Communications
f o r the u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e s e d at a.
Temperature-Oxygen Fugacity Tables
for Selected Gas Mixtures in the
System C-H-O at One Atmosphere
Total Pressure
P E T E R DEINES, R A L P H H. N A F Z I G E R , GENE C.
U L M E R , AND EDUARD WOERMANN
F o r at l e a s t two d e c a d e s , many i n s t i t u t i o n s t h r o u g h -
out the w o r l d have c o m p u t e r i z e d v a r i o u s c a l c u l a t i o n s
of the f o g v a l u e s p r o d u c e d at v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s by
g a s e o u s m i x t u r e s within the C - H - O s y s t e m . The fO~_
c a l c u l a t i o n s included within t h i s new c o m p i l a t i o n w e r e
f i r s t s t a r t e d at the P e n n s y l v a n i a State U n i v e r s i t y in
1962; an e a r l y a p p r o x i m a t e u n p u b li s h e d v e r s i o n of
T - f 0 2 t a b l e s for m i x t u r e s of CO-COg, Hg-HzO, and
Ha-CO2 w e r e f i n i s h e d in 1963 by V e r n P o r t e r * and
*Nowwith Texas Instruments, current residence-188 MarianaDrive,
Richardson, TX 75080.
G. C. U l m e r . In the e n s u i n g y e a r s , the n e c e s s a r y a l -
g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s w e r e f r e e d f r o m all t h e i r s i m p l i f y -
ing a s s u m p t i o n s , the d a t a - b a s e f o r the f O a - T c a l c u l a -
tion was changed f r o m Coughlin I (1954) to J A N A F 2
(1965), and the g r a p h s of Muan and O s b o r n 3 (1965)
p r e s e n t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e v s the lo g of the m i x i n g r a t i o
have been c o r r e c t e d and e x t e n d e d . The g o a l s of t h i s
new s et of t a b l e s a r e d i r e c t e d at m i x t u r e s of C O - C 0 2 ,
Hz-H20, and Ha-CO2 with a t h r e e fold p u r p o s e :
1) to p r o v i d e at one a t m o s p h e r e total p r e s s u r e the
m o s t u n e q u i v o c a l s e t of e q u i l i b r i u m f O z - t e m p e r a t u r e
data m a t h e m a t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e f r o m the J A N A F (1965)
data b as e.
2) to p r o v i d e data f o r t h e i n i t i a l m i x i n g of g a s e s
e x p r e s s e d in vol pct with s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to c o v e r a
t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e of 500 to 2000~ in 5~ s t e p s and
to c o v e r an oxygen fugacity r a n g e of 10 -4 to 10 -28 a t m s
in 0.10 l o g - u n i t s t e p s .
3) to a c c u r a t e l y c o m p a r e c a l c u l a t e d f O a - t e m p e r a t u r e
r e l a t i o n s h i p s am o n g f i v e c o m m o n l y u s e d s o u r c e s of
C - H - O data, i . e . , Wagman e t a l 4 (1954), Coughlin x
(1954), E l l i o t and G l e i s s e r 5 (1960), Wicks and Block s
(1963), and J A N A F 2 (1965).
In the twenty eight p a g e s of t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e s e
t a b l e s , the a l g e b r a i c d e r i v a t i o n s of the n e c e s s a r y
e q u a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d along with g r a p h s of f O g - T -
v o l pct. T h e s e g r a p h s i n d e x the i n f o r m a t i o n to be
found within the t a b l e s p r o p e r . In addition, Lxf(h d a t a
a r e p r e s e n t e d in g r a p h i c f o r m as c o n t o u r e d p l o t s
which al l o w the c o m p a r i s o n of the o th e r d a t a s o u r c e s
with the J A N A F data. The final p a r a g r a p h s of the
i n t r o d u c t i o n explain the u s e s of the t a b l e s and v e r y
PETER DEINES is Associate Professor of Geochemistry, Depart-
ment of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA 16802. RALPH H. NAFZIGER is Research Chemist, Bureau
of Mines, P.O. Box 70, Albany, OR 97321. GENE C. ULMER is Pro-
fessor and Chairman, Department of Geology, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA 19122. EDUARD WOERMANNis Professor, Insti-
tute of Crystallography, 51 Aachen, Templergraben, Germany.
