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1.0 Design Information
1.0 Design Information
0 Design Information
1. Clear height between finish level of walkway and road shall be 150mm.
2. Analytical approach to estimate the Bending Moment and Shear Force acting in post –
tensioned beams as per code defined load combinations.
3. Handrail/barrier at either ends of walkway to be 1kN/m in weight.
4. The adjustment factors are considered to be 1.
5. Load Model 1 has been assumed for calculation of traffic load.
6. Unit weight of structural concrete is considered to be 25kN/m3
7. Unit weight of wearing surface & pavement material is considered to be 24kN/m3
8. Unit weight of saturated soil is to be considered as 19kN/m3
9. Backfill at abutment shall be gravel, with a soil friction angle of 30o and C=0.
10. No passive earth pressure component is considered assuming full scouring at the toe end.
Furthermore, it is also assumed that the equilibrium check is done for the drought season
where the river is completely drained.
2.0 Calculation of Bending Moment & Shear Force acting in post – tensioned beam
(Girder)
Fig. 4 : cross section of bridge deck demarcating notional lanes and spacing of girders
The permanent and variable actions acting on the girder are as follows,
Actions on Girder
1. Self weight of
Girder
2. Self weight of cross
beam
Walkway Carriageway
1. Weight of slab
1. Characteristic 1. Weight of slab
2. Weight of finishes variable action LM1
2. Weight of finishes
3. Handrail
2.1 Load Calculation (per unit length)
I. Self-weight of Girder
0.617m
A 0.141m
BB 0.050m
C 0.076m
D 0.81m
0.152m
E 0.180m
Fig.5 : cross section of main girder
F 0.127m
0.457m
Table 1: Calculation of self-weight of girder
Unit
Section Length L H Area Weight Weight
2 3
L1 L2 m m m kN/m kN/m
A 0.617 0.617 0.62 0.14 0.09 25 2.2
B 0.617 0.307 0.46 0.05 0.02 25 0.6
C 0.307 0.152 0.23 0.08 0.02 25 0.4
D 0.152 0.152 0.15 0.81 0.12 25 3.1
E 0.152 0.457 0.3 0.18 0.05 25 1.4
F 0.457 0.457 0.46 0.13 0.06 25 1.5
Σweight of Girder 9.1
II. Weight of cross girder acting on main girder
The diaphragm section is approximately the same size of the main girder,
w 7.2
Number of notional lanes = n1 Int Int 2 Re m1.2m
3 3
Table 2: Variable action on carriageway for LM1 as shown in Table 4.2 of BS EN 1991-2
Tandem
system UDL
Lane TS system
Axle
Loads / kN/m2
L1 300 9
L2 200 2.5
R(Other) 0 2.5
VII. Estimation of variable action acting on Girders
CL
L2 R
L1
B1 B2 B3 B2 B1
0.56
1.6
5.6 -0.16
Fig 6: Influence Line for Variable action (UDL) according to Courborn’s Method for B1
As depicted above, the effect of moving loads / variable action could be estimated using
Couborn’s method where the following requirements are to be met,
1 d x
Ri P n i i
n xi2
i 1
Here,
n = number of supports/girders
di = distance from the center line of the system to the respective girder
xi = eccentricity of the load P, x is measured as positive in the half where girder “i” is
located , and is negative in the other half.
1 d x
Ri P n i i
n xi2
i 1
RB1 1 d B1 xi 4 xi
2 0.2 0.2 0.1xi
P
5 2d B1 2d B 2 d B 3
2 2
2 4 2 2 0
2 2
Similarly, the effect of the tandem load which is a couple of point loads spaced 1.2m apart (as
specified in Table 4.2 of the code, specified above), could be analyzed and the resulting reaction
could be obtained as follows. The code further specifies in Cl 4.3.2 (5) & (6) that in spans greater
than 10m, each tandem system could be replaced by one axel concentrated load.
Furthermore, in order to obtain the most onerous combination, the code allows a minimum
spacing of 0.5m between two adjacent vehicles travelling between two notional lanes.
2.5m
200kN
300kN
300kN
200kN
0.5m
2m 2m
+0.46
-0.19
+0.21
-0.06
Fig.7 Influence line of Variable action due to Tandem system according to Couborn’s Method
For the 2x300kN TS the resultant is 600kN where the eccentricity can only vary between 1.0m
from the walkway at LHS and 2.5m from RHS.
P 600kN;0.1 xi 2.6
For the 2x200kN TS the resultant is 400kN where the eccentricity can only vary between 2.5m
from the walkway at LHS and 1.0m from RHS.
