amenemhet I - initiated tl-re fourrdation
of Great Temple of Ammon Khannak,
Old Kingdom (1" to 1Oth Dynasty) grandest of alI temples

, Capital being at Memphis

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New Kingdonn (17h - 2o'r'Dynasty)

Fig 7. Social Class Py,lspifl

Fig 5, New Kingdom Painting

Pharaoh - King of Egypt, ruler, highest
This period had Thebes as the capital, and priest in Egypt
many in'rposing bu!lcling were erected at Son of Pharaoh - normal successor to the
Karnak, Luxclr and elsewhere throne
lmportant Personalities: I Vizier - King's most pornzer{ul official
- Thuthmose l- began the additions to the a Chancellor -he controls the royal treasuriL=s,
Temple of Ammon, Kharnak. granaries, & supervises the census
- Helshoncrrf.*1."-.'-.-D-/r./.-....-""
- flripr,n nf Forrni farnnrr,i Chief Steward - in charge of the King's
for her funerary temple at Mount Der- personal estate & household
Ei-Baharr.
- Thuthmose lV - the one responsible for
the cleaning away of sand from the
Q^hi^-
JPIirl rA

- Amenophis Ill - erected the Colossi of

Memnon, one of the wonders of the
world.
- Rameses I - began the construction of
+l-^ /-.-^-* Ll..-^-4,.1^ LJ-ll
I t lC \ll Udr l'I ylrt Dty l€ r ldll/
-tt t/L^.,--^1,
d l\l l(11 I ld N
- R.ameses ll - finishecl the construction
of the Hvpostyle Hall, & erection of tlre
Rock Temple at Ahu-Simhel, and the
Remission, Thebes.

The Ptolemaic Period Fig 8. The Pharaoh Distinction

. lmportantPersonalities Social Ranks

- Ptolemy ll - built the Pharaohs or the .
Light House Noble Families - royal throne with his
- Ptolemy lll iounded the Createst farnily
Serapeum at Alexandria.
. Soldiers, Viziers, Clrancellors, Chief
Stewards - next to leaders
Sff e6.4 L,4N [} P&e-iT ger\ [, $ el FLL]ENCF r E!oh^r-^-
l rrriLrirr!.r, fLrurtJr.rLrr,
"-f{oa^^
Ailnr-Lanlc
rrtLa!rturrLJ, nlr
Lw.

. ordinary Egyptians
Monarchy - [orm o[ government
" Slaves - lowesi form

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 i,ii t, T {"l,ii ?li i:,,\ li r"it :'iI i_'i,- L;iiii I Yf o RLD A Rcl-{IT EcT URE

ARCB-T $TECTU RAt C ${AMACTEM lmportant Parts of Mastaba

- Outer Chamber - where offerings were
' Sirnplicity placed. lts walls are decorated with
. Monumenta[lty representations of flestal and other
. Solidit,v / Massiveness scei'les.

$VSTE&{S $F ($NSTRUCTI#N
- lnner Secret Chambers/Serdab - inner
charnber containing the statues of the
. Post & Lintel deceased memher of the family
. Columnar Or Trabeated - ShafUWell - teading to the chamher
containing the sarcopliagus of the
FEATL,'RES CIF EGYPTIAN ARCFT ETECTURE mummy
- Sarcophagus - chamber containing the
::j.,-
..J
h"- it coffin reached by an under ground
+i
I ir:
shaft.
- Stele- is ihe upright stone slab
I l{, containing the name of the clead found
\+7r
'*{Ii in the mastaba
t.rI
5i
/Pil
--* .i
*..
r-" I

""-E-o' a, t
,-\.rt,'i 6 I

..r{L (l'
-!
-l' oitcrirg 1;rl-rle
scn/.:h r,vi1h

Fig 9. The Heiroglirphics

. Battered Wall - inclination from base to

top of the iagade.
' Hieroglyphics were a formal writing Fig 10. The Parts of a Mastaba
systelx used by tlre ancient Egyptians tlrat
combined Iogographic and alphabetic
elernents. Egyptians used cursive Pyramids royal tomhs of the kings
-
hieroglyphs for religious literature on - Built by the l<ings as their future tomkr.
papyrus anci wooci. Tlre governing idea is to secure
immortality by the preservatior-r of the
mummyr till that time should have
TI.{REfi TYX}ES E}F T$E,TBS passed when according to their belief,
. the soul would once more return to the
Mastaba- flat top or tapered (around 75
bociy.
degrees slope) solid temple. These are
Tomb-houses that were made to take the
- Evolved frorn Mastaba with four sides
faeing the cardinal points, tlrey i,vere
body at full length
made by 100,000 men for 1 00 years
- Tombs for noble and private individuals

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 +"EIST#ffiY ffiF A*C*{fi-$"8(T[.}ffiffi I \I/ORLD ARCI{ITECTURE

the top section is buiit at the shaliower

angle of 43 degrees. Iending the p;iramid
its very obvious "bent" appearance

Fig 10. The Step Pyramid

Step Pyramid (Pyramid of Djoser), Saqqara

Fig72. The Three Creat Pyramids of Cizeh
- Evolved.frornMastaba
- This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of Slope Pyramid (the Pyramids of Cizeh)
six mastabas (of cJecreasing size) built - Suare in plan, its area is about 13 acres,
atop one another in what were clearly twice the extent of St. Peter, Rome.
revisions and developments the of - The paces of these pyramids are
original plan equilateral triangles laid sloping and
- The superstructure of the Step Pyrarnid meeting in a point.
is six steps and was built in six stages, - Parts (king's chamber, Queen's
as might be
expected with
an chamber, subterranean chamber, grand
experinrental structu re. gallery, airshafts)
- Built by lmhotep, oldest surviving
masonry building structure in
the The Three Creat Pyramids 0f Cizeh
world W
tJ-"
,I

