MER2C3 Engineering Drawing Manual

MER2C3 ENGINEERING DRAWING
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MER2C3
Class, Lab and Home Assignment Problems
Vijay Kumar Karma

Mechanical Engineering Department
IET DAVV, Indore
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Vijay Kumar Karma, Mechanical Engineering Department Page No. 1
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CONTENT
Sr. No. Description Sheet No. Page No.
01 Technical Lettering 01 03
02 Engineering Scales 02 05
03 Engineering Curves - Conic Sections 03 08
04 Engineering Curves – Involute, Cycloid, Spiral 03 11
05 Orthographic Projections 04 14
06 Isometric Projections 05 20
07 Oblique Projections 05 24
08 Perspective Projections 05 27
09 Projections of Points and Lines 06 30
10 Projections of Planes 07 37
11 Projections of Solids 08 40
12 Section of Solids 09 44
13 Development of Surfaces 10 47
14 Interpenetration of Solids / Intersection of Surfaces 11 50
15 Screw Fastenings 12 54
16 Riveted Joints 12 57
17 Welded Joints 12 59
18 Sheet Layout and Title Block Details 61
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1. TECHNICAL LETTERING
Lab Work (Sheet No. 1)
L-1. Any Engineering drawing is accompanied with ‘printed data’ that summarizes the drawing
(e.g., the name and details of the developer— you in this case) and describes details including
the dimensions, names of views, scale and others. Note that running handwriting is NOT
PERMITTED. Any details given (besides the drawing) have to be PRINTED. Practice freehand
‘printing’ of single stroke Gothic Lettering, and the numbers as mentioned below. Arrows
signify the ‘strokes’ your pencil needs to follow when working with vertical, horizontal,
slanted and oval features. Overwriting is NOT ALLOWED.
L-2. Write down vertical capital and small alphabets (A to Z) in 8 mm, 6 mm and 4 mm size.
L-3. Write down vertical numerals (0 to 9) in 6 mm and 4 mm size.
L-4. Draw the following lines with 50 mm length
a. Visible outline
b. Margin line
c. Dimension line
d. Border line
e. Short-break line
f. Long-break line
g. Hatching or section line
h. Leader or pointer line
i. Hidden line
j. Center line
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k. Projection line
l. Cutting-plane line
m. Chain thick line
L-5. Divide a 100 mm straight line into seven equal parts.
L-6. Draw an angle of 750 and bisect it.
L-7. Draw an angle of 900 and trisect it.
L-8. Divide a 60 mm diameter circle into twelve equal parts.
L-9. Mark points A and B, 50 mm apart. Mark a third point 75 mm from both A and B. Describe a
circle passing through the three points.
L-10. With centre O and radius equal to 50 mm, draw two arcs of lengths on opposite sides of O.
Bisect the two arcs and produce bisectors till meet.
L-11. Draw a triangle having sides of 80 mm, 60 mm and 40 mm.
L-12. Draw an equilateral triangle of 65 mm altitude.
L-13. Construct a square of 75 mm side. Draw the diagonals intersecting at O. From O, draw lines
perpendicular to the sides of square.
L-14. Draw a regular pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon and decagon. Assume the
side length for all cases as 25 mm. Use appropriate scaling if needed.
L-15. Draw a regular pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon and decagon about a circle
of 60 mm.
L-16. Sketch the following one view drawings.
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2. ENGINEERING SCALES
Class Work Problems
C-1. Draw a scale 1 cm = 1m to read decimeters, to measure maximum distance of 6 m. Show on it