P 400kN;2.6 xi 0.1
1 d x
Ri P n i i
n xi2
i 1
P 600kN
RB1 1 d B1 xi 4 xi
2 0.2 0.2 0.1xi
600
5 2d B1 2d B 2 d B 3
2 2
2 4 2 2 0
2 2
The corresponding values in the IL diagram pertaining to Girder B1 is when the 600-TS is closest
to girder B1, that is +3.6m measured from CL, this means the resultant of the 600-TS would be
acting 1m away i.e +2.6m from CL. This would mean that the resultant of 400-TS will be located
2.5m away from the resultant of 600-TS. The corresponding location of 400-TS will thus be
+0.1m from CL.
The resulting reaction in Girder B1,
74.9kN/m
23.2m
Fig 8. Depiction of UDL and point loads acting on beam at ULS
3.0 Design of a reinforced concrete abutment for A1.
Design of
Abutment
STR/GEO EQU
1. Same as
1. Maximum Same as
1. Braking/acceleration Braking/acceleration STR/GEO
axial load at STR/GEO
force force for Wall
SLS/ULS for Wall
2. Lateral earth 2. Lateral earth
2. Bearing pressure
pressure capacity of
4. Surcharge above soil 3. Eccentric loading at
backfill support
4. Surcharge above
backfill
Toe
BS EN 1991-2-2003 Cl.4.9 requires the local National Annex to specify a load model for the
surcharge due to traffic, due to lack of data, a value of 20kN/m2 was considered in accordance
with the recommendations provided in “Guidance on embedded retaining wall design (Cl 5.7.1)”
published by CIRIA. Furthermore PD6694-1:2011 specifies this surcharge in to a UDL and a
horizontal line load acting adjacent to the abutment of the walls. Thereby, the most onerous of
the considered lot was considered and the following two sets of loadings have been considered
for the stability analysis.
1.UDL kN m2
h .Wlane.N lane / Wabutment
20 K a 3 2 / 11.6 10.34 K a
2.Line Load kN m
F .K a .N lane / WAbutment
2 330 K a 2 / 11.6 113.8K a
IV. Lateral/vertical forces acting on the abutment
Q1k
Line Load
H3
Surcharge
UDL
WEarth
FSurcharge
H/2
WAbutment
FEarth
SF H/3
Fig.10 Lateral earth pressure due to backfill and surcharge load & stabilizing moment due to backfill
e2 e1
ii K a 1 Sin
1 Sin30 o 1
1 Sin 1 Sin30 o 3
Restoring Stabilizing
Weight Restoring BS EN 1990- Moment for Force for
Lever
per Unit Moment per Annex2 Table EQU EQU
Arm γG γQ
Segment Length Unit Length A.2 condition in condition in
EC1 EC1
/(kN/m) /(m) /(kNm/m) ψ0 ψ1 ψ2 /(kNm/m) /(kN/m)
W Z MR M*R W*
1.Abutment Wall 119.1 1.2 142.9 0.95 135.8 113.2
2.Curtain Wall 34.3 1.1 39.3 0.95 37.4 32.5
3. Foundation 108.0 1.8 194.4 0.95 184.7 102.6
4. Earth 4.1 1.8 7.2 0.95 6.9 3.9
141.9 2.7 383.2 0.95 364.1 134.8
45.2 2.6 119.7 0.95 113.7 43.0
5. Support Reaction (SLS) 659.8 0.9 576.7 0.95 254.7 291.4
6. Surcharge load 57.6 2.6 152.5 0.00 0.0 0.0
Σ 1170.0 1616.0 1097.2 721.4
Overturning Destabilizin
Force Overturning BS EN 1990- Moment for g Force for
Lever
per Unit Moment per Annex2 Table EQU EQU
Component Arm γG γQ
Length Unit Length A.2 condition in condition in
EC1 EC1
kN/m m /(kNm/m) ψ0 ψ1 ψ2 /(kNm/m) /(kN/m)
1. Lateral Earth pressure 137.9 2.2 303.5 1.05 318.6 144.8
2. Line Load (Surcharge) 37.9 6.6 250.1 1.50 375.2 56.9
2. Surcharge UDL Load 22.7 3.3 75.1 1.50 0.40 45.0 13.6
3. Braking/Acceleration
36.4 5.4 195.0 1.50 0.75 219.3
Force 41
Σ 235.0 573.5 958.2 256.3
FOS - OVERTURNING 2.8 OK 1.1 OK
FOS - SLIDING 2.3 OK 1.5 OK
ECCENTRICITY (e) /(m) 0.9
2
P/A / (kN/m ) 325.0
Pmax 502.2 OK
Pmin 147.0 OK
The finalized section pertaining to the above calculation is as follows,
H1 4.15 H3
H2 1.2
ξ
H3 1.25 B
A 1.2
B 1.1
e1 0.6
e2 1.8 H1
tanξ 0.025
tanλ 0
F 3.6
e2 A e1
H2
F
Fig.12 Finalized section
VI. Evaluation of Bending moments / Shear forces in the wall due to lateral loads
Q1k
qLateral
Fig.12 trapezoidal load & point load acting on wall due to lateral loads
For a 1m strip,
TLCharacteristic
q Lateral,min K a qsurcharg e 6.67 kN
m
q Lateral,max K a qsurcharg e K a soil H H 2 H 3 31.56 kN
m
Po int Load Characteristic
Q1,lk 36.4kN @ 4.15m
QLine 37.9kN @ 5.4m
Using theory of superposition, the effect of both loads by using partial factor of safety for STR
requirement (1.35 for Permanent action, 1.5 for Variable action) could be evaluated as follows,
Likewise.
