Qualitative Analysis: Preliminary Tests

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
The detection of the kind of one or more of the constituents of materials is known as qualitative analysis. Each ionic
compound consists of two opposite charged particles called radicals. Cations are basic radicals & anions are acidic
radicals. Systematic scheme for qualitative analysis involves the following steps-
(i) Preliminary test
(ii) Identification & conformation of acid radical
(iii) Identification & conformation of basic radical
PRELIMINARY TESTS –
(i) COLOUR OF THE SALT - Blue – Cu2+ , Green - Cu2+, Ni2+ , Light green - Fe2+ , Yellowish brown – Fe3+,
Light pink or flesh colour – Mn2+ , Pink violet - Co2+
(ii) SMELL - Take a pinch of salt within your fingers & rub it with a drop of water.
smell of ammonia – NH4+ ,
smell of rotten egg – S2- ,
smell of vinegar - CH3COO-
(iii) FLAME TEST - This test is based upon the the fact that chlorides of some of the ions are highly volatile
compounds. When these chlorides are introduced in flame, they change into vapours &
the electrons present in these get excited which impart characteristic colour to the flame.
Make a paste of salt with conc. HCl & take it on the loop of platinum wire & introduce
it into the flame.
Brick red ( dull red) - Ca2+ , Crimson red - Sr2+ , Grassy green - Ba2+, Bluish green - Cu2+
Pt is a noble metal & does not undergo any chemical change.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL ( ANION) –
Anions are divided into three main groups-

(i) Dilute H2SO4 group
– CO32- , S2- , NO2- , SO32-

(ii) Conc.H2SO4 group
- Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3- , CH3COO-, C2O4 2-
(iii) Independent group – SO42- , PO43-
(1)
Dilute H2SO4 group-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(i) Brisk effervescence due to evolution of colourless
To a pinch of salt add dil. & odourless CO2 gas. CO32- indicated
H2SO4. Warm it if required. O32- + H2SO4 → SO42- + CO2 + H2O
C
Do not boil.
(ii) Colourless gas with rotten egg smell (H2S) which
turns moist lead acetate paper black. S2- indicated
2- +
S
H2SO4 → SO42- + H2S
H2S + Pb( CH3COO)2 → PbS (black)+ CH3COOH
(iii) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur ( SO2)

which turns acidified potassium dichromate paper SO32- indicated
green.
O32- + H2SO4 →
S SO42- + SO2 + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + SO2 + H2SO4 →
K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 (Green) + H2O
(iv) Reddish brown gas with pungent smell ( NO2) which turns
starch iodide paper blue. NO2- indicated
O2- + H2SO4 →
N HSO4- + HNO3 +
H2O + NO
NO + O2 →
NO2
KI + NO + O2 → KNO2 + I2
I2 + starch → Blue starch iodide complex
Conc.H2SO4 group –
To a pinch of salt add (i) Colourless gas with pungent smell gives dense white fumes Cl- indicated
conc. H2SO4. Heat it ( HCl) when a rod dipped in NH4OH solution is brought near it.
if required. l- + H2SO4 →
C SO42- + HCl ↑
HCl + NH3 (aq) → NH4Cl ( white dense fumes)
(ii) Yellowish brown vapours(Br2) with pungent smell, turns Br- indicated
moist starch paper yellow.
r- + H2SO4 →
B HSO4- + SO2 +
H2O + Br2
Br2 + starch → starch bromine complex (yeiiow)
(iii) Violet vapours ( I2) turns moist starch paper blue.

I- + H2SO4 →
HSO4- + SO2 +
H2O + I2 I- indicated
I2 + starch → starch iodine complex (blue)
** (iv) Colourless vapours of HNO3 with pungent smell which on further

heating with Cu turning give reddish brown vapours( NO2). NO3- indicated
O3- + H2SO4 →
N HSO4- + HNO3
HNO3 →
H2O + O2 + NO2
Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 (brown) + H2O
CH3COO-
** (v) Colourless vapours having vinegar smell. indicated
H3COO- + H2SO4 → SO42- + CH3COOH (vinegar smell)
C
C2O4 2- indicated
(vi) Evolution of colourless gas with effervescence (CO +CO2).
2O4 2- + H2SO4 →
C SO42- + H2O + CO + CO2
(2)
Independent group-
TEST FOR SULPHATE (SO42-)-

.
(i) To the W.E of salt add lead White ppt insoluble in nitric acid
acetate solution. SO42- + Pb( CH3COO)2 → PbSO4(white) +
CH3COO
-
SO42- confirmed
(ii) To the W.E of salt add dil. HCl &

then add barium chloride solution. White ppt SO42- confirmed
SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4(white) + Cl
2- -
TEST FOR PHOSPHATE (PO43-)-

. Yellow ppt
(i) To the W.E of salt add conc. PO43- + (NH4)2MoO4 + HNO3 → (NH4)3 PO4.12MoO3
HNO3 & boil it & add ammonium phosphomolybdate(yellow) PO43-confirme
ammonium molybdate solution. +
NaNO3 + NH4NO3 + H2O d
Yellow ppt soluble in dil. HNO3

(ii) To the W.E of salt add AgNO3 PO43- + AgNO3 → Ag3PO4 (yellow) + NO3- PO43-confirme
solution. d
White ppt
(iii) To the W.E of salt add magnesia PO43- + MgSO4 + NH4OH → MgNH4PO4 + SO42- + H2O PO43-confirme
(white)
mixture. Keep it for 5 min. d
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS-

CARBONATE (CO32-)
.(i) To the salt add dil. HCl. Brisk effervescence which turns lime water milky. CO32-
. CO32- + HCl →
Cl- + CO2 + H2O confirmed
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3( milkiness) + H2O
CO32-
(ii) To the W.E add MgSO4 solution. White ppt confirmed
MgSO4 + CO32- →
MgCO3( white ) + SO42-
CO32-
(iii) To the W.E add few drops of Pink colouration
phenolphthalein.
Confirmed
(iv) To the W.E add AgNO3 solution. White ppt.
AgNO3 + CO32- →
Ag2CO3( white ) + NO3- CO32-
confirmed
(3)
SULPHIDE (S2- )
.(i) To the W.E add leadacetate Black ppt S2-confirmed

2-
solution. S + Pb( CH3COO)2 → PbS (black)+ CH3COO -
(ii) To the W.E add cadmium Yellow ppt S2-confirmed

2-
carbonate solution. S + CdCO3 → CdS (yellow) + CO32-
(iii) To the W.E add alkaline sodium S2-Confirmed

nitroprusside solution. Violet or purple colouration
2-
S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] → Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] ( purple)
SULPHITE (SO32- )
.(i) To the W.E add BaCl2 solution. White ppt SO32-confirme

SO3 + BaCl2 → BaSO3(white) + Cl
2- -
d
(ii) To the W.E add acidified Pink colour of KMnO4 is discharged SO32-confirme
potassium permangnate solution. SO3 + KMnO4 +
2-
H
2SO4 →
MnSO4(colourless) +
K2SO4 + d
H2O + SO42-
SO32-Confirme
(iii) To the W.E add neutral ferric Red colouration d
2-
chloride solution. SO3 + FeCl3 → Cl- + Fe2(SO3)3( red colour)
SO32-Confirme
(iv) To the W.E add bromine water Orange brown colour of bromine is discharged d
and warm it. O32- + Br2 + H2O → SO42- + HBr
S
NITRITE (NO2-)
.(i) To the W.E add acetic acid Dark brown or black colour NO2-confirme
and freshly prepared ferrous NO2- + FeSO4 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + d
sulphate solution. FeSO4.NO (Dark brown)
(ii) To the W.E add dil. H2SO4 & KI NO2-confirme

solution followed by starch solution. Deep blue colour colouration d
NO2 + H2SO4 →
-
HSO4- + HNO2
KI + HNO2 + H2SO4 →
KHSO4 + I2 + NO + H2O
I2 + starch → Deep blue complex NO2-Confirme
(iii) To the W.E add acidified d
potassium permangnate solution Pink colour of KMnO4 is discharged
NO2- + KMnO4 +
H
2SO4 →
MnSO4(colourless) + K2SO4 +
H2O + NO3-
(4)
CHLORIDE ( Cl-)
.(i) To the W.E add dil. HNO3 & White ppt soluble in NH4OH solution. Cl- confirmed
AgNO3 solution Cl + AgNO3 →
-
AgCl ( White) + NO3 -
AgCl + NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (diamine silver chloride) + H2O
**(ii) CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST -

Mix equal amount of salt with Red gas
solid potassium dichromate & Cl- + K2Cr2O7 +
H
2SO4 →
K2SO4 + CrO2Cl2(chromyl chloride)
add conc. H2SO4. (Red gas)
Pass this red gas through NaOH Yellow colour

solution. NaOH + CrO2Cl2 → Na2CrO4(Yellow) + NaCl + H2O
Acidify the yellow solution with Yellow ppt

Na2CrO4 + Pb( CH3COO)2 → PbCrO4(Yellow) + CH3COONa Cl- confirmed
acetic acid& add leadacetate solution.
BROMIDE (Br-)
.(i) To the W.E add dil. HNO3 & Pale yellow ppt partially soluble in NH4OH solution. Br-confirmed
AgNO3 solution Br + AgNO3 →
-
AgBr( pale yellow) + NO3 -
AgBr + NH3 →

[Ag(NH3)2]Br (diamine silver bromide)
(ii) To the W.E add dil. HCl & CS2

Then add excess of chlorine water. Yellow or Orange colour in CS2 layer. Br-confirmed
Shake vigorously. Br- + Cl2 → Cl- + Br2
Br2 +
CS2 → Yellow or Orange colour
IODIDE (I-)
.(i) To the W.E add dil. HNO3 & Pale yellow ppt insoluble in NH4OH solution. I-confirmed
AgNO3 solution I-+ AgNO3 → AgI( yellow) + NO3-
(ii) To the W.E add dil. HCl & CS2 Violet colour in CS2 layer.
Then add excess of chlorine water. I-+ Cl2 → Cl- +

I2 I-confirmed
Shake vigorously. I2 +
CS2 → Violet colour
** In place of CS2 we can use CCl4 , CHCl3 & Benzene. Their function is to dissolve halogen gas evolved.
(5)
NITRATE (NO3-)
.(i) To the W.E add few drops eep blue colouration

D NO3-
diphenylamine solution. (C6H5)2NH + [O] → (C6H5)2N-N(C6H5)2(Blue) + H2O confirmed
From nitrate
**(ii) BROWN RING TEST
To the W.E add freshly prepared Dark brown ring at the junction of two layers
ferrous sulphate solution. Then NO3- + H
2SO4 →
SO42- + HNO3
add conc. H2SO4 along the side FeSO4 +
HNO3 + H
2SO4 →
Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + NO(nitric oxide)
of the test tube. FeSO4 + NO → FeSO4.NO ( Brown ring) NO3-confirme
d
ACETATE (CH3COO-)
.(i) To the W.E add few drops Red colouration CH3COO-

neutral ferric chloride solution. FeCl3 + CH3COONa → (CH3COO)3Fe + NaCl confirmed
Ferric acetate( Red colour)
Divide the red solution into two
parts. To one part add dil. HCl. Red colour disappear
To second part add water & boil.

Reddish brown ppt
(CH3COO)3Fe + H2O → (CH3COO)3Fe(OH)2 + CH3COOH
Basic ferric acetate(Brown ppt)
(ii) To a pinch of salt add conc. H2SO4 CH3COO-conf

& ethyl alcohol. Heat the test tube in Fruity smell irmed

CH3COO- + C2H5OH + H+ → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
water bath & smell
Ester (Fruity smell)
OXALATE (C2O4 2- )

(i) To the W.E add CaCl2 solution. White ppt C2O4
C2O4 2- + CaCl2 → Ca(C2O4)(White ppt) + Cl- 2-
confirmed
Dissolve the ppt in hot dil. H2SO4.
Then add KMnO4 solution. Pink colour of KMnO4 is discharged
Ca(C2O4)+ KMnO4 + H2SO4 → MnSO4(colourless) + K2SO4 +
H2O + CaSO4 + CO2
(ii) To W.E add Mg powder & 20mg
resorcinol. Shake to dissolve. Add Blue ring at the junction of two ring
Conc. H2SO4 along
the side of the test C2O4
tube. 2-
confirmed
(6)
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS-

