Technical Drawing:

Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principles of projections. A projection is a

drawing or representation of an entity on an imaginary plane or planes. A projection involves
four components:
1. The actual object that the drawing or projection represents
2. The eye of the viewer looking at the object
3. The imaginary projection plane
4. Imaginary lines of sight called Projectors
The two broad types of projections, both with several sub classifications, are parallel projection
and perspective projection.
Parallel Projection: Parallel Projection is a type of projection where the line of sight or
projectors are parallel and are perpendicular to the picture planes. It is subdivided in to the
following three categories: Orthographic, Oblique and Axonometric Projections.
♦ Orthographic projections: are drawn as multi view drawings, which show flat
representations of principal views of the subject.
♦ Oblique Projections: actually show the full size of one view.
♦ Axonometric Projections: are three-dimensional drawings, and are of three different varieties:
Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric
Perspective Projection: Perspective projections are drawings which attempt to replicate
what the human eye actually sees when it views an object. There are three types of
perspective projections: Onepoint, Two-point and Three-point Projections.
1.4 Sectional View:
A sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and the portion
between the observer and the section plane being removed. The sectioned view provides all the
inner details, better than the un-sectioned view with dotted lines for inner details.
Types of Sectional Views:
Full section: A sectional view obtained by assuming that the object is completely cut by
a plane is called a full section or sectional view.
Half Section: A half sectional view is preferred for symmetrical objects. For a half
section, the cutting plane removes only one quarter of an object. For a symmetrical object, a
half sectional view is used to indicate both interior and exterior details in the same view. Even in
half sectional views, it is a good practice to omit the hidden lines.
Auxiliary Sections: Auxiliary sections may be used to supplement the principal views
used in orthographic projections. A sectional view projected on an auxiliary plane, inclined to
the principal planes of projection, shows the cross-sectional shapes of features such as
arms, ribs and so on.
1.5 Auxiliary View:
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected onto any plane other than the frontal,
horizontal, or profile plane. An auxiliary view is not one of the six principal views. To show the
true size and shape of surface ABCD,an auxiliary view can be created by positioning a line of
sight perpendicular to the inclined plane, then constructing the new view.
Auxiliary views are created by positioning a new line of sight relative to the object. It is possible
to create any number of auxiliary views, including a new auxiliary view from an existing
auxiliary view. Therefore, auxiliary views are first classified as: primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Primary auxiliary view: is a single view projected from one of the six principal views.
Secondary auxiliary view: is a single view projected from a primary auxiliary view.
Tertiary auxiliary view: is a single view projected from a secondary or anothertertiary auxiliary
view