Vmax VDL @ Base VPoint@Base
Vmax 1.350.5 24.9 4.15 1.50.4 22.7 0.75 36.4 37.9
VBase@ULS 181kN
VII. Calculating reinforcement for Abutment Wall
M LHS 660kNm / m
h 1200mm
d 1200 50 12.5 1137.5mm
M
K 2
bd f ck
C 20 / 25
410 10 6
K 0.0255 0.167
1000 1137.5 2 20
No compressio n r / f
Z 0.016
0.5 0.25 0.98 0.95
d 1.134
Z 0.95d
M 660 10 6 2
As ,Re q 1404 mm
0.87 f yk Z 0.87 500 0.95 1137.5 m
EN1992 1 1; Cl 9.6.2
2
As ,min 0.0013bd 1479 mm As.req
m
Pr ovide H 20 @ 200c / c As , prov 1571 mm
2
m
Vmax = 181kN,
V 0.12k 100 f
1
bw d
3
Rd ,c 1 ck
200 200
k 1 2.0; k 1
1.42
d 1137.5
A 1571
1 sl 0.0015 0.02
bw d 1000 1137.5
For a triangular distribution, the maximum pressure acting on the wall shall be = Hg
Pr ovide H 20 @ 200c / c As , prov 1571 mm
2
m
In the transverse direction, in accordance with EN 1992-1-1 Cl9.6.3 provide 25% of vertical
reinforcement or 0.001Ac in each face.
Pr ovide H 20 @ 200c / c
VIII. Check for flexure of Curtain wall
The loads acting on the curtain wall are lateral earth pressure and surcharge load. The effects are
as follows,
H 32 1 1.25 2
FEarth K a soil 18 4.7 kN / m
2 3 2
FEarth@ULS 1.35 4.7 6.3kN / m
1
FSurcharg e K a qH 3 10.34 1.25 4.3kN / m
3
FSurcharg e @ULS 0.75 1.5 4.3 1.25 4.85kN / m
1
FLine 113.8 37.9kN / m
3
FLine@ULS 1.5 37.9 56.9
6.3 4.85
M Tot @ULS 56.9 1.25
3 2
M Curtain wall 77kNm / m
Assume, h 300mm
d 300 50 10 240mm
M 77 10 6
K 0.0666 0.167
bd 2 f ck 1000 240 2 20
Hence, Z 0.937d
M 77 10 6 2
As ,req 787 mm
0.87 f yk Z 0.87 500 0.937 240 m
2
As ,min 0.002bh 0.002 1000 300 600 mm
m
Pr ovide H 16 @ 200c / c As , prov 1004 mm
2
m
Use detail for both faces, and Use H16@200c/c for distribution bars.
200 200
k 1 2.0; k 1
1.91
d 240
A 1005
1 sl 0.004 0.02
bw d 1000 240
325kPa 502kPa
413.5kPa
472.5kPa
Consider LHS
For SLS
Vertical action above the base = V1 = - (191.2 + 57.6) = - 248.8kN (From Table 03)
The moment around column face = M1 = (γG x 191.2 + γQ x 57.6) 0.5 x 1.8
Moment below base = M2 = 325 x 1.8 x 0.9 + (413.5 – 325) x 0.5 x 1.8 x 0.6
For SLS
Shear Force due to pressure below base = 0.5 x (502 + 472.5) x 0.6 = 292kN
Moment due to pressure below base@RHS = 472.5 x 0.6 x 0.3 + (502-472.5) x 0.6 x 0.4
= 92kNm/m
As understood, the said moments will not exceed the bending moment previously obtained for
the wall even at ultimate limit state. Thus, since the base has the same thickness of the wall.
Force acting on the base at LHS at a distance of 1130mm from wall face = Fv
*Shear resistance of concrete was previously calculated for the wall with an identical section and
identical reinforcement layout.
Fig.13 Layout of reinforcements provided for the curtain wall. Abutment wall and base.
4.0 Design of a reinforced concrete pier
Design of Pier
STR/GEO
1. Maximum Same as
1. Braking/acceleration axial load at STR/GEO for
force SLS/ULS Wall
2. Lateral earth pressure 2. Bearing
4. Surcharge above capacity of
backfill soil