a distance of 4 m and 6 dm.
C-2. In a map a 36 km distance is shown by a line 45 cms long. Calculate the R.F. and construct a
plain scale to read kilometers and hectometers, for max. 12 km. Show a distance of 8.3 km on
it.
C-3. The distance between two stations is 210 km. A passenger train covers this distance in 7 hours.
Construct a plain scale to measure time up to a single minute. RF is 1/200,000 Indicate the
distance traveled by train in 29 minutes.
C-4. Construct a suitable comparative scale up to 10 hours. The scale should be able to read the
distance traveled in one minute. Show the time required to cover 476 km and also distance in
4 hours and 24 minutes.
C-5. Draw a vernier scale of RF = 1 / 25 to read centimeters up to 4 meters and on it, show
lengths 2.39 m and 0.91 m.
C-6. Construct 250 and 1150 angles with a horizontal line , by using scale of cords
C-7. Construct a scale of chords showing 5 degree divisions and with its aid set-off angles of 35 and
110 degrees.
C-8. Draw a diagonal scale of R.F. 1: 2.5, showing centimeters and millimeters and long enough to
measure up to 20 centimeters.
C-9. The distance between Delhi and Agra is 200 km. In a railway map it is represented by a line 5
cm long. Find its R.F. Draw a diagonal scale to show single km. And maximum 600 km. Indicate
on it following distances. 1) 222 km 2) 336 km 3) 459 km 4) 569 km
C-10. A rectangular plot of land measuring 1.28 hectors is represented on a map by a similar
rectangle of 8 sq. cm. Calculate RF of the scale. Draw a diagonal scale to read single meter.
Show a distance of 438 m on it.
C-11. A car is traveling at a speed of 60 km per hour. A 4 cm long line represents the distance
traveled by the car in two hours.
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Lab Work Problems (Sheet No. 2)
L-1. A distance of 40 miles is represented by a line 8 cm long. Construct a plain scale to read 80
miles. Also construct a comparative scale to read kilometers up to 120 km ( 1 m = 1.609 km )
L-2. A motor car is running at a speed of 60 kmph. On a scale of RF = 1 / 4,00,000 show the
distance traveled by car in 47 minutes.
L-3. A length of 1 decameter is represented by 5 cm. Find the R.F. and construct a plain scale to
measure up to 2.5 decameter and mark a distance of 19m on it.
L-4. The distance between two towns is 120 km. A passenger train covers this distance in 4 hours.
Construct a scale to measure off the distance covered by the train in a single minute and up
to 1 hour. The R.F. of the scale is 1:200000. Show the distance covered by the train in 36
minutes.
L-5. A map of size 500cm X 50cm wide represents an area of 6250 sq. kms. Construct a vernier
scale to measure kilometers, hectometers and decameters and long enough to measure up to
7 km. indicate on it a) 5.33 km and b) 59 decameters.
L-6. Construct any triangle and measure it’s angles by using scale of cords
L-7. Taking 6 degree least count in a scale of chords construct the angles of 42, 108 and 210
degree.
L-8. Construct a diagonal scale of 1:316800 to read miles, furlongs and chains feet and long
enough to measure 40 miles.
L-9. On a map, the distance between two points is 14 cm. The real distance between them is 20
km. Draw a diagonal scale of this map to read kilometer, hectometer and to measure up to 25
km and show a distance of 17.6 km on this scale.
L-10. A car running at a speed of 50 km/hr. Construct a diagonal scale to show 1 km by 3 cm and to
measure up to 6 km. Mark also on the scale the distance covered by the car in 5 minutes 28
seconds.
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Home Assignment Problems
H-1. Draw a scale of full size to read millimeter and long enough to measure up to 12 centimeter.
Show a distance of 10.3 centimeter on it.
H-2. A cube of 5 cm side represents a tank of 1000 cubic meter volume. Find the R.F. and construct
a scale to measure up to 35m and mark a distance of 27m on it.
H-3. Construct a scale of 1:5 to read feet and inches and long enough to measure 2 feet 6 inches.
Show a distance of 1 foot 3 inches on it.
H-4. A rectangular plot of 16 square meters is represented on a certain map by a rectangle of 1
square centimeter. Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. Construct a plain scale to read
meters and long enough to measure up to 60m. Indicate a distance of 45m on the scale.
H-5. On a railway map, an actual distance of 36 miles between two stations is represented by a
10cm long line. Draw a plain scale to show mile and long enough to read up to 60 miles. Also
draw a comparative scale attached to it to show kilometer and read up to 90 km. Take 1 mile
= 1609 meters.
H-6. Construct a triangle ABC with sides 6 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm and measure its angles with the help
of scale of chords.
H-7. A rectangular plot of land area 0.45 hectare is represented on a map by a similar rectangle of
5 square centimeters. Calculate the R.F. of the scale of the map. Also draw the scale long
enough to measure up to 400 meters and to read up to single meters from the map.
H-8. A tank of 8000 cubic meter volume is represented by a cube of 125 cubic centimeter volume.
Find the R.F. and construct a diagonal scale to measure up to 70 m and mark a distance of
53.5 m on it.
H-9. The distance between two stations by road is 200 km and it is represented on a certain map
by 5 cm long line. Find the R.F. and construct a diagonal scale showing single kilometer and
long enough to measure up to 600 km. Show a distance of 467 km on this scale.
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3. CURVE I: CONIC SECTIONS
Class Work Problems
C-1. Draw an ellipse by general method, given distance of focus from directrix 50 mm and
eccentricity 2/3. Also draw normal and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
C-2. Draw a parabola by general method, given distance of focus from directrix 50 mm. Also draw
normal and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
C-3. Draw a hyperbola by general method, given distance of focus from directrix 50 mm and
eccentricity 3/2. Also draw normal and tangent on the curve at a point 50 mm from the focus.
C-4. Draw ellipse by concentric circle method. Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
C-5. Draw ellipse by Rectangle method. Take major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
C-6. Draw ellipse by Oblong method. Draw a parallelogram of 100 mm and 70 mm long sides with
included angle of 75 degree. Inscribe ellipse in it.
C-7. Major axis AB & minor axis CD are 100 and 70 mm long respectively. Draw ellipse by arcs of
circles Method.
C-8. Draw a parabola by tangent(or triangulation) method given base 7.5 m and axis 4.5 m
C-9. Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal and vertical axes respectively. Draw Hyperbola
through it.
C-10. Two points A and B are 50 mm apart. A point P moves in a plane in such a way that the
difference of its distance from A and B is always constant and equal to 20 mm. Draw the locus
of point P.
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L-1. The major and minor axes of an ellipse are 140 mm and 90 mm respectively. Find the foci and
draw the ellipse using arc of circle method. Draw a tangent and normal to the ellipse at a
point 40 mm above the major axis.
L-2. Construct an ellipse having a major axis 100 mm and minor axis 80 mm. locate its foci,
directrix and find the eccentricity.
L-3. The major axis of an ellipse is 110 mm along and the foci are at a distance of 15 mm from its
ends. Draw the ellipse one half of it by, concentric circle method and the other half by
rectangle method. Determine the eccentricity of the ellipse.
L-4. Draw an ellipse passing through point A, B and C of a triangle ABC having length of sides as
100 mm, 75 mm and 50 mm. also draw a curve parallel to the ellipse and 25 mm away from it.
L-5. A ball thrown in air attains 100 m height and covers horizontal distance 150 m on ground.
Draw the path of the ball (projectile).
L-6. Draw an isosceles triangle of 100 mm long base and 110 mm long altitude. Inscribe a parabola
in it by method of tangents.
L-7. Point F is 50 mm from a line AB. A point p is moving in a plane Such that the ratio of its
distances from F and line AB remains constant and equals to 3/2. draw locus of point p.
{ eccentricity = 3/2 }
L-8. Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal and vertical axes respectively. Draw Hyperbola
through it.
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H-1. Two point A and B are 120 mm apart. The third point C is 90 mm from A and 60 mm from B.
draw an ellipse passing through point A, B and C.
H-2. The major axis of an ellipse is 150 mm long and the minor axis is 100 mm long. Draw the
ellipse and then a tangent to the ellipse at a point on it 25 mm above the major axis.
H-3. The major and minor axes of an ellipse are 120 mm and 80 mm .draw the ellipse and then
draw a tangent and normal at a point 30 mm away from the major axis.
H-4. Draw an ellipse with 120 mm major axis and 80 mm minor axis. Draw a normal and tangent
on any point on ellipse.
H-5. Point F is 50 mm from a vertical straight line AB. Draw locus of point P, moving in a plane such
that it always remains equidistant from point F and line AB.
H-6. A fountain jet discharges water from ground level at an inclination of 45º to the ground. The
jet travels a horizontal distance of 7.5m from the point of discharge and falls on the ground.
Trace the path of the jet. Name the curve.
H-7. A sample of gas is expanded in a cylinder from 10 unit pressure to 1 unit pressure. Expansion
follows law PV=Constant. If initial volume being 1 unit, draw the curve of expansion. Also
Name the curve.
H-8. Two points are fixed at 100 mm apart. Draw the locus of a point moving in such a manner
that the difference of its distance from the points is 75 mm. Name the curve.
H-9. Draw a rectangular hyperbola when the position of a point P on the curve is 30 mm from the
horizontal asymptote and 50 mm from the vertical asymptote. Show at least four points on
either side of point P.
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4. CURVE II: ENGINEERING CURVES
Class Work Problems
C-1. Draw Involute of a circle with diameter 50 mm. String length is equal to the circumference of
circle.
C-2. Construct a cycloid having a rolling circle of 50 mm diameter. Draw a tangent and normal to
the curve at a point 35 mm above the base line.
C-3. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on the circumference of another circle of 175 mm diameter
and outside it. Trace the locus of a point on the circumference of the rolling circle for one
complete revolution. Also draw a set of tangent and normal on a suitable point on the curve.
C-4. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on the circumference of another circle of 175 mm diameter
and inside it. Trace the locus of a point on the circumference of the rolling circle for one
complete revolution. Also draw a set of tangent and normal on a suitable point on the curve.
C-5. Draw an involute of a hexagon of 25 mm side.
