Moaveni Engineering Fundamentals 5e SI Chapter 03 PDF

Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni
Engineering
Fundamentals
An Introduction
to Engineering
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Chapter 3
Introduction to Engineering Design
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Learning Objectives
1. Engineering Design Process
Explain the basic steps that engineers follow to design something
and to arrive at a solution to a problem
2. Additional Design Considerations

Describe what is meant by sustainability and its role in design;
also explain the roles of engineering economics and material in
engineering design
3. Teamwork
Explain what is meant by a design team and describe the
common traits of good teams; also explain how good teams
manage conflicts
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Learning Objectives
4. Project Scheduling and the Task Chart
Describe the process that engineering managers use to ensure
that a project is completed on time and within the allocated
budget
5. Engineering Standards and Codes

Describe why we need standards and codes and give examples
of standards and codes organizations in the United States and
abroad
6. Water and Air Standards in the United States

Describe the drinking water, indoor and outdoor air sources of
pollutants, and the water and air quality standards in the United
States
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Discussion Starter
Read the discussion starter for Chapter 3 on page 51 (10 minutes).
You may discuss your thoughts with the student sitting next to you.
 Have you ever designed something?
 Did you follow steps similar to the ones mentioned here?

If so, explain in greater detail what they mean.
 Have you ever worked with others on a project?
 How would you describe your experience working on a

team?
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Engineering Design Process

Basic Steps
1. Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2. Problem definition and understanding
3. Research and preparation
4. Conceptualization
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
7. Optimization
8. Presentation
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Step 1: Recognizing the need for

a product or a service
The need for a product

or service could come
from
 You
 Company
 Client(s)
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Step 2: Problem definition and

understanding
 The most important step in any design
process
 Before you move on to the next step,
 Make sure you understand the problem
 Make sure that the problem is well defined
 Good problem solvers are those who first

fully understand what the problem is
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Step 3: Research and preparation

 Collect useful information as much as you can
 Search to determine if a product already

exists that closely meets the need
 Consider if you can adopt or modify existing
components
 Review and organize the information collected
in a suitable manner
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Step 4: Conceptualization
 Generate ideas or concepts that could offer
reasonable solutions to your problem
 Identify the components of the system
 Analyze the merit of the developed concepts
 Evaluate alternatives (see Table 3.1, p. 55)
 Create a milestone chart
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Step 5: Synthesis
 At this point you begin to consider details
 Perform calculations
 Run computer models
 Narrow down the type of materials to be used
 Size the components of the system
 Answer questions about how the product is
going to be fabricated
 Consult pertinent codes and standards for
compliance
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Step 6: Evaluation
 Analyze the problem
in more detail
 Identify critical design
parameters and consider
their influence in your final
design
 Make sure that all calculations are performed
correctly
 For uncertainties, perform experimental
investigation
 Identify the best solution from alternatives
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Evaluating Alternatives
An example of an evaluation
 When a design is worksheet
narrowed down to
a few workable
concepts,
evaluation of these
concepts is needed
before detail
design is pursued
 Each design would
have its own
evaluation criteria
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Step 7: Optimization – minimization

or maximization
 Optimization is based on some particular
criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight,
reliability, noise, or performance
 Optimizing individual components of an
engineering system does not necessarily lead
to an optimized system
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Optimization Procedure
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Step 8: Presentation
 Communicate your solution to your client
(e.g., your boss, coworkers, customers)
 Prepare for an oral and/or a written report
 Engineers are often required to give oral and

progress reports on regular basis to various
groups
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Step 8: Presentation
 Presentation could be an integral part of many
other design steps
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Example 3.1 – Optimization

Given: Purchