Electrical Notes & Articles

Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Calculate No of Lighting Fixtures / Lumen for Indoor Lighting

 An office area is 20meter (Length) x 10meter (width) x 3 Meter (height). The ceiling to desk height
is 2 meters. The area is to be illuminated to a general level of 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL
luminaires with a SHR of 1.25. Each lamp has an initial output (Efficiency) of 85 lumen per watt.
The lamps Maintenance Factor (MF) is 0.63 ,Utilization Factor is 0.69 and space height ratio (SHR)
is 1.25
Calculation:

Calculate Total Wattage of Fixtures:

 Total Wattage of Fixtures= No of Lamps X each Lamp’s Watt.

 Total Wattage of Fixtures=2×32=64Watt.
Calculate Lumen per Fixtures:

 Lumen per Fixtures = Lumen Efficiency(Lumen per Watt) x each Fixture’s Watt
 Lumen per Fixtures= 85 x 64 = 5440Lumen
Calculate No’s of Fixtures:

 Required No of Fixtures = Required Lux x Room Area / MFxUFx Lumen per Fixture
 Required No of Fixtures =(250x20x10) / (0.63×0.69×5440)
 Required No of Fixtures =21 No’s

Calculate Minimum Spacing Between each Fixture:

 The ceiling to desk height is 2 meters and Space height Ratio is 1.25 so
 Maximum spacing between Fixtures =2×1.25=2.25meter.
Calculate No of Row Fixture’s Row Required along with width of Room:

 Number of Row required = width of Room / Max. Spacing= 10/2.25

 Number of Row required=4.
Calculate No of Fixture’s required in each Row:

 Number of Fixture Required in each Row = Total Fixtures / No of Row = 21/4

 Number of Fixture Required in each Row = 5 No’s:
Calculate Axial Spacing between each Fixture:

 Axial Spacing between Fixtures = Length of Room / Number of Fixture in each Row
 Axial Spacing between Fixtures =20 / 5 = 4 Meter
Calculate Transverse Spacing between each Fixture:

 Transverse Spacing between Fixtures = width of Room / Number of Fixture’s row

 Transverse Spacing between Fixtures = 10 / 4 = 2.5 Meter.

Conclusion:

 No of Row for Lighting Fixture’s= 4 No

 No of Lighting Fixtures in each Row= 5 No
 Axial Spacing between Fixtures= 4.0 Meter
 Transverse Spacing between Fixtures= 2.5 Meter
 Required No of Fixtures =21 No’s
Electrical Notes & Articles
Sharing Abstracts,Notes on various Electrical Engineering Topics.

Selection for Street Light Luminar-(PART-1)

Terminology for Road Light Illumination:

(1) Luminance (E):

 Luminance is the amount of light falling on a surface.

 The luminance refers to the incidence of the light flux on a surface, per unit of surface.
 E = Phi / A (lx)
 The luminance is expressed in lux (lx).
 Full moon has 0.1 Lux ,Emergency lighting has 1 Lux ,Street lighting has 10 Lux ,Winter day has 10
000 Lux , Summer day has 100 000 Lux
(2) Lumen (lm):

 Lumen is a unit of measure of the quantity of light.

 One lumen is the amount of light which falls on an area of one square foot every point of which is
one foot from the source of one candela.
 A light source of one candela emits a total of 12.57 lumens.
(3) Lux:

 Lux is a metric measurement of light on a surface.

 The illumination of light flux is expressed in Lux hence unit of luminance is Lux.
 The luminous flux per unit area of 1 square meter on a sphere of radius 1 meter is called 1 Lux.
 1 Lux= 1 Lumen per square Meter.
 Lux = Lumens / Area (sq meter).
 1 Lux equals 0.0929 foot candle
 Difference between Lumens and Lux
 One Lux is defined as being equivalent to one lumen spread over an area of one square meter.
 Measurement of lux (light intensity) tells us how many lumens (total light output) we need in the
given area of illumination.
 Lighting a larger area to the same measurement of lux requires a larger number of lumens which is
usually achieved by increasing the number of light fixtures.
(4) Foot candle (fc):

 It is the English unit of Illuminance.

