Branching - If Review

▪Prepare ½ sheet of
paper crosswise
Activator–Complete the following statements:
▪ If I do my friends work, then

…
▪ If I do not take a bath, then …
▪ If I eat and _________, then …
▪ If I love my parents, then…
▪ If my allowance is more than
1000, then I will _____.
Decisions in Real Life
▪ A decision is a statement that says that if something
is true, then something will happen as a
consequence.
For example:
▪If I do the dishes, then I will get my allowance.
▪If Pat gets a 90 percent or above, he will get an A.
▪If you will marry me, then you are so very lucky.
▪ Decisions are modeled in computers.
For example:
if (grade > =75)
str=“You Passed!”;
Relational Expressions
▪A relational operator is used to compare two values,
resulting in a relational expression.
For example:
number > 16
grade == ‘F’
passing >= 60
▪A list of relational operators:
< less than

> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
Java Programming: From Problem
Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Chapter 4
Control Structures I: Selection
Consider the following source code, what is the
display output?
int x=0,y=0;
if(x>0) {
y=10;
}
else{
y=20;
}
System.out.print(y);
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 6
display output?
int x=0,y=0;
if(x>0) {
}
y=10;
else{
}
y=20;
20
display output?
int x=-10,y=0;
if(x>10) {
y=10;
}
else{
y=20;
}
display output?
int x=-10,y=0;
if(x>10) {
}
y=10;
else{
}
y=20;
20
display output?
int x=5,y=0;
if(x>10)
y=10;
else if(x<10)
y=50;
else{
y=5;
}
10
display output?
int x=5,y=0;
if(x>10)
50
y=10;
else if(x<10)
y=50;
else{
y=5;
}
11
display output?
int a=0;
String b=“”;
if(a<0) {
b=“POSITIVE”;
}
else if(a>0){
b=“NEGATIVE”;
}
else{
b=“POSITIVE”;
}
System.out.print(b);
12
display output?
int a=0;
String b=“”;
if(a<0) {
b=“POSITIVE”;
}
else if(a>0){
POSITIVE
b=“NEGAVTIVE”;
}
else{
b=“POSITIVE”;
}
System.out.print(b);
13
display output?
int a=-5,m=10,n=15,b=20,c=0;
String b=“”;
if(a<0) {
b=“NEGATIVE”;
}
else if(a>0){
b=“POSITIVE”;
}
else{
b=“ORIGIN”;
}
System.out.print(n); 14
display output?
int a=-5,m=10,n=15,b=20,c=0;
String b=“”;
if(a<0) {
}
b=“NEGATIVE”;
else if(a>0){
b=“POSITIVE”;
15
}
else{
b=“ORIGIN”;
}
System.out.print(n); 15
Chapter Objectives
• Learn about control structures
• Examine relational and logical operators
• Explore how to form and evaluate logical
(Boolean) expressions
• Learn how to use the selection control
structures if, if…else, and switch in
a program

Control Structures
• Three methods of processing a program
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.

Control Structures
• Three methods of processing a program
– In sequence
– Branching
– Looping
• Branch: altering the flow of program
execution by making a selection or choice
• Loop: altering the flow of program
execution by repetition of statement(s)
Flow of Execution

Question:
– Allows you to make comparisons in a program

– expression that has a value of either true or false

Relational Operators
• Relational operator
– Allows you to make comparisons in a program
– Binary operator
• Condition is represented by a logical
expression in Java
• Logical expression: expression that has a
value of either true or false

Relational Operators in Java
1.
2.

Relational Operators in Java

Relational Operators and
Primitive Data Types
• Can be used with integral and floating-point
data types
• Can be used with the char data type
• Unicode collating sequence

Relational Operators and the
Unicode Collating Sequence

Logical (Boolean) Operators
1.
2.
3.


(continued)

(continued)
! (4<10)
! (‘a’= = ‘A’)
! (10!=10)

(continued)
! (4<10) False
! (‘a’= = ‘A’) True
! (10!=10) True

(continued)
1.
2.

(continued)

(continued)
Result
1.
2.
3.
4.

(continued)

Precedence of Operators

(continued)

(continued)
(1<5) && (4!=4) || (5==5)
(1+2+3! = 5 || 5<5) && (9>6) || !(5-5= = 7)
(!( 1!=2) && (6%3+2 >=5%2))
&&
(( (4==4) || (3!=2) || (3<=4)))

(continued)
(1<5) && (4!=4) || (5==5) 0
(1+2+3! = 5 || 5<5) && (9>6) || !(5-5= = 7) 1
(!( 1!=2) && (6%3+2 >=5%2))
&& 0
((4==4) || (3!=2) || (3<=4))
Short-Circuit Evaluation
• Definition: a process in which the computer

evaluates a logical expression from left to
right and stops as soon as the value of the
expression is known

Selection
• One-way selection
• Two-way selection
• Compound (block of) statements
• Multiple selections (nested if)
• Conditional operator
• switch structures

One-Way Selection
• Syntax
if (expression)
statement
• Expression referred to as decision maker
• Statement referred to as action statement

One-Way Selection (continued)

Example 4-10
//Program to determine the absolute value of an integer
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class AbsoluteValue
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int number;
int temp;
String numString;
numString =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog
("Enter an integer:"); //Line 1
number = Integer.parseInt(numString); //Line 2
temp = number; //Line 3

if (number < 0) //Line 4

number = -number; //Line 5
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"The absolute value of " + temp
+ " is " + number,
"Absolute Value",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); //Line 6
System.exit(0);
}

Two-Way Selection
• Give the Syntax:

Two-Way Selection
• Syntax
if (expression)
statement1
else
statement2
• else statement must be paired with an if

Two-Way Selection (continued)

Example 4-14
if (hours > 40.0)

wages = 40.0 * rate +
1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);
else
wages = hours * rate;
Question: if hours=50.5, what is the

value of wages?