++

Fig I i. The Bent Pyramici

Bent Fyramitl (Fyramid o{ Sneferui, Dashur

- A unique example of early pyramid Fig 13. The Three Creat Pyramids (in plan)
developnrent in Egypt, this was the
second pyramid built by Sneferu Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu
- The lovver part of the pyramid rises from Pyramid Of Chepren or Khafre
the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but Pyramid Of Mykerinos Or Menkaure

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 Parts Of Pyramid Complex . Mortuary - built in honor
of the pharaohs
' -
Cult built for the rnorship of the gods,
only high priest can enter in lroth types of
M(lt(;l'l I flig r: temple
l)s ure'* t r $J:'h,i1r ie'r'!iiie
,-l- gJ 5 idt'rrr Parts Of An Egyptian Temple
/\
\j

L{*r "y ra:' ,c

t" 'l
!'u[ ;1t -i#j: t--'

Fig 1a. Parts of the Pyramid Conrplex

. Elevated Causeway
. Offering Chapel
. Mortuary
. Valley Building

. Rock Cut Tomb or Rock Hewn Tomb

- cut deep into the mountain rock Fig 16. Egyptian Pylon

- burial chamber that is cut into the

-
Entrance Pylon massive sloping towers
living rock usually along the side of a fronted by an obelisl<s
hiil.
- lt was a common form of burial for the -
Hypaethral Court large outer court open
to the sky
wealthy in ancient times in several parts
of the world

tig17. Hyposty{e Hall

. Hypostyle Hall - a pillared hall in which
the roofs i'est on column.
Fig 15. The Tombs oi the Kings in Thebes . Sanctuary usuaily surrounded by
TWO TYPES OF TEMPTES passages and chambers used in connection
with the temple service.
Temples - they were sanctuaries that only
Kings and Priests can penetrate
I I
3r
Pylons - An Egyptian gateway. lt played a t-_
critical role in the symbolic architecture of a
cult building that 'uvas associated wittr the
i .j r*;- .+1f
Y'q

place of recreation and rebirth. Pylons inrere

often decorated with scenes emphasizing a
king's authority since it was the public face of
a cult building Fig 17. Avcnuc of Sphinx

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 I }VORLD ARCHITECTURE

. Avenue of Sphinx where mystical work of many Kings. Built trom the 12ii'
rnonster were placed Dvnastv to the ftolemaic oeriod.

EXAE,*P!.[ $F THMFtES

,*r,..:#!ismlltt
1.. i:i trtiiil
IrlrmrxTIHf;

Fig ?0" Ternple of Q,,161,31 HatshepsLrt

Tennole nf Oueen H"atshensuf. Ml. Der-El-

Bahari
Fig 18. Creat Temple of Abu Simbel - [-]atshepsut's ternple is considered the
. closest Egypt came io Classicatr
Creat Temple of Abu-Simbel architecture
- entrance forecourt leads to an imposing - of New Kirrgciom
Representative
tagade fornred by a pylon carved with funerary architecture, it both
four Colossal seated statues aggrandizes the pharaoh and includes
- The twin temples were originally SanCtuarieS tO hrtnor the sods rplprr:rrf
carved out of the mountainside durirrg to her afterlife
!'l"o Dh-.-^1. pl'-^.c^. llti
Ll rU l'^i^^
gi6t ^{
I iJt r I tqt dvt I l\di ttLJJLJ

Fig 21. Obclrsk

Fig 19" Great Temple of ,Amrnon Karnak

. Obelisks - are monumental pillars usually

Great Temple of Amrnon Karnak
- Crandest temple in Eg;,ptian planning in pairs at the temple entrances considered
and was commenced by Anrenemhet I
the symbol of "Heliopolis" the sun god.
They are square in plan & stands at the ht.
- These temples were not buiit upon one
cornplete plan but owe its size, of 9 to i 0 times the diameter of the base.
The four sides tapers to the top on the form
disposition and magnificence to the
of a smalI pyramid.

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 ir i !'i {"1 il'i"} ! *i ii il * i T ti l_'l' i"x i} fr, I }v o RL D A R cl{ I T EcT URE

. Sphinx - Egyptian sphinx portrayed as a

female. When it was, it symbolized lsis
and/or the reigning queen. ln Egypt the
intellectual faculties ennobled the bestial
traits preserrt in the physical makeup of this
creature

Fig24. Egyptian Corge

CAPITALS & COTUMNS

Fig22. Androsphinx

Androsphinx, a mystical monster with a

body of a Iion and head of a man

|J}IL6 8rD

Fig ?3. Heirocosphinx

Heirocosphinx, body of a Iion & head

of a hawk

Fig 23. Criosphinx

- Criosphinx, body lion & head of a ranr

MOUI-DINGS Fig 25. Egyptian Capitals

. Corge and Hollow Moulding - the torus

mold in Egyptian temples were used to
cover the angles.

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 !-ilSi'{}ft v' {.r$: ,t\ft{yt;1"i{T"|;'#i I WORLD ARCI.{ITECTURE

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-End of Section-

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