Manuscript submitted August 15, 1975.
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
b r i e f l y r e f e r e n c e the e x p e r i m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s s u i t a b l e
Th e c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s u s e d w e r e w r i t t e n in F o r -
t r a n . D e t a i l e d p r i n t o u t s of the p r o g r a m s can be o b -
t a i n e d f r o m D r . P e t e r D e i n e s , 204 D e i k e Building,
T h e P e n n s y l v a n i a State U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r s i t y P a r k ,
P A 16802. The c o m p l e t e p u b l i c a t i o n (129 p a g e s ) in
p a p e r binding is a v a i l a b l e at $2.00 as B u l l e t i n 88 f r o m
t h e E a r t h and M i n e r a l S c i e n c e s E x p e r i m e n t Station,
M i n e r a l S c i e n c e s Bldg. C o l l e g e of E a r t h and M i n e r a l
S c i e n c e s , Th e P e n n s y l v a n i a State U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r -
s i t y P a r k , P A 16802.
1. J. P. Coughlin: U.S. Bur. of Mines Bull., 1954, no. 542, pp. 1-80.
2. JANAF:Joint Army, Navy, and Air Force Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed.,
pp. 1-1141, reissued by National Bureau of Standards as Ref. Data Ser. 37,
Gaithersburg, Md., 1971.
3. A. Muanand E. F. Osborn:Phase Equilibria Among Oxides in Steelmaking,
pp. 1-236, Addison-Wesley,Reading,Mass., 1965.
4. D. D. Wagman,J. E. Kilpatrick,W.J. Taylor, K. S. Pitzer, and F. D. Rossini:
J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 1945, vol. 34, pp. 143-62.
5. J. F. Elliotand M. Gleiser: Thermochemistry for Steelmaking, vol. 1, pp. 1-296,
Addison-Wesley,Reading,Mass., 1960.
6. C. E. Wicksand F. E. Block: U.S. Bur. of Mines Bull., 1963, no. 605, pp. 1-147.
Cooling Effect of Iron-Selenium Briquets
Added to Liquid Steel
ROBERT H. ABORN
In the processing of liquid steel for casting in a mold,
it is necessary to control the temperature to avoid ex-
cessive cooling, which could cause inferior ingot char-
acteristics. Consequently it is important to know the
temperature change that results from the addition of
cold, solid additives to the teeming stream. A recent
paper has calculated the cooling effect of alloy addi-
tives and reviewed the prior literature,1 but nothing has
been written on the addition of volatile elements which
are only partially recovered.
This work is based on the addition of blended and
compressed iron and selenium powders, in the shape of
1/4 • 1/2 in. (0.00635 • 0.0127 m) diam. briquets, each
containing 85 pct iron and 15 pct selenium, added in
sixteen 2 ib (0.91 kg) bags during the filling of a 5 ton
(4.535 tonne) ingot mold with low alloy steel. Since the
average recovery of selenium in top-poured ingots in
air is two-thirds of the amount added, it is assumed
that two thirds of the selenium added forms iron selen-
ide (FeSe) at 960~ (1233 K), the eutectic temperature
of FeSe and iron saturated with selenium. 2 The re-
maining one-third of the selenium is lost by volatiliza-
tion between its boiling point 685~ (958 K) and
1600~ (1873 K), the temperature of the liquid steel.
32 ibs (14.53 kg) of additive in a 5 ton (4.535 tonne)
ingot is equivalent to 6.4 ibs (2.906 kg) per ton of steel
or 3200 gins. (3.200 kg) per metric ton. The cooling
calculation follows:
Gram atoms of components in 3200 gin. (3.200 kg) of
briquets
ROBERT H. ABORN is Metallurgical Consultant to ASARCO, Inc.,
Millington, NJ 07946.
Manuscript submitted June 24, 1975.
VOLUME 7B, MARCH 1976-143