The first step is preparation of original solution( O.S ). To prepare O.S dissolve the salt in distilled
water. If salt does not dissolve, heat it. If it is not soluble then dissolve salt in dil. HCl & heat if
required.
GROUP ZERO
(i) Heat a pinch of salt with conc. Smell of ammonia NH4+

NaOH NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O indicated
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. White fumes. NH4+

HCl near the mouth of test tube. NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl (white fumes) confirmed
(ii) To the O.S add Nesslers reagent.

( K2HgI4) Brown ppt NH2 NH4+
K2HgI4 + NH3 + H2O → Hg + NH4I confirmed
Pot. tetraiodo mercurate O
Hg
I (Brown ppt)
(7)
GROUP – I
To the O.S add dil. HCl. White ppt Pb2+ indicated

2+
Pb + HCl → PbCl2(white) + H2
Dissolve the white ppt in water. Boil

it. Divide into two parts.
(i) To the first part add potassium Yellow ppt Pb2+
iodide solution. PbCl2 + KI → PbI2(Yellow) + KCl confirmed
(ii) To the second part add

potassium chromate solution. Yellow ppt Pb2+
PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4(Yellow) + KCl
confirmed
GROUP- II
To the O.S add dil. HCl & pass H2S

gas or add Na2S. Black ppt. - Cu2+ indicated
Yellow ppt. – Cd2+ , As3+ indicated
u2+ + H2S → CuS(black) + H+
C
Cd2+ + H2S → CdS(yellow) + H+
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cu2+
Dissolve the black ppt in 50% Bluish green solution Cu2+

( conc.) HNO3 . CuS + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2(blue) +
NO + H2O indicated
Divide the blue solution into two
parts.
(i) To the first part add NH4OH Blue colour or ppt Cu2+
solution in excess. Cu(NO3)2 + NH4OH → [Cu(NH3)4](NO3)2(Deep blue) + H2O confirmed
(ii) To the second part add Cu2+

potassium ferrocyanide solution. Reddish brown ppt confirmed
Cu(NO3)2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6](Reddish brown)+KNO3
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cd2+
Dissolve the yellow ppt in dil.HCl Bluish white ppt

CdS + HCl → CdCl2 + H2S
Cd2+
& add potassium ferrocyanide confirmed
CdCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cd2[Fe(CN)6]( Bluish white ppt)+KCl
solution.
(8)
GROUP – III
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl &

NH4OH in excess . Reddish brown ppt - Fe3+ indicated
Gelatinous white ppt. – Al3+ indicated
Fe3+ + NH4OH → Fe(OH)3(Reddish brown ppt) + NH4+

Al3+ + NH4OH → Al(OH)3(Gelatinous white ppt) + NH4+
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Fe3+
Dissolve the reddish brown ppt in

dil.HCl & divide it into two parts. Fe(OH)3 +
HCl → FeCl3 + H2O
(i) To the first part add potassium

thiocynate solution. Blood red colour Fe3+
FeCl3 +
KCNS → K3Fe(CN)6 (Blood red) + KCl confirmed
(ii) To the second part add Pot.ferric sulphocyanide
potassium ferrocyanide solution.
Deep blue colour
FeCl3 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6](Deep blue) +
KCl Fe3+
Ferric ferocyanide confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Al3+
LAKE TEST
Dissolve the gelatinous white ppt in Blue lake
dil.HCl & add few drops of blue ( Blue ppt floating in colourless medium) Al3+
litmus solution. Now add excess of Al(OH)3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2O
confirmed
NH4OH solution. AlCl3 + NH4OH → Al(OH)3(White)
GROUP – IV
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl & Black ppt - Co2+ , Ni2+ indicated
NH4OH solution & pass H2S Dirty white ppt - Zn2+ indicated
gas or add Na2S. Buff ppt - Mn2+ indicated
Co2+ + H2S → CoS(Black) + H+

