Vapour Compression System

Positive Displacement Dynamic Displacement

Parameters
Reciprocating Screw Scroll Centrifugal

Schematic View

Refrigeration temp. range (Brine/Water) +7 to -30⁰ C +7 to -25⁰ C +5 to -45⁰ C +7 to -0⁰ C

Compression Ratio 12:1 25:1 7:1 5:1

In Small machines - cyclic

Compressor Capacity control
on/off control based on
temperature sensing. Sliding valve control is used to
In Large machines - bypass some gas back to the Cyclic on/ off control. By inlet guide vanes at the
selectively loaded or suction. Can vary load from Mutiple compressors. suction.
unloaded based on set 100% to 10%
pressures (reflecting the
temperatures)

can tolerate some liquid

Liquid Slugging Cannot Tolerate Can Tolerate slugging and particulate More susceptible to water.
contamination
Energy Input Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity

Heat Input Temp. range - Maximum - - - - -

Minimum
Typical Energy to TR Ratio
Air Conditioning Temp. Range 0.7-0.9 kW/TR 0.65 kW/TR 0.63 kW/TR
Sub Zero Temp. Range 1.25-2.5 kW/TR 1.25-2.5 kW/TR -
HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-
Refrigerant R11, R123, R134a, Ammonia 404a, HFC-407c, HFC-410a R22, R12, R134a

Absorbent - - - -
Typical Single Unit Capacity Range
Air Conditioning Temp. Range 1- 150 TR 50- 500 TR 5- 200 TR 200 TR and 5000TR
Sub Zero Temp. Range 10- 50 TR 50- 200 TR -
Typical COP at Part Load upto 50% Reduces at Part load Improves by 15-20% Reduces at Part load
Typical Internal Pressure Levels- Low - 0.15 - 0.40 bar a, 1.20 - 1.50 2 - 5.5 bar , 18 - 20 bar 2 - 3.5 bar , 11 - 12 bar
High bar a
Typical Internal Temp. Levels -25 to 50⁰ C -25 to 50⁰ C -5 to 50⁰ C
Typical Cooling tower capacity range per
100 TR of chillers
Air Conditioning Temp. Range 130 120 120
Sub Zero Temp. Range 190 160 -
Typical Make-up water quantity range in
Ltrs/Hr.
Air Conditioning Temp. Range 672 620 620
Sub Zero Temp. Range 983 830 -
Material of construction - - - -
- Generator
Absorber - - - -
Evaporator Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel
Condenser Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel Copper/Carbon steel
Solution Heat exchange - - - -
Solution Pump - - - -
Refrigerant Pump - - - -
Expected Life 25-30 Years

Normally Expected Repairs/ Maintenance Periodic Compressor Overhaul, Tube replacement after 1-12 years
Factory Assembled Packaged or site Factory Assembled
aasembled

Beneficial Energy Sources Low Cost Electricity Low Cost Electricity Low Cost Electricity Low Cost Electricity

Lubrication system,
Critical Parameters Electricity Supply - Compressor O&M, Electrical
Power panel Maintenance

Great efficiencies throughout

their operating range and are
Very good full-load and part- relatively compact for the
Selection Criteria load kW/ton efficiencies amount of tonnage that can be
compared to scroll. provided per sq ft of
mechanical room space. Good
life.

Compact size, lightweight,

Low Cost, Multiple machines quite & vibration free high operational efficiency at
Advantages to match closely building operation and high energy full load, compact size and
loads, allow flexibilty efficiency both in full and part availability in large sizes
load operation

Very poor part load

High maintenance, Noisy and
more vibration, Large space
Disadvantages for multiple machines,
consume more energy per TR
performance and
High Cost,(more inability to operate at low
expensive by 10 to 15% than cooling loads. Air-cooled
centrifugal at the same condenser is not a
operating conditions. ) recommended option for
the machines operating at
low-pressure refrigerants.