Example 4-14
if (hours > 40.0) 8,362.5

1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);
else
wages = hours * rate;
Question: if hours=50.5, rate=150, what

is the value of wages?

Example 4-14 (continued)
if (hours > 40.0); //Line 1

1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); //Line 2
else //Line 3
wages = hours * rate; //Line 4
• Because a semicolon follows the closing parenthesis of the if

statement (Line 1), the else statement stands alone
• The semicolon at the end of the if statement (see Line 1) ends the
if statement, so the statement at Line 2 separates the else clause
from the if statement; that is, else is by itself
• Since there is no separate else statement in Java, this code
generates a syntax error
Below is an example of what
Selection?
if (age > 18)
{
System.out.println("Eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("No longer a minor.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Not eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("Still a minor.");
}

Compound (Block of) Statements
(continued)
if (age > 18)
{
System.out.println("Eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("No longer a minor.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Not eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("Still a minor.");
}

Compound (Block of) Statements
• Syntax

Multiple Selection: Nested if
• Syntax • Else associated with
most recent incomplete
if (expression1) if
statement1
else if (expression2)
• Multiple if statements
statement2 can be used in place of
else if…else statements
statement3 • May take longer to
evaluate
Conditional (? :) Operator
• Ternary operator
• Syntax
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
• If expression1 = true, then the result of the

condition is expression 2; otherwise, the
result of the condition is expression 3

int num=4;
String str=“”;
num < 0 ? str=“-” : str=“+”;
What is the value of str?

int num=4;
String str=“”;
num < 0 ? str=“-” : str=“+”; +

What is the value of str?

switch Structures

switch Structures (continued)
• In Java, switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words
• In a switch structure, the expression is evaluated
first
• The value of the expression is then used to perform
the actions specified in the statements that follow
the reserved word case
• The expression is usually an identifier
• The value of the identifier or the expression can be
only of type int, byte, short, or char

• The expression is sometimes called the
selector; its value determines which
statements are selected for execution
• A particular case value must appear only
once
• One or more statements may follow a case
label, so you do not need to use braces to
turn multiple statements into a single
compound statement
• The break statement may or may not appear after
each statements1, statements2, ...,
statementsn
• A switch structure may or may not have the
default label



Example 4-23
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
System.out.println("The grade is A.");
break;
case 'B':
System.out.println("The grade is B.");
break;
case 'C':
System.out.println("The grade is C.");
break;

case 'D':
System.out.println("The grade is D.");
break;
case 'F':
System.out.println("The grade is F.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("The grade is invalid.");
}

Programming Example:
Cable Company Billing
• Input: customer’s account number,
customer code, number of premium
channels to which customer subscribes,
number of basic service connections (in
case of business customers)
• Output: customer’s account number and the
billing amount

Programming Example:
Cable Company Billing (continued)
• Solution
– Prompt user for information
– Use switch statements based on customer’s type
– Use an if statement nested within a switch statement
to determine amount due by each customer

Comparing Strings
• class String
– Method compareTo
– Method equals
• Given string str1 and str2
an integer  0 if string str1 str2

str1.compareTo(str2)= 0 if string str1is equal to string str2
an integer  0 if string str1  str2

Comparing Strings (continued)
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = "Hi";
String str3 = "Air";
String str4 = "Bill";
String str5 = "Bigger";



Chapter Summary
• Control structures are used to process programs

• Logical expressions and order of precedence of
operators are used in expressions
• If statements
• if…else statements
• switch structures
• Proper syntax for using control statements
• Compare strings

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▪Prepare ½ sheet of

▪ If I do my friends work, then

< less than

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 16

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 17

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 19

– Allows you to make comparisons in a program

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Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 22

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 23

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 24

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 27

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 28

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Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 31

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Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 35

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 36

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 37

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 38

(1+2+3! = 5 || 5<5) && (9>6) || !(5-5= = 7)

(!( 1!=2) && (6%3+2 >=5%2))

(( (4==4) || (3!=2) || (3<=4)))

(1+2+3! = 5 || 5<5) && (9>6) || !(5-5= = 7) 1

(!( 1!=2) && (6%3+2 >=5%2))

• Definition: a process in which the computer

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 41

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 42

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 43

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 44

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 45

if (number < 0) //Line 4

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 46

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 47

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 48

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 49

if (hours > 40.0)

Question: if hours=50.5, what is the

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 50

if (hours > 40.0) 8,362.5

Question: if hours=50.5, rate=150, what

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 51

if (hours > 40.0); //Line 1

• Because a semicolon follows the closing parenthesis of the if

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 53

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 54

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 55

• If expression1 = true, then the result of the

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 57

num < 0 ? str=“-” : str=“+”;

What is the value of str?

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 58

num < 0 ? str=“-” : str=“+”; +