 It is the amount of light flux density. It is the unit of measure used when describing the amount of
light in a room and expressed in lumens per square foot.
 It is the amount of light that falls on the area we want to illuminate. We also want to know the
lumens per square foot or square meter in a space.
  This quantity called Light Flux Density is the common term Foot-candle (fc).
 Foot candle = Lumens / Area
 Example: A 40-watt fluorescent lamp 120 centimeters long produces 3,200 lumens of light in a
room having a general dimensions of 10 x 20 ft. Find the illumination on the floor.
 Foot candle (fc) = Lumens / Area
 Foot candle (fc) = 3,200 lm / 10×20 ft = 16 foot candle
 The foot candle is an important unit of measure in calculating the desired illumination and layout of
fixtures.
(5) Foot candle (fc):

 The unit of luminance = the luminous fl ux per square foot on a sphere of radius 1 foot.
 One foot-candle is approximately 10 lux.
(6) Luminance:

 Luminance indicates the degree of brightness with which the human eye perceives a light source or
an illuminated surface.
 L = E/A (cd/m2)
 The luminance is expressed in candela per square meter (cd/m2).
 The amount of light reflected from a surface. It is sort of the “brightness” we see, i.e. the visual effect
of the luminance.
 It depends on the amount of luminance and on the reflective properties of the surface as well as on
the projected area on the plane perpendicular to the direction of view.
 The unit is candela per square meter (cd/m2), or candela per square foot
(7) Lamp Circuit Efficacy:

 Amount of light (lumens) emitted by a lamp for each watt of power consumed by the lamp circuit,
i.e. including control gear losses. This is a more meaningful measure for those lamps that require
control gear. It’s Unit is lumens per circuit watt (lm/W)
(8) Uniformity ratio:

 G = Emin/Egem (%) The uniformity ratio is the ratio between the minimum luminance and the
average luminance on a surface. This figure indicates the degree of “evenness”. E = 1 indicates
complete uniformity.
(9) Utilization Factor (UF):

 UF (%) The utilization factor indicates how well a lighting installation uses the luminous flux of the
lamps. This is indicated as the ratio between the luminous flux that reaches the working plane and
the light source of the „bare‟ lamps, expressed as a percentage.
 The utilization factor of lamps is the ratio of luminous flux which is arrived to the road from the full
luminous flux of lamp. It is calculated by using the curse sign of utilization factor which is different
from each lamp.
(10) Coefficient of Utilization (CU):

 A design factor that represents the percentage of bare lamp lumens that are utilized to light the
pavement surface. This factor is based on the luminaries position relative to the lighted area.

Coefficient of Utilization
 Fixture Description cu

Efficient fixture, large unit colored

room 0.45

Average fixture, medium size room 0.35

Inefficient fixture, small or dark

room 0.25

(11) Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor (LLD):

 As the lamp service life increase, the lumen output of the lamp decreases. This is an inherent
characteristic of all lamps.
 The initial lamp lumen value is adjusted by a lumen depreciation factor to compensate for the
anticipated lumen reduction. This assures that a minimum level of illumination will be available at
the end of the assumed lamp life, even though lamp lumen depreciation has occurred. This
information is usually provided by the manufacturer.
 Mostly used LLD=0.80
(12) Luminaries Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD):

 Dirt on the exterior and interior of the luminaire, and to some extent on the lamp itself, reduces the
amount of light reaching the pavement.
 Various degrees of dirt accumulation may occur depending upon the area in which the luminaire is
located. Industrial areas, automobile exhaust, diesel trucks, dust and other environs all affect the
dirt accumulation on the luminaire.
 Higher mounting heights, however, tend to reduce the vehicle-related dirt accumulation.
 Mostly LDD=0.9
(13) Maintenance Factor (MF):

 The maintenance factor is the combination of light loss factors used to denote the reduction of the
illumination for a given area after a period of time compared to the initial illumination on the same
area. It is the product of the lamp lumen depreciation factor and the luminaire dirt depreciation
factor (i.e., MF = LLD x LDD).
 Consult the manufacturer’s data and the Electrical and Mechanical Unit for the appropriate factors
to use.