C-6. Draw a spiral of one convolution. Take distance PO 40 mm.
C-7. Point P is 80 mm from point O. It starts moving towards O and reaches it in two revolutions
around it. Draw locus of point P (To draw a Spiral of TWO convolutions).
C-8. Draw a helix of one convolution, upon a cylinder. Given 80 mm pitch and 50 mm diameter of
a cylinder. (The axial advance during one complete revolution is called the pitch of the helix).
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L-1. Draw Involute of a circle. String length is MORE than the circumference of circle.
L-2. Draw locus of a point on the periphery of a circle which rolls on a curved path. Take diameter
of rolling circle 50 mm and radius of directing circle i.e. Curved path, 75 mm.
L-3. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a
vertical line downwards for another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P on
the circumference of the circle. Assume that the horizontal and vertical line constitute a
corner.
L-4. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on the outside of a directing circle of the same diameter
without slipping. Draw the curve traced by a point on the rolling circle for one revolution of
rolling circle.
L-5. Construct a hypocycloid, taking the diameter of the generating circle and radius of directing
circle as 60 mm.
L-6. A point moves along a bar at a uniform speed. The bar rotates about its end O at a uniform
speed. Name and construct the path of a point P starting from a position 20 mm away and
move up to 60 mm away from the fixed end of bar during its one revolution . Draw a tangent
at a point 45 mm away from O.
L-7. A circular disc having 120 mm diameter AB rotates with uniform angular velocity. The point P
which is at A, moves with uniform linear velocity and reaches the point B, when the disk
completes one revolution. Trace the locus of the point P moving from A to B.
L-8. Draw a helix of one convolution, upon a cone, diameter of base 70 mm, axis 90 mm and 90
mm pitch. (The axial advance during one complete revolution is called The pitch of the helix)
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H-1. Draw Involute of a circle. String length is LESS than the circumference of circle.
H-2. A disc is in the form of a square of 30 mm sides surmounted by a semicircle on one of the
sides of a square and a half hexagon on the opposite side. Draw the path of the end of a
string which is unwound from the circumference of the disc.
H-3. Draw a path traced out by an end of a piece of thread when unwound to a length of 150 mm
from a circle of 40 mm diameter, the thread being kept tight when it is being unwound. Name
the curve traced.
H-4. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls on a horizontal line for a half revolution and then on a
vertical line upwards for another half revolution. Draw the curve traced out by a point P lying
on the circumference of the circle. Assume that the horizontal and vertical line constitute a
corner.
H-5. Draw the locus of a point lying on the circumference of a wheel having a 60 mm diameter for
its one complete revolution, when it passes over a segmental arched culvert of 0.15 m radius.
H-6. A circus man rides on a motorcycle inside a globe of 6 m diameter. The motor cycle wheel is 1
m in diameter. Draw the locus of a point lying on the circumference of the wheel of motor
cycle for its one complete turn.
H-7. Draw an involute of a circle of 50 mm diameter. Also, draw a normal and tangent at a point
100 mm from the centre of the circle.
H-8. Construct an Archimedean spiral of 1-1/2 convolution given, the greatest diameter 120 mm
and minimum 30 mm diameter. Also, draw a tangent and normal to the spiral at a point 90
mm from the pole.
H-9. Draw a logarithmic spiral of one convolution, given the shortest distance as 10 mm and the
ratio of the length adjacent radii enclosing 30 degree as 10:9. Draw a tangent and a normal to
the curve at a point 50 mm from the pole.
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5. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Class Work Problems
C-1. Sketch the Orthographic projections in First Angle of the solids shown in Figure 1, 2 and 3
below. Work with free hand, single stroke sketches. Draw proportionally while not giving much
importance to the dimensions. The front view is in direction of the arrow (bottom left) for all figures.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
Figure 3
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L-1. Make a complete orthographic drawing (with necessary number of projections) of each
model and dimension it. (Figure L1 to L5)
Figure L1 Figure L2
Figure L3 Figure L4
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Figure L5
Figure L6
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Figure L7
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H-1. Given below the two orthographic views of an object in the third angle scheme, draw it’s all
three views in First angle scheme. (Figure H1)
H-2. Show the THREE respective orthographic projections of the solids shown below in the first
angle scheme. Use ALIGNED DIMENSIONING. (Figure H2)
Figure H1
Figure H2
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6. ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Class Work Problems
C-1. Reproduce the orthographic projections proportionally and finalize the drawings by
identifying the missing lines. Also, draw the isometric drawings for each set of projections shown.
Figure C1.1 Figure C1.2
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L-1. Draw the isometric scale equivalent to 100 mm of true length. Subdivide the 10 mm interval
between (5, 6) mm of true length into 1 mm each. Project these subdivisions onto the
isometric scale as well.
L-2. The orthographic views of a solid are shown below (Figure L1). Draw the ISOMETRIC
VIEW/PROJECTION (i.e., using the isometric scale). Use ALLIGNED dimensioning.
L-3. Draw the ISOMETRIC DRAWING (i.e., with true scale) of the solid of which the orthographic
views are shown below (Figure L2). Do not dimension.
Figure L2
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L-4. Reproduce the following orthographic projections proportionally and finalize the drawings by
identifying the missing views. Assume that the two given views are correct. Draw the pictorial
(isometric) view for the solid from the bottom right set.
Figure L4.2
Figure L4.1
Figure L4.3
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H-1. A square pyramid of 30 mm base sides and 50 mm long axis is centrally placed on the top of a
cube of 50 mm long edges. Draw isometric view of the pair.
H-2. A square plate is pierced through centrally by a cylinder which comes out equally from both
faces of plate. Its FV & TV are shown. Draw isometric view.
H-3. A circular plate is pierced through centrally by a square pyramid which comes out equally
from both faces of plate. Its FV & TV are shown. Draw isometric view.
H-4. A hemi-sphere is centrally placed on the top of a frustum of cone. Draw isometric projections
of the assembly.
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7. OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
Class Work Problems
Draw the Cavalier and Cabinet views respectively of the objects shown below. In both cases, consider the
depth line to be at 45°. In both cases, choose the best view for the frontal plane.
Figure C1 Figure C2
Figure C3
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Lab Work Problems
Figure L1 Figure L2
Figure L3
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Figure H1
Figure H2
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8. PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
Class Work Problems
Draw the perspective view of the object whose orthographic projections are given below.
Figure C1 Figure C2
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Lab Work Problems
Draw the TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE VIEW of the object shown below via orthographic views. The top
view is to be rotated by 30° and its left bottom vertex is to coincide with the picture plane. The
station point SP is 95mm below this vertex. The ground line (GL) is 5 mm above the station point, and
the horizon line (HL) is 70 mm above the ground line.
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Draw the THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE VIEW of the object whose orthographic views are shown below.
The top view is to be rotated by 30° and, point P, the intersection of the left vertical edge and
bottom horizontal edge is to lie on the picture plane. The station point is 50 mm below the picture
plane and 30mm to the left of P. The ground line is 10 mm above the station point and the horizon
line is 40 mm above it. The nadir point (third vanishing point) is 60 mm below the station point and
precisely below point P. Use 1:2 scale for the object.
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9. PROJECTIONS OF POINT AND LINE
Class Work Problems
C-1. Draw Projection of following points on the same ground line keeping the projectors 25 mm
apart.
a. A: On the VP and 20 mm above the HP.
b. B: 30 mm below the HP and 40 mm behind the VP.
c. C: 50 mm above the HP and 25 mm behind the VP.
d. D: On the HP and 15mm in front of the VP.
e. E: 35mm above the HP and 50mm in front of the VP.
f. F: 40 mm below the HP and on the VP.
g. G: 35 mm behind the VP and on the HP.
h. H: 45 mm below the HP and 20mm in front of the VP.
i. I: on the HP and on the VP.
C-2. Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 30° & 40° Inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is 12mm
above HP and 10 mm in front of VP. Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant
C-3. Line AB 75 mm long makes 45° inclination with VP while its FV makes 55°. End A is 10 mm
above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. If line is in 1st quadrant draw its projections and find it’s
inclination with HP.
C-4. FV of line AB is 50° inclined to XY and measures 55 mm long while its TV is 60° inclined to XY
line. If end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP, draw its projections, find TL,
inclinations of line with HP & VP.
C-5. Line AB is 75 mm long. Its FV and TV measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively. End A is 10
mm above HP and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections of line AB if end B is in first
quadrant. Find angle with HP and VP.
C-6. TV of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm. End C is in HP and 50 mm in front of VP. End D
is 15 mm in front of VP and it is above HP. Draw projections of CD and finds angles with HP
and VP.
C-7. FV of line AB makes 45°angle with XY line and measures 60 mm. Line’s TV makes 30° with XY
line. End A is 15 mm above HP and its VT is 10 mm below HP. Draw projections of line AB,
determine inclinations with HP & VP and locate HT, VT.
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C-8. One end of line AB is 10 mm above HP and other end is 100 mm in-front of VP. Its FV is 45°
