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Respiratory System Bronchitis - Is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes,

⤷ is the system in the human body that enables us to the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough
breathe. that often brings up mucus.

Parts of the Respiratory System Four Phases of Human Respiration

Upper Respiratory Tract Breathing or ventilation
- nose External Respiration, which is the exchange of gases
- nasal cavity (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the
- mouth blood.
- pharynx Internal Respiration, which is the exchange of gases
- larynx (voice box) between the blood and tissue fluids.
Lower Respiratory Tract Cellular Respiration, which is the process of breaking
- trachea (windpipe) sugar into a form that the cell can use as energy.
- main bronchi
- bronchioles Circulatory System
- alveoli (air sacs) ⤷ is a network consisting of blood, blood vessels, and the
- lungs heart. This network supplies tissues in the body with
- diaphragm oxygen and other nutrients, transports hormones, and
removes unnecessary waste products.

Blood Vessels: Alleys and Highways

⤷ passageway that distribute blood throughout the body

3 Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries: carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
(except pulmonary arteries)
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
(except pulmonary veins)
Capillaries: fine branching blood vessels that form a
network between the arterioles and venules.

Aorta – largest artery

Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior) – largest veins

Blood: River of Life

⤷ serves as an important role in the maintenance of
Flow of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide internal conditions
Nose → Nasal Cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea
→ Main Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli Components of Blood
Plasma
Ailments of the Respiratory System ↠ pale, yellowish liquid
Asthma - Asthma is defined as a common, chronic ↠ 90% water and 10% soluble substances
respiratory condition that causes difficulty breathing due ↠ transports substances needed by cells and removes
to inflammation of the airways. waste products
Emphysema – Emphysema is a serious respiratory Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
disease, those who suffer from emphysema have trouble ↠ biconcave, disc-shaped
exhaling air from their lungs. Cigarette smoke damages ↠ carries oxygen
the air sacs in the lungs to a point where they can no ↠ does not contain nucleus
longer repair themselves. ↠ made in the red marrow of the flat and long bones
Lung Cancer - DNA mutations in the lungs cause White Blood Cells or Leukocytes
irregular cells to multiply and create an uncontrolled ↠ irregular in shape
growth of abnormal cells, or a tumor. ↠ contains nucleus
Pneumonia - Pneumonia is a common lung disease ↠ protects the body against diseases and fights infection
caused by an infection in the air sacs in the lungs. The
infections can be bacterial, viral or fungal.
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Platelets or Thrombocytes Heredity and Variation

↠ small fragments of cells Genetics: Branch of biology, the study of heredity
↠ made in the bone marrow Heredity: Passing of generic information of traits from
↠ does not contain nucleus parents to offspring
↠ helps in blood clotting Traits: Observable characteristics, determined by genes
in chromosomes
Types of Circulation Chromosomes: Found in the nucleus of a cell, storage
Pulmonary: blood flow between the heart and lungs units of genes, double stranded
Coronary: blood flow within the heart
Systemic: blood flow between the heart and the other Chromatid (each strand)
parts of the body Sister chromatid (both strands)
Connected by a centromere
Cardiovascular Diseases 23 pairs of chromosomes
Heart 22 pairs – traits
Hypertension 23rd pair – sex chromosomes (XX: male XY: female)
↠ High Blood Pressure – “The Silent Killer”
↠ Results from the tightening of the arterioles Gene: Section of DNA that carries information for a
increasing the resistance of blood flow particular trait
↠ Heart muscles may thicken, enlarges, and become DNA/Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Double helix molecule
overworked. that contains generic material, major chemical
Stroke component of chromosomes
↠ Death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen for having Alleles: Different form of the same gene
poor blood flow
Arteriosclerosis/Coronary Heart Disease Example:
↠ Narrowing of the artery because of plaque build-up Gene: eye color
Rheumatic Heart Disease Allele: black, brown, green, etc.
↠ Usually occurs in children a compilation of rheumatic
fever in which the heart valves are damaged Pairs:
Heart Attack Adenine & Thymine
↠ Refers to the damage or death of the heart muscle due Cytosine & Guanine
to a blockage of the coronary artery from a blood clot
Aneurysm
↠ A bulge formed on the arterial wall of the brain that
supplies to the brain
Blood
Hemophilia
↠ The blood does not clot properly; bleeding thus
persists
↠ Caused by the lack of one of the plasma proteins
associated with clotting
Anemia
↠ Is a deficiency of the red blood cells or hemoglobin
(protein molecule in red blood cells) in the blood
Leukemia
↠ Characterized by an abnormal increase in the number CELL
of white blood cells; cancer of the blood
⇓
NUCLEUS
Flow of
⇓
blood
CHROMOSOME
⇓
DNA
⇓
BASE PAIR
⇓
GENE
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Karyotyping Ways how Traits are inherited

↠ used to determine number and size of chromosome 1. Controlled by a single gene but with two
↠ used to detect chromosomal oberration (changes in contrasting alleles
the chromosomes) 2. Controlled by a single gene but with two
multiple alleles
Genetic Mutations 3. Controlled by several genes interacting to one
another

Gregor Johann Mendel

- Raised on a farm and understood the value of
plant breeding
- At 21, entered priesthood and studied plant
breeding in a monastery in the Czech Republic
- Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants
(28,000)

Mendel’s Three Laws of Inheritance

Formation of gametes (sex cells): Where the generic

information of an individual starts
Cell division of gametes: to maintain the chromosome
number of organisms

Somatic Cells (Body Cells) Sperm and Egg Cells

Diploid (2n) Haploid (n)
Produced by mitosis Produced by meiosis Genetic Crosses using the Punnett Square
Monohybrid Cross: cross involving a single trait
Dihybrid Cross: cross involving two traits
During fertilization, the haploid cells become diploid Genotype: gene combination
cells Phenotype: physical feature
Homologous Chromosomes: structurally alike Monohybrid Cross
chromosomes

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Production of egg cells or
Production of sperm
ova
Takes place in the outer
Takes place in the testes
region of the ovaries
Starts to puberty until Starts during fetal
old age development Dihybrid Cross

Crossing Over: exchange of generic material between

homologous chromosomes
Variation: result of the transfer of similar/different
alleles of traits, from parents to offspring