Maintenance Factor

Enclosed fixture, clean room 0.8

Average conditions 0.7

Open Fixture or dirty room 0.6

(14) Color Rendering Index (CRI):

 It is ability of a light source to render colors and make them appear “normal.”
  The index scale runs from 0-100. A CRI of 100 means colors look “normal”, a low CRI means colors
look distorted.
 CRI of 60 means the source renders 60% of the colors well and 40% poorly.
 Halogen and Incandescent lamps generally have a CRI of 100.

Illumination Unit Comparisons

Term English Metric (SI)

Length Feet Meter

Area Square foot Square meter

Luminance Flux Lumens Lumens

Illumination Flux
Density Foot candles Lux

Foot Lambert or
Luminance lamberts Milli-Lamberts

Recommended Lux Level:

Illumination Level

Area Lux Level

Very Bright Summer Day

(Max) Up to 100000 Lux

Very Bright Summer Day

(Min) 20000 Lux

Nighttime Car Park 1 Lux

Nighttime Urban Street 10 Lux

Night Light on a Building 60 Lux

Machine shop 400 Lux

Offices 500 Lux

Kitchens (food preparation

area) 400 Lux

Counters 240 Lux

Machine shop 700 Lux

Canteens 300 Lux

Waiting Rooms 80 Lux

Foyers 200 Lux

Entrance halls 160 Lux

Stairs 40 Lux

Warehouses 80 Lux

Passageways 80 Lux

Corridors 40 Lux

Illuminance for Various Roadway Types

(ANSI/IES RP-8)

Road Type Illuminace Lux

Urban Freeway 10
Freeway Interchange 14

Commercial Arterial 20

Residential Collector 8

Local 6

Light levels as per IS 1944

Average
level of
Classification of Type of illumination Min:Max
road road (lux) Min:Avg (%)

Important
traffic routes
carrying fast
Group A1 traffic 30 0.4 33

Other main
roads
carrying
mixed traffic,
like main
city streets,
arterial
roads,
throughways
Group A2 etc 15 0.4 33

Secondary
roads with
considerable
traffic like
principal
local traffic
routes,
shopping
Group B1 streets etc 8 0.3 20
 Secondary
roads with
light traffic.
important
traffic routes
carrying fast
Group B2 traffic 4 0.3 20

Minimum Level of illumination in Lux

Road Residential Industrial Commercial

Arterial
Roads 10.0 13.0 17

Collector
Road 6.0 10.0 13.0

Local
Roads 4.0 7.0 9.0

Walkways
&
Pathways 4.0

Lanes 4.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended Levels of Illumination (BIS, 1981)Table 6

Avg Min / Avg Type of

Road Illumination Illumination Luminaries
Characteristics (Lux) (Lux) Preferred

Important 30 0.4 Cutoff

traffic routes
carrying fast
traffic

Main roads
carrying mixed
traffic like city
main
roads/streets,
arterial roads,
throughways 15 0.4 Cutoff

Secondary
roads with
considerable
traffic like local
traffic routes,
shopping Cutoff or
streets 8 0.3 semi-cutoff

Secondary
roads with light Cutoff or
traffic 4 0.3 semi-cutoff

Recommended Average Horizontal Illumination

level in Lux

Vehicular traffic Classification

Pedestrian Very Heavy to

Traffic light Light Medium Heaviest

Heavy 9.68 12.91 16.14 12.52

Medium 6.46 8.61 10.26 12.91

Light 2.15 4.30 6.46 9.68

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