inclined to XY while its HT & VT are 45 mm and 30 mm below XY respectively. Draw
projections and find TL with its inclinations with HP & VP.
C-9. Projectors drawn from HT and VT of a line AB are 80 mm apart and those drawn from its ends
are 50 mm apart. End A is 10 mm above HP, VT is 35 mm below HP while its HT is 45 mm in
front of VP. Draw projections, locate traces and find TL of line & inclinations with HP and VP.
C-10. Line AB 100 mm long is 30° and 45° inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is 10 mm above
HP and its VT is 20 mm below HP. Draw projections of the line and it’s HT.
C-11. A line AB is 75 mm long. Its FV & TV make 45° and 60° inclinations with X-Y line respectively.
End A is 15 mm above HP and VT is 20 mm below XY line. Line is in first quadrant. Draw
projections; find inclinations with HP & VP. Also locate HT.
C-12. The projectors drawn from VT & end A of line AB are 40 mm apart. End A is 15 mm above HP
and 25 mm in front of Vp. VT of line is 20 mm below HP. If line is 75 mm long, draw it’s
projections, find inclinations with HP & VP
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L-1. Draw the projections of the following points taking a common reference line, keeping the
distance between any two consecutive points as 20 mm:
a. Point A, 25 mm infront of VP and 30 mm above HP.
b. Point B, 25 mm infront of VP and in the HP.
c. Point C, 40 mm behind VP and 25 mm above HP.
d. Point D, 35 mm behind VP and in the HP.
e. Point E, 28 mm behind VP and 30 mm below HP.
f. Point F, in the VP and 40 mm below HP
g. Point G, 20 mm infront of VP and 25 mm below HP.
h. Point H, in both VP and HP.
i. Point I, in VP and 40 mm above HP.
j. Point J, in VP and 40 mm below HP.
L-2. Draw the projections of the following lines, both in third and first quadrants:
a. Line AB, 45 mm long, parallel to HP and VP both, when its distance from HP and VP is 25
mm and 30 mm respectively.
b. Line CD, 45 mm long, perpendicular to HP and 20 mm away from VP, when one of its
extremities nearer to HP is 10 mm away from the HP.
c. Line EF, 45 mm long, contained by HP, and perpendicular to VP, when one of its
extremities is 10 mm away from the VP.
d. Line GH, 50 mm long, parallel to VP and inclined to HP at 300, when one of its ends is 15
mm from HP and 20 mm from the VP.
e. Line IJ, 50 mm long, contained by HP and inclined to VP at 450, when one of its ends is
15 mm from the VP.
f. Line KL, 40 mm long contained by both the HP and the VP.
L-3. A Line AB 80 mm long makes an angle of 300 with HP and lies in an Auxiliary Vertical Plane 450
inclined to VP. End A is 15 mm above HP and VT is 10 mm below X-Y line. Draw projections,
fine angle with VP and HT.
L-4. A line AB, 75 mm long, has one end A in VP. Other end B is 15 mm above HP and 50 mm in
front of VP. Draw the projections of the line when sum of its Inclinations with HP & VP is 900,
means it is lying in a profile plane. Find true angles with reference planes and its traces.
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L-5. Reproduce the given view of the lines and determine the true lengths using the revolution
method. Also determine HT, VT, θ and φ.
L-6. Reproduce the given view of the lines and determine the true lengths using the trapezoid
method. Also determine HT, VT, θ and φ.
L-7. Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall P & Q
meeting at 900. Flower A is 1m & 5.5 m from walls P & Q respectively. Orange B is 4 m & 1.5
m from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between them, if flower is
1.5 m and orange is 3.5 m above the ground. Consider suitable scale.
L-8. Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.0 m above ground and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m
from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite sides of it. If the distance measured between them
along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m, then find real distance between them by
drawing their projections.
L-9. OA, OB & OC are three lines, 25 mm, 45 mm and 65 mm long respectively. All equally inclined
and the shortest is vertical. This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC whose ends A, B & C
are on ground and end O is 100 mm above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground.
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L-10. A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due East-South. Another
Point B is 12 m from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs 200 Due
East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C. Draw projections and find length of pipe
line from B and it’s inclination with ground.
L-11. A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 m high, at the angles
of depression 30° & 45°. Object A is due North-West direction of observer and object B is due
West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from observer and
from tower also.
L-12. Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5 m and 7.5 m above ground are attached to a corner of a
building 15 m high, make 30° and 45° inclination with ground respectively. The poles are 10 m
apart. Determine by drawing their projections, Length of each rope and distance of poles
from building.
L-13. A tank of 4 m height is to be strengthened by four stay rods from each corner by fixing their
other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 m and 0.7 m from two adjacent walls respectively.
Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.
L-14. A horizontal wooden platform 2 m long and 1.5 m wide is supported by four chains from its
corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 m above the center of the platform. Draw
projections of the objects and determine length of each chain along with its inclination with
ground.
L-15. A room is of size 6.5 m L, 5 m D, 3.5 m high. An electric bulb hangs 1 m below the center of
ceiling. A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5 m above the flooring. Draw
the projections and determine real distance between the bulb and switch.
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H-1. Projection of various points is given in the figure H1. State the position of each point with
respect to principal planes
H-2. A picture frame 2 m wide and 1 m tall is resting on horizontal wall railing makes 35°
inclination with wall. It is attached to a hook in the wall by two strings. The hook is 1.5 m
above wall railing. Determine length of each chain and true angle between them.
H-3. Draw the projections of the line MN when its end M is 10 mm from HP and 15 mm from VP
and end N is 30 mm from HP and 40 mm from VP. Its end projectors are 40 mm apart.
H-4. The front view of a line, inclined at 30° to the VP is 65 mm long. Draw the projections of the
line, when it is parallel to and 40 mm above the HP, its one end being 30 mm in front of the
VP.
H-5. A 90 mm long line is parallel to and 25 mm in front of the VP. Its one end is in the HP while
the other is 50 mm above the HP. Draw its projections and find its inclination with the HP.
H-6. A line AB 75 mm long is inclined at 45° to the HP and 30° to the VP. Its end B is the HP and 40
mm in front of the VP. Draw its projections.
H-7. Draw the projections of a line AB, 90 mm long, its midpoint M being 50 mm above the HP and
40 mm in front of the VP. The end A is 20 mm above the HP and 10 mm in front of the VP.
H-8. The top view, of a 75 mm long line measure 65 mm while the length of its front view is 50 mm.
Its one end is in the HP and 12 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of AB and
determine its inclinations with the HP and the VP.
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H-9. A line 65 mm long has its one end 20 mm above the HP and 25 mm in front of the VP. The
other end is 40 mm above the HP and 65 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the
line and determine its inclinations with the HP and the VP.
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10. PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
Class Work Problems
C-1. A regular hexagonal lamina of 40 mm sides has a square hole of 25 mm side centrally cut
through it. Draw the projections when it is resting on one of its sides on the HP with its
surfaces inclined at 60 degree to the VP and its corner nearest to the VP is 24 mm from the
VP
C-2. A pentagon of 30 mm side has one corner in HP and its plane is inclined at 60 degree to VP
and perpendicular to HP. Draw the projection of the pentagon.
C-3. The top view of a lamina whose surface is perpendicular to VP and inclined at an angle of 45
degrees to HP appears as a regular hexagon of 30 mm side, having a side parallel to the
reference line. Draw the projections of plane and obtain its true shape.
C-4. A semicircular plate of 80 mm diameter has its straight edge on the VP and inclined at 30
degrees to the HP, while the surface of the plate is inclined at 45 degrees to the VP Draw the
projection of the plate.
C-5. A thin 30-60 degree set-square has its longest edge in the VP and inclined at 30 degree to the
HP its surface makes an angle of 45 degree with the VP. Draw its projections.
C-6. A hexagonal plane figure of 30 mm side is resting on a corner in the VP with its surface
making an angle of 30 degree with the VP The view from the front of the diagonal passing
through that corner is inclined at 35 degree to the HP. Draw the three principal views.
C-7. Draw the projections of a circle of 50 mm diameter resting in HP on a point A on the
circumference, its plane is inclined at 45 degree to the HP and (a) the top view of the
diameter AG making 30 degree angle with the VP and (b)the diameter AG making 30 degree
with the VP
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L-1. Draw the projections of a rhombus having 100 mm and 40 mm long diagonals. The bigger
diagonal is inclined at 30 degree to HP with one of the end point in HP and the smaller
diagonal is parallel to both the planes.
L-2. A pentagon ABCDE of 30 mm side has its side AB in the VP and inclined at 30 degree to the
HP and the corner B is 15 mm above the HP and the corner D is 30 mm in front of the VP.
Draw the projections of the plane and find its inclination with the VP
L-3. A plate having shape of an isosceles triangle has 50 mm long base and 70 mm altitude. It is so
placed that in the front view it is seen as an equilateral triangle of 50 mm side and one side
inclined at 45 degree to XY. Draw its top view.
L-4. An elevation of a rectangular lamina ABCD of 25 mm x 50 mm sides is a square of 25 mm side
when its side AB is in VP and the side AD is making an angle of 20 degree to the HP. Draw its
projections.
L-5. A thin square plate of 50 mm side stands on one of its corners in the HP and the opposite
corner is raised so that one of the diagonals is twice that of the others. If, one of the diagonal
is parallel to both the planes, draw its projection and determine an inclination of the plane of
the plate with the HP.
L-6. A circular plate of negligible thickness and 50 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the front
