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Ch.3. Stress-Strain Diagram
Ch.3. Stress-Strain Diagram
Ch.3. Stress-Strain Diagram
Chapter three
Mechanical properties of materials
Laith Batarseh
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1:- chose a suitable specimen and put two gauge points on the specimen
2:- measure the initial diameter (Do) and initial length (Lo) of the specimen
4:- start to apply a tensile force (P) on the specimen for certain consecutive
periods of time
5:- measure the deflection in length (δL = L – Lo) for each value of P
6:- calculate the stress (σ) using the following P
; Ao Do2
formula: Ao 4
L
7:- calculate the strain (ε) using the following
formula: Lo
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We can divide the stress – strain diagrams into four regions:
Elastic region.
Yield region.
Strain hardening region
Necking region
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Tensile test
Practical considerations
True stress – strain diagram
Due to the reduction occurred in the material in the period of the tensile test,
there is a value of stress is different from the one we assumed previously (P/Ao).
assume we have the ability to measure the area through the test ( call it A), then
a true value of stress can be determined (σT = P/A).
If σT is used instead of σ in drawing a stress – strain diagram, this diagram is
called true stress – strain diagram.
In many cases and because as engineers we design in the elastic region, we use
the first type of stress –strain diagram – which is called engineering stress –diagram
– to define the material properties. You can observe that both true and
engineering stress – strain diagrams share the same elastic region.
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As said before, ductile material is a material needs large strain to reach the
break point. On the contrary, brittle material is a material can not hold a large
to reach fracture. Glass is one of the famous examples on such materials.
There is an important note about some types of ductile materials which is:-
there are some materials that have a stress-strain diagrams where the yield
strength can not be determined easily. For such cases, the offset method is
used. This method is shown in the figure
for the aluminum alloy.
Observe the strain value chosen for
the aluminum alloy (i.e. ε = 0.002 =0.0%)
also observe the line drawn from this
value parallel to the elastic line
L f Lo
Percent of elongation
Lo
A o Af
Percent of reduction of area
Ao
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σ = E.ε
The proportional constant (E) is called modulus of elasticity or Young’s
modulus of elasticity.
In addition, E represents the mathematical slope of the elastic line. So, after
drawing the stress – strain diagram, to find the modulus of elasticity, find the
p
slope of the elastic line. By mathematics: E
Where:
p
As said before, when a load exceed the elastic region ( or enter the plastic
region) and then be released ( unloaded ), the material will remain with
plastic deformation or plastic strain. To find the value of this stain, we use the
offset method as illustrated in the next figure
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There are some concepts related to the strain and the energy given to (or
taken from), u, the material when the load is applied (or released). These
concepts are: modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness.
Modulus of resilience is the strain energy density when the material is loaded
in the elastic region. Simply, it is the area under the elastic line. Or:
1p
2
1
ur p p
2 2 E
Modulus of toughness is the strain energy given to or taken from the material
through the whole loading period (i.e. until fracture). Mathematically, it is the
area under the stress – strain diagram. Such modulus is important when design
a member that may suddenly loaded over the elastic region.
EXAMPLE 1
The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used for
making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 3–19. If a specimen of this
material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the permanent strain
that remains in the specimen when the load is released. Also, find
the modulus of resilience both before and after the load
application.
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately 0.023
mm/mm.
450
E 75.0 GPa
0.006
• From triangle CBD,
E
BD 600 106
75.0 109
CD CD
CD 0.008 mm/mm
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.
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EXAMPLE 2
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig. 3–22. If
an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar, determine the
change in its length and the change in the dimensions of its cross
section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The normal stress in the bar is
80103
16.0106 Pa
P
z
A 0.10.05
z
z
16.0 106
80 106 mm/mm
Est
200 106
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are
The shear stress – strain diagram is drawn where the shear stress is the
vertical axis and the shear strain is the horizontal axis as shown in the figure
As in the stress – strain diagram, there is elastic region in the shear stress –
strain diagram and the Hook’s law is applied in this region :
τ = G.γ
Where:
G is the shear modulus
there is relation between G an E and is
given as:
E
G
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EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear
stress– strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3–25a. Determine the shear
modulus G, the proportional limit, and the ultimate shear stress.
Also, determine the maximum distance d that the top of a block of
this material, shown in Fig. 3–25b, could be displaced horizontally
if the material behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear
force V. What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement?
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the proportional
limit is
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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is
V V
avg ; 360 MPa V 2700 kN (Ans)
A 75100
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