Functions, Its Behavior

and Properties
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• A relation is a correspondence between
two sets. It can be written as a set of
ordered pairs. The set of all first
components of the ordered pairs is called
the domain of the relation, and the set of
all second components is called the range
of the relation.
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• A function is a correspondence between
two sets X and Y that assigns to each
element x of set X exactly one element
y of set Y. For each element x in X, the
corresponding element y in Y is called
the value of the function at x.
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Example: Determine whether each relation is a function.
a. {(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 8), (4, 9)} b. {(6,1),(6,2),(8,3),(9,4)}
Solution We begin by making a figure for each relation that shows
set X, the domain, and set Y, the range, shown below.

(a) 1 6
Figure (a) shows that every element in the domain
2 8
3 9 corresponds to exactly one element in the range. No two
4 ordered pairs in the given relation have the same first
Domai Range component and different second components. Thus, the
n
relation is a function.
(b) 6 1 Figure (b) shows that 6 corresponds to both 1 and 2. This
8 2 relation is not a function; two ordered pairs have the same
9 3
4 first component and different second components.
Domai Range
n
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Example: Determine whether the given graph is a
graph of a function.
a. b.

Vertical Line Test: A given graph is the graph

of a function, if and only if every vertical line
intersects the graph in at most one point.
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• A function can be thought of as
a simple machine, which can
process inputs using a stated
sequence of operations, then
deliver a single output. The
inputs are the x-values, and y is
the resulting output. Thus, we
say that the value of y depends
on the value of x. Or simply, “y
is a function of x”, denoted by
y = f(x).
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Evaluate a function
Example: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, find
1. 𝑓(−2)
3
2. 𝑓
2
3. 𝑓(2𝑎)
4. 𝑓(𝑎 + 1)
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Types of Functions
• Constant Functions
f x   c
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  c}
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Linear Functions
f  x   mx  b
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  R}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Quadratic Functions
f  x   ax 2  bx  c
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  k} if a  0
{ y | y  k} if a  0
where k  f h 
b
and h
2a
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example:
Determine the domain and range.

1. f(x) = x²+8x+15

2. g(x) = -2x²+6x+4
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Absolute Value Functions
f x   x  c
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  c}

f x    x  c
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  c}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Determine the domain and range.

1. y=|x+9|

2. y= -|x+5| + 1
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Radical Functions
f  x   even x
D : {x | x  0}
Solve for x
using the R : { y | y  0}

 
radicand
f  x    even x
D : {x | x  0}
R : { y | y  0}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Radical Functions
f  x   odd x
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  R}

f  x    odd x 
D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  R}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Determine the domain and range of
the following.

1. y  2 x  5
2. f ( x)  5 x  10
3
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Rational Functions
a rational function is
any function which can be
defined by a rational fraction,
i.e. an algebraic fraction such
that both the numerator and
the denominator are
polynomials
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Determine the domain and range.
3
1. f ( x) 
4x  7
2x  6
2. f ( x) 
3x  2
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Floor Function
floor(x) = x is the
greatest integer less than
or equal to x

D : {x | x  R}
R :{y | y  Z}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Ceiling Function
ceiling(x) = x is the
smallest integer greater
than or equal to x

D : {x | x  R}
R :{y | y  Z}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Piece-wise Functions
- a function defined by
multiple sub-functions, each
sub-function applying to a
certain interval of the main
function's domain, a sub-
domain.
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Identify the domain and range:
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 ; 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
1. 𝐟 𝒙 = ቊ
𝒙 − 𝟕 ;𝒙 > 𝟑

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 ; 𝒙 > 𝟎
2. 𝒈 𝒙 = ቊ
−𝟑 ; 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Exponential Functions
xc
yb a
a, c  R and b  R  1


D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  a}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Exponential Functions

yb   a
xc

a, c  R and b  R  1


D : {x | x  R}
R : { y | y  a}
Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Identify the domain and range:
1. 𝐟 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 + 𝟑

2. 𝐟 𝒙 = − 𝟑𝒙+𝟏 − 𝟏
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Logarithmic Functions

f  x   log b  x  a   c
a, c  R and b  R   1
D : {x | x   a}
Solve for x
using x+a
R : { y | y  R}
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
Logarithmic Functions

f  x   log b  x  a   c
a, c  R and b  R   1
D : {x | x  a}
Solve for x R : { y | y  R}
using –x+a
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example
Identify the domain and range:
1. g(x) = log5(x – 1) + 4

2. g(x) = ln(- x - 2)
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Composition of a Function
Given two functions f and g, the composition
of f with g is defined by

𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

The domain of the composition is the set of

all real numbers x in the domain of g such that g(x)
is also in the domain of f.
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Example:
1. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3, find
a. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (𝑥) b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
c. Domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (𝑥) and (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)

1
2. Given 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3, find
𝑥−2
domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (𝑥).
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are
analogs of the ordinary
trigonometric, or circular,
functions, but they are defined
in terms of the exponential
function.
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Hyperbolic Functions
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Hyperbolic Functions
 Functions, Its Behavior and
Properties
• Hyperbolic Functions