view, having major axis 50 mm and minor axis 30 mm long. Draw its top view when major axis
of the ellipse is horizontal.
L-7. A trapezium ABCD( AB=70 mm, CD=40 mm) having parallel sides 60 mm apart is kept on its
AB in the VP such that its front view appears as another trapezium of same parallel sides but
30 mm apart . Draw the projections of the trapezium when the side in the VP makes an angle
of 45 degree with the HP.
L-8. Reproduce the given views of the plane and draw the view showing the true size and shape.
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H-1. A square lamina ABCD, of 25 mm side is parallel to HP and is 10 mm from it. Its side nearer to
VP is parallel to and 10 mm from VP. Draw its projections.
H-2. A rectangle ABCD 60 mm × 40 mm is parallel to HP with one of its sides inclined at 30° to VP
and the end of the side near to VP is 15 mm in front of the VP and 30 mm above the HP. Draw
its projections.
H-3. A regular pentagon ABCDE 20 mm side has its, corner A in HP and the side CD parallel to the
HP. Draw its projections when its plane is parallel to and 10 mm from the VP.
H-4. A square lamina ABCD of 30 mm side is perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP at 45°. It rests
on its side BC in HP. Draw its projections when corner point C is 12 mm in front of the VP.
H-5. A regular pentagon ABCDE, of 25 mm side, has its side BC in HP. Its plane is perpendicular to
the HP and inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw the projections of the pentagon when its corner
nearest to VP is 10 mm from it.
H-6. Draw the projections of a thin circular sheet of 50 mm diameter and negligible thickness,
when its plane is inclined at 45° to VP and is perpendicular to HP. A point on it circumference
and nearest to the VP is 40 mm away from the HP and 14 mm from the VP.
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11. PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Class Work Problems
C-1. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long, resting on
one of its rectangular faces on the HP with the axis inclined at 45° to the VP
C-2. A hexagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has an edge of its base on ground.
Its axis is inclined at 30° to the ground and parallel to the VP. Draw its projections.
C-3. Draw the projections of a cone, base 75 mm diameter and axis 100 mm long, lying on the HP
on one of its generator with the axis parallel to the VP.
C-4. A square prism, base 40 mm side and height 65 mm has its axis inclined at 45° to the HP and
has an edge of its base, on the HP and inclined at 30° to the VP. Draw its projections
C-5. Draw the projection of a tetrahedron with 65 mm long edges lying on a face in the HP and an
edge of that face is perpendicular to the VP.
C-6. A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 75 mm long axis has a square hole of 25 mm side cut
through it so that the axis of the hole coincides with that of the cylinder. The cylinder is lying
on the ground with the axis perpendicular to the VP and the faces of the hole equally inclined
to the HP. Draw its projections.
C-7. Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism of 25 mm base side and 50 mm long axis, resting
on one of its rectangular faces on the HP with the axis inclined at 45 degree to the VP.
C-8. A pentagonal pyramid of 30 mm base sides and 60 mm long axis has an edge of base parallel
to HP. Its axis is parallel to VP and inclined at 45 degree to the HP. Draw its projections when
apex lies in the HP.
C-9. A hexagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and 60 mm long axis is freely suspended from a
corner of the top base. Draw the projections of the prism in suspended position.
C-10. Draw the projections of a cube with 40 mm long edges resting on the HP on one of its corners
with a solid diagonal perpendicular to the VP.
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L-1. A regular pentagonal prism lies with its axis inclined at 60° to the HP and 30° to the VP. The
prism is 60 mm long and has a face width of 25 mm. The nearest corner is 10 mm away from
the VP and the farthest shorter edge is 100 mm from the HP. Draw the projections of the
solid.
L-2. A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm base side and 60 mm long axis has an edge of its base on the
ground and the axis inclined at 30° to the HP. The edge of the base on which it rests is
inclined at 45° to the VP. Draw its projections.
L-3. A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 65 mm long axis rests on a point of its base circle on
the HP. Draw its projections when the axis is making an angle of 30 degree with HP and top
view of the axis is perpendicular to VP.
L-4. Draw the projections of a cone base 50 mm diameter and axis 75 mm long, lying on a
generator on the ground with the top view of the axis making an angle of 45° with the VP.
L-5. A hexagonal prism of side of base 25 mm and 45 mm long axis is so positioned with one of its
base edges on HP such that the axis is inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to the VP. Draw the
projections of the prism by change of position method.
L-6. A pentagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long has one of its triangular faces in
the VP and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30° with the HP.
Draw its projections.
L-7. A tetrahedron of 75 mm long edges has one edge parallel to the HP and inclined at 45° to the
VP while a face containing that edge is vertical. Draw its projections.
L-8. A hexagonal pyramid of 30 mm base side and 60 mm long axis is kept with a side of base
parallel to the VP and the triangular face containing that side being vertical. Draw the
projections of the solid.
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H-1. Draw three views of the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid, with 35 mm edges of base, 20 mm
edges of top and 45 mm long axis, has one of its faces on the HP and axis parallel to VP.
H-2. A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on VP while
it’s axis makes 45° with VP and FV of the axis 35° with HP. Draw projections
H-3. A tetrahedron of 50 mm long edges is resting on one edge on HP while one triangular face
containing this edge is vertical and 45° inclined to VP. Draw projections.
H-4. Draw three views of the cone, with 50 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis, having one of
its generators in the VP and inclined at 30 degree to the HP, the apex being in HP.
H-5. A square pyramid base 38 mm sides & axis 50 mm long, is freely suspended from one of the
corners of its base. Draw its projections, when the axis as a vertical plane makes an angle of
45° with the VP.
H-6. Draw the projections of a cone, having a base with a 50 mm diameter and 60 mm axis, when
it is resting on the ground on a point of its base circle with the axis inclined at 30° to the HP
and (i) the top view of the axis is inclined at 45° with the VP, and (ii) the axis is inclined at 45°
with the VP.
H-7. A hexagonal prism of 40 mm base sides and 40 mm long axis has a centrally drilled circular
hole of 40 mm diameter. Draw its projections when the prism is resting on an edge of its base
on the HP and the axis inclined at 60 degree to the HP and parallel to the VP.
H-8. A square pyramid, 40 mm base side and 60 mm long axis, is freely suspended from one of its
corners of its base. Draw its projections, when the axis as a vertical plane is inclined at 45° to
the VP.
H-9. A hexagonal pyramid base 25 mm side and axis 55 mm long has one of its slant edge on the
ground. A plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to the HP and inclined at
45° to the VP. Draw its projections when the apex is nearer to the VP than the base.
H-10. A regular pentagonal pyramid with the sides of its base 30 mm and height 80 mm rests on an
edge of the base. The base is tilted until its apex is 50 mm above the level of the edge of the
base on which it rests. Draw the projections of the pyramid when the edge on which it rests,
parallel to the VP and the apex of the pyramid points towards the VP.
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H-11. A pentagonal pyramid with 25 mm side of base and 60 mm height has one of its slant faces on
the horizontal plane and the edge of the base contained by that slant face makes an angle of
30 degree to the VP. Draw its projections.
H-12. A hexagonal pyramid with 25 mm side of base and 55 mm height has one of its slant edges on
the ground. A plane containing that edge and the axis is perpendicular to HP and inclined at
45 degree to VP. Draw its projections, when the apex is nearer to VP then the base.
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12. SECTION OF SOLIDS
Class Work Problems
C-1. A triangular prism of 30 mm base side and 50 mm long axis is lying on the HP on one of its
rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 30 degree to the VP. It is cut by a horizontal section
plane at a distance of 12 mm above the ground. Draw its front view and sectional top view.
C-2. A hexagonal prism of 20 mm base and 60 mm height is resting on one of its corners on the
ground with the base making 60 degree with the ground. The axis is parallel to VP. A section
plane parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP cuts the object such that it is 15 mm from the
base as measured along the axis. Draw its sectional view from the above and the view from
the front.
C-3. A right circular cone of the 45 mm base diameter and 55 mm long axis is lying on one of its
generators on the HP. It is cut by a horizontal section plane passing through the midpoint of
the axis. Draw the projections of the cone and its true section.
C-4. A pentagonal prism of 30 mm base side and 60 mm long axis rests on one of its rectangular
faces on HP with its axis inclined at 30 degree to the VP. A section plane parallel to VP cuts
the solid through the centre of the axis into two halves. Draw the projections of the solid.
C-5. A pentagonal pyramid with 35 mm side of base and 60 mm long axis rests with its base on HP
such that one of the edges of the base is perpendicular to VP A section plane perpendicular to
the HP and parallel to VP cuts the pyramid at a distance of 20mm from the corner of the base
nearer to the observer. Draw its top and sectional front views.
C-6. A hexagonal prism of 30 mm base sides and 65 mm long axis is resting on its base on the HP
with two edges parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the VP inclined
at 45 degree to the HP and intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw the
front view, sectional top view and true shape of the section.
C-7. A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 80 mm long axis is lying on a generator on the HP
with its axis parallel to the VP. It is cut by an AIP inclined at 30° to the HP and passes through
a point on the axis 30 mm from one of its ends. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of
the section.
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L-1. A square pyramid of 40 mm base side and 65 mm long axis has its base on the HP and all the
edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the
VP and inclined at 45° to HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top view and true
shape of the section.
L-2. A right circular cone of the 50 mm base diameter and 65 mm long axis rests on its base on the
HP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP at 45° cuts the cone meeting its
axis at a distance of 36 mm from its base. Draw its front view, sectional top view and true
L-3. A square prism of 40 mm base side and 65 mm long axis rests on its base on HP such that one
of its rectangular faces makes an angle of 30° with VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to HP and inclined at 60° to VP passing through the prism such that the face
width makes an angle of 60° with VP is bisected. Draw its sectional front view, top view and
true shape of the section.
L-4. A cone with 60 mm base diameter and 70 mm long axis is resting on its base on the HP. It is
cut by a section plane whose HT is inclined at 60° to the reference line and passes through a
point that is 20 mm away from the axis. Draw its top and sectional front views and true shape
of the section.
L-5. A pentagonal pyramid of 40 mm base sides and 70 mm long axis is resting on HP on an edge
of its base such that axis is inclined at 45° to the HP and parallel to VP. It is cut in such manner
that HT and VT of the section plane are perpendicular to the XY and pass through the edge on
which the pyramid is resting. Draw the front view, top view and sectional side view.
L-6. A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 65 mm long axis is resting on its base in the HP. It is
cut by two auxiliary inclined planes which make angles of 60° and 45° with the HP passing
through the top end of the axis. . Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
L-7. A right regular hexagonal pyramid (30 mm base edge X 75 mm long axis) has one of its slant
edges in HP and the vertical plane containing this edge and axis is inclined at 30° to the VP.
Draw the projection when apex is 20 mm in front of VP. It is now cut by a section plane whose
HT makes an angle of 60° with the XY. Draw the sectional view and true shape of the section
when the section plane bisects the axis.
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H-1. A pentagonal prism of 25 mm base side and 60 mm long axis has an edge of its base on the
HP and the axis is parallel to the VP and inclined at 60° to the HP. A section plane having its
HT perpendicular to XY and the VT inclined at 60° to XY and passing through the highest
corner cuts the prism. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
H-2. A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and 70 mm long axis is resting on a face on the
ground with axis parallel to the VP. It is cut by an AVP which makes an angle of 45° with the
VP and passes through a point 25 mm on the axis from one of its ends. Draw the sectional
front view and true shape of the section.
H-3. A cylinder of 50 mm base diameter and 80 mm long is resting on HP with its axis inclined at
30° to the HP and parallel to VP. A section plane inclined at 45° to the VP passes through the
axis at 25 mm from one end of it. Draw the projections of the cut solid. Also obtain the true
H-4. A cone with 60 mm base diameter and 70 mm long axis is resting on its base on the HP. It is
cut by a horizontal plane and an AIP which makes 45° with the HP. Both the planes meet at a
point on the axis 40 mm above the base. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
H-5. A cone of 60 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is lying on a generator on the HP with its
axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane parallel to the generator which is tangent to
the ellipse in the top view cuts the cone bisecting the axis and removing a portion containing
the apex. Draw the sectional front view and true shape of the section.
H-6. A regular pentagonal pyramid of 30 mm base side and 60 mm long axis is on a triangular face
in the HP with its axis parallel to the VP. It is cut by a vertical section plane making an angle of
60° to the VP and passing through the centre of the base. Draw the sectional front view and
true shape of the section.
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13. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Class Work Problems
C-1. Make a complete orthographic drawing of a geometrical solid cut by a plane. Find the true
shape of the section. Construct the development of the surface of the solid.
C-2. A pentagonal prism, 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis is standing on HP on its base with one
side of the base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 40° to the HP,
through mid-point of axis. Draw FV, sectional TV & sectional Side view. Also draw true shape
of section and Development of surface of remaining solid.
C-3. A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all the
edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45° to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.
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C-4. A pentagonal prism, 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis is standing on HP on its base whose one
side is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane 45° inclined to HP, through midpoint of
axis. Draw FV, sectional TV & sectional Side view. Also draw true shape of section and
Development of surface of remaining solid.
C-5. A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is standing on its base on HP. It cut by a section
plane 45° inclined to HP through base end of end generator. Draw projections, sectional
views, and true shape of section and development of surfaces of remaining solid.
C-6. A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on HP (lying on HP) which
is parallel to VP. Draw its projections. It is cut by a horizontal section plane through its base
center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
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L-1. A pentagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular
faces on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the
top view of the axis and makes an angle of 30° with the reference line, cuts the pyramid
removing its top part. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the section
and development of the surface of the remaining portion of the pyramid.
L-2. Draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the
shortest path by which a point P, starting from a point on the circumference of the base and
moving around the cone will return to the same point. Base of cone 65 mm diameter and axis
75 mm long.
L-3. Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest circle. If the semicircle is
development of a cone and inscribed circle is some curve on it, then draw the projections of
cone showing that curve.
L-4. A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side & 55 mm axis is lying on HP on its rectangular face with
axis parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane normal to HP and 30° inclined to VP bisecting
axis. Draw sectional Views, true shape & development.
L-5. A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid. It is cut by a section plane 45°
inclined to HP, passing through mid-point of axis. Draw FV, sectional TV, true shape of section
and development of remaining part of the solid. (Take radius of cone and each side of
hexagon 30 mm long and axis 70 mm.)
L-6. Draw a semicircle of 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest circle. If the semicircle is
development of a cone and inscribed circle is some curve on it, then draw the projections of
cone showing that curve.
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H-1. A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on HP (lying on HP) which
is II to VP. Draw its projections. It is cut by a horizontal section plane through its base center.
Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
H-2. A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is standing on its base on HP. It cut by a section
plane 45° inclined to HP through base end of end generator. Draw projections, sectional
views, true shape of section and development of surfaces of remaining solid.
H-3. Draw a semicircle of 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest rhombus. If the semicircle is
development of a cone and rhombus is some curve on it, then draw the projections of cone
showing that curve.
H-4. A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on its half base on HP with its
flat face parallel and nearer to VP. An inextensible string is wound round its surface from one
point of base circle and brought back to the same point. If the string is of shortest length, find
it and show it on the projections of the cone.
H-5. A particle which is initially on base circle of a cone, standing on HP, moves upwards and
reaches apex in one complete turnaround the cone. Draw its path on projections of cone as
well as on its development. Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long.
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14. INTERPENTRATION OF SOLIDS/ INTERSECTION OF SURFACES
Class Work Problems
C-1. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by another of 40 mm
diameter and 70 mm axis horizontally. Both axes intersect & bisect each other. Draw
projections showing curves of intersections.
C-2. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by a square prism of 25
mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect each other. All faces of
prism are equally inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
C-3. A square prism 30 mm base sides and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by another square
prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersects & bisect each other.
All faces of prisms are equally inclined to VP. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections.
C-4. A vertical cone, base diameter 75 mm and axis 100 mm long, is completely penetrated by a
cylinder of 45 mm diameter. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to HP and VP and intersects
axis of the cone at a point 28 mm above the base. Draw projections showing curves of
intersection.
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L-1. A cylinder 50 mm diameter and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by a triangular prism of
45 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. One flat face of prism is parallel to VP and
Contains axis of cylinder. Draw projections showing curves of intersections.
L-2. A square prism 30 mm base sides and 70 mm axis is completely penetrated by another square
prism of 25 mm sides and 70 mm axis, horizontally. Both axes Intersect & bisect each other.
Two faces of penetrating prism are 30° inclined to HP. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections.
L-3. Draw the given views of assigned form and complete the intersection. (Figure L3.1 to L3.4)
Figure L3.1 to L3.4