High Cost, (more Less Cost,(Lower by 10 to

expensive by 10 to 15% than
Capital Cost Cheaper 15% than screw at the same
centrifugal at the same operating conditions. )
operating conditions )
 Part Load - 0.9 - 0.80 KW/TR Part Load - 0.98 - 0.83 KW/TR Part Load - 0.86 - 0.83
Full Full KW/TR
Operating efficiency Full Load - 1.23 -
Load - 1.23 -1.0 Kw/TR for Load - 1.23 -0.94 Kw/TR for -1.1 Kw/TR for Units > 30
Units > 30 & <150 TR Units > 70 & <200 TR & <60 TR

Operating efficiency
Part load - 0.60 for units < Part load - 0.52-0.47 kW/TR
150 TR for units >150 & <300 TR
0.49 - 0.43 kW/TR for 0.45 - 0.38 kW/TR for
units>150 units>300
& < 300 TR & < 2000 TR
- -
Full load - 0.79 for units < Full load - 0.59-0.50 kW/TR
150 TR for units >150 & <300 TR
0.64 - 0.58 kW/TR for 0.56 - 0.47 kW/TR for
units>150 units>300
& < 300 TR & < 2000 TR

Yes. at low and high discharge

Surging or hunting No No pressures
 Vapour Absorption System

Water(absorbent) and
LiBr (Absorbent) and Water (Refrigerant) Ammonia(Refrigerant)

Single Effect Double Effect Half Effect Triple Effect Single Stage

Above 5⁰ C Upto -33⁰ C

No Compression No Compression No Compression No Compression No Compression

Controlling the steam flow, fuel firing rate etc.

 Heat (Steam/Hot
Heat (Steam/Hot Water/Hot Heat (Steam/Hot Oil/Direct Heat (Steam/Hot Water/Hot
Water/Hot Oil/Direct Heat (Hot Water)
Oil/Direct fired) fired) Oil)
fired)

Minimum 85⁰ C Minimum 130⁰ C Minimum 55⁰ C Minimum 190⁰ C Minimum 85⁰ C

5000 kcal/TR 2575 kcal/TR 7500 kcal/TR 2000 kcal/TR 4615 kcal/TR
- - - - 6666 kcal/TR

Pure Water Pure Water Pure Water Pure Water Pure Ammonia

Water LiBr Solution Water LiBr Solution Water LiBr Solution Water LiBr Solution Ammonia LiBr Solution

30 TR and above 30 TR and above 30 TR and above 50 TR and above 30 TR and above
- - - - 30 TR and above
Marginal Improvement at part load No Variation
5-6 mm Hg(abs), 60-70 mm 5-6 mm Hg(abs), 370-390 5-6 mm Hg(abs), 60-70 5-6 mm Hg(abs), 2 1.2 kg/cm2(a), 18 kg/cm2(a)
Hg(abs) mm Hg(abs) mm Hg(abs) kg/cm2(a)
+4 to 75⁰ C +4 to 130⁰ C +4 to 130⁰ C +4 to 160⁰ C -25 to 150⁰ C

260 200 370 170 290

- - - - 290

1345 1035 1914 880 1500

- - - - 1500

CU-Ni or Stainless steel Carbon steel

CU-Ni Carbon steel

CU-Ni Carbon steel
CU-Ni Carbon steel
Carbon Steel Carbon steel
Cast Iron Hermatically Sealed (Canned Motor type) Cast Iron with Mesh. Seal
Cast Iron Hermatically Sealed (Canned Motor type) Not Needed
15- 20 Years 50 Years
Tube Replacement due to corrosion Practically no repairs
 Factory Assembled upto 230
Factory Assembled TR in A/C & subzero range

a) Waste Heat, b) Low Cost steam/ Low Cost fuels

Sudden power failure for 45-

60 min. or more can disturb
the distilation column for
a) Vacuum in chiller, b) Purge system for vacuum, C) Corrosion Inhibitors in Absorbent, d) Surfactants in continuous operation. Needs
absorbent, e) Cooling water treatment, f) Cooling water temperature, g) Heat source temperature D.G set if there is frequent
power failure for periods
longer than 30 min.