Zn2+ + H2S → ZnS(White) + H+
Ni2+ + H2S → NiS(Black) + H+
Mn2+ + H2S → MnS(Buff) + H+
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Zn2+
Dissolve the white ppt in dil.HCl & ZnS + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S
divide it into two parts.
(9)
(i) To the first part add NaOH White ppt soluble in excess of NaOH
solution dropwise. ZnCl2 + NaOH → Zn(OH)2(White) + NaCl Zn2+
Zn(OH)2 + NaOH → Na2ZnO4( Sodium zincate) + H2 confirmed
(ii) To the second part add Bluish white ppt

potassium ferrocyanide solution. ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6]( Bluish white) +
KCl Zn2+
Zinc ferocyanide confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Mn2+
Divide the buff ppt into two parts.

(i) Dissolve the first part in dil.HCl. White ppt turning brown Mn2+
Boil to remove H2S gas & add MnS + HCl → MnCl2 + H2S confirmed
excess of NaOH solution. MnCl2 + NaOH → Mn(OH)2(white)+ NaCl
Mn(OH)2 + O → MnO(OH)2(brown)
2+ + - 2+
Mn2+
(ii) To the second part add lead Mn + PbO2 + H → MnO4 + Pb + H2O confirmed
dioxide & conc. HNO3. Boil it. (Permangnate ion) (pink)
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ni2+
(i) To the O.S add NH4OH solution Red ppt OH O
Ni2+
& then dimethyl glyoxime. Ni + NH4OH + CH3-C=NOH
2+
CH3-C=N N=C-CH3
confirmed
→ Ni
CH3-C=NOH CH3-C=N N=C-CH3
O OH
DMG Red + NH4Cl +H2O
(ii) To the O.S add NaOH &

bromine water. Boil it. Black ppt Ni2+
Ni2+ + NaOH + Br2 → Ni(OH)3(Black ppt) + HBr + Na+ confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Co2+
(i) ) To the O.S add solid NH4Cl Yellow ppt

2+ Co2+
& NH4OH solution. Now add Co + KNO2 + CH3COOH → Co(NO2)3 + CH3COOK + NO
Co(NO2)3 + KNO2 → K3[Co(NO2)6](yellow)
confirmed
acetic acid & solid potassium
nitrate. Heat it.
(ii) To the O.S add Ammonium Blue colour in ether layer

Co2+ + NH4CNS → (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4(BLUE) Co2+
sulphocyanate crystal followed
Ammonium cobaltthiocyanate confirmed
by alcohol ( ether or acetone)
. Shake well.
(10)
GROUP – V
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl & white ppt - Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ indicated
NH4OH solution followed by
ammonium carbonate. Warm if Ba2+
required. Sr2+ + ( NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 , SrCO3 , CaCO3
Ca2+ ( White)
Dissolve the white ppt in dil. Acetic BaCO3 (CH

3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O
acid & boil off CO2 gas.Divide the SrCO3 + CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H2O
solution into three parts- CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ba2+

Ba2+
Yellow ppt confirmed
(i) To the first part add potassium
Chromate solution. (CH
3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4(yellow) + CH3COOK
Green flame Ba2+

(ii) Perform the flame test with
confirmed
yellow ppt.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Sr2+
(i) To the second part add White ppt

ammonium sulphate solution. (CH3COO)2Sr + ( NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4(White) + CH3COONH4
Sr2+
confirmed
(ii) Perform flame test with white Crimson red flame
ppt. Sr2+
confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ca2+
(i) To the third part add ammonium White ppt

oxalate solution. Allow to stand. (CH3COO)2Ca + ( NH4)2(C2O4)2 → (C2O4)2 Ca(White) + Ca2+
CH3COONH4 confirmed
(ii) Perform flame test with white Brick red flame
ppt. Ca2+
confirmed
(11)
GROUP – VI

AA
(i) To O.S add solid NH4Cl & excess White ppt Mg2+
of NH4OH . Then add ammonium Mg 2+
+ (NH4)3PO4 →
MgNH4PO4 + NH4 +
confirmed
phosphate solution. Shake well Magnesium ammonium phosphate
& allow to stand. (White)
(ii) To O.S add magneson reagent Blue colour or ppt Mg2+

followed by NaOH. confirmed
(12)
(13)
GROUP -2
(14)
GROUP -3
GROUP - 4
(16)
(17)
GROUP -5
(18)
(19)

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL ( ANION) –

Anions are divided into three main groups-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(iii) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur ( SO​2​)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(iii) Violet vapours ( I2) turns moist starch paper blue.