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H-1. Draw the given views of assigned form and complete the intersection. (Figure H1.1 to H1.4)
Figure H1.1 to H1.4
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15. SCREW FASTENINGS
L-1. Show by means of sketches, the following threads conventionally.

a. External V thread.
b. External V thread in section.
c. Internal V thread in section.
L-2. Draw three views of a hexagonal nut for a bolt diameter D, by approximately standard
dimensions or rough rule dimensions.
L-3. Explain by means of sketches, any three methods of preventing a bolt from rotating while
screwing the nut on or off it.
L-4. Sketch the following profiles of threads for pitch of 20 mm. (Figure L4.1 to L4.4)
Figure L4.1 Figure L4.2
Figure L4.4
Figure L4.3
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15. SCREW FASTENINGS
H-1. Sketch the following profiles of threads for pitch of 20 mm. (Figure H1.1 to H1.4)
H-2. Draw three views of a hexagonal headed bolt, 24 mm diameter and 100 mm long, with a
hexagonal nut and a washer.
H-3. Sketch the following methods of locking a nut.
a. By a split pin
b. By a set screw.
c. By a washer.
d. By a fiber ring.
Figure H1.1 Figure H1.2
Figure H1.3 Figure H1.4

H-4. Sketch the following forms of heads of screws/bolts for mean diameter of 20 mm. (Figure
H4.1 to H4.2)
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_____________________________________________________________
Figure H4.1
Figure H4.2
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16. RIVETED JOINTS
L-1. Reproduce the given views of the riveted joint with the values of d, t and p as 25 mm, 12 mm
and 75 mm.
Figure L1.2: Double Riveted Lap Joint (Chain