** (iv) Colourless vapours of HNO​3​ with pungent smell which on further

TEST FOR SULPHATE (SO​4​2-​)-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(ii) To the W.E of salt add dil. HCl &

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE (PO​4​3-​)-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Yellow ppt soluble in dil. HNO​3

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

.(i) To the W.E add leadacetate Black ppt S​2-​confirmed

(ii) To the W.E add cadmium Yellow ppt S​2-​confirmed

(iii) To the W.E add alkaline sodium S​2-​Confirmed

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

.(i) To the W.E add BaCl​2​ solution. White ppt SO​3​2-​confirme

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(ii) To the W.E add dil. ​H​2​SO​4​ & KI NO​2​-​confirme

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

AgCl + NH​4​OH ​ ​→ [Ag(NH​3​)​2​]Cl ​(diamine silver chloride)​ + H​2​O

**(ii) ​CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST​ -

Pass this red gas through NaOH Yellow colour

Acidify the yellow solution with Yellow ppt

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

(ii) To the W.E add dil. HCl & CS​2

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

.(i) To the W.E add few drops ​ eep blue colouration

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

.(i) To the W.E add few drops Red colouration CH​3​COO​-

To second part add water & boil.

(ii) To a pinch of salt add conc.​ H​2​SO​4 CH​3​COO​-​conf

OXALATE ​(C​2​O​4​ 2-​​ )

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS-

(i) Heat a pinch of salt with conc. Smell of ammonia NH​4​+

Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. ​White fumes. NH​4​+

(ii) To the O.S add Nesslers reagent.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the O.S add dil. HCl. White ppt Pb​2+ ​indicated

Dissolve the white ppt in water. Boil

(ii) To the second part add

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the O.S add dil. HCl & pass H​2​S

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cu​2+

Dissolve the black ppt in 50% Bluish green solution Cu​2+

(ii) To the second part add Cu​2+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cd​2+

Dissolve the yellow ppt in dil.HCl Bluish white ppt

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the O.S add solid NH​4​Cl &

(iii) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur ( SO2)

** (iv) Colourless vapours of HNO3 with pungent smell which on further

TEST FOR SULPHATE (SO42-)-

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE (PO43-)-

Yellow ppt soluble in dil. HNO3

.(i) To the W.E add leadacetate Black ppt S2-confirmed

(ii) To the W.E add cadmium Yellow ppt S2-confirmed

(iii) To the W.E add alkaline sodium S2-Confirmed

.(i) To the W.E add BaCl2 solution. White ppt SO32-confirme

(ii) To the W.E add dil. H2SO4 & KI NO2-confirme

AgCl + NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (diamine silver chloride) + H2O

**(ii) CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST -

(ii) To the W.E add dil. HCl & CS2

.(i) To the W.E add few drops eep blue colouration

.(i) To the W.E add few drops Red colouration CH3COO-

(ii) To a pinch of salt add conc. H2SO4 CH3COO-conf

OXALATE (C2O4 2- )

(i) Heat a pinch of salt with conc. Smell of ammonia NH4+

Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. White fumes. NH4+

To the O.S add dil. HCl. White ppt Pb2+ indicated

To the O.S add dil. HCl & pass H2S

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cu2+

Dissolve the black ppt in 50% Bluish green solution Cu2+

(ii) To the second part add Cu2+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cd2+

To the O.S add solid NH4Cl &

Fe3+ + NH4OH → Fe(OH)3(Reddish brown ppt) + NH4+

Co2+ + H2S → CoS(Black) + H+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Zn2+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Mn2+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ni2+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Co2+

(i) ) To the O.S add solid NH4Cl Yellow ppt

Dissolve the white ppt in dil. Acetic BaCO3 (CH

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ba2+

Green flame Ba2+

(i) To the second part add White ppt

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Ca2+

(ii) To O.S add magneson reagent Blue colour or ppt Mg2+