Figure L1.1: Single Riveted Lap Joint Riveting)
Figure L1.3: Double Riveted Lap Joint (Zig-Zag Figure L1.4: Single Riveted Single Strap Butt Joint
Riveting)
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_____________________________________________________________
16. RIVETED JOINTS
H-1. Reproduce the given views of the riveted joint with the values of d, t and p as 25 mm, 12 mm
and 75 mm.
Figure H1.2: Double Riveted Double Strap Butt Joint

Figure H1.1: Single Riveted Double Strap (Chain Riveting)
Butt Joint
Figure H1.3: Double Riveted Double Strap Butt Joint

(Zig - Zag Riveting)
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_____________________________________________________________
17. WELDED JOINTS
L-1. Figure L1.1 and L1.2 show the isometric of a machine part to be fabricated by the welding
process. Draw its orthographic view. Choose suitable types of weld and represent it on the
drawings through respective symbols.
Figure L1.1 Figure L1.2
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17. WELDED JOINTS
H-1. Sketch the symbols for various forms of welded joints recommended by the Bureau of Indian
Standards.
H-2. Sketch the various types of welded joints.
H-3. Sketch the conventional representation of welded joint in drawings.
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18. SHEET LAYOUT AND TITLE BLOCK
Figure Below shows the drawing sheet layout (half size Imperial sheet) to be used for solving lab
problems.
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References
[1]. N. D. Bhatt, “Engineering Drawing”, Charoter Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Anand Gujrat.
[2]. Engineering Drawing II [tutorial sheets], Institute of Engineering Department of Industrial
Engineering, Thapathali Campus, Kathmandu
[3]. http://nptel.ac.in/downloads/112104172/
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MER2C3 ENGINEERING DRAWING

Vijay Kumar Karma

C-1. Draw a scale 1 cm = 1m to read decimeters, to measure maximum distance of 6 m. Show on it

Class Work Problems

Lab Work Problems (Sheet No. 3)

Figure C1.1 Figure C1.2

Figure C1.3 Figure C1.4

Figure C1.5 Figure C1.6

Lab Work Problems (Sheet No. 5)

Home Assignment Problems

Class Work Problems

Lab Work Problems

Home Assignment Problems

Class Work Problems

Lab Work Problems

Home Assignment Problems

Home Assignment Problems

Figure L3.1 to L3.4

Figure H1.1 to H1.4

L-1. Show by means of sketches, the following threads conventionally.

Figure L4.1 Figure L4.2

Figure H1.1 Figure H1.2

Figure H1.3 Figure H1.4

Figure L1.2: Double Riveted Lap Joint (Chain

Home Assignment Problems

Figure H1.2: Double Riveted Double Strap Butt Joint

Figure H1.3: Double Riveted Double Strap Butt Joint

Figure L1.1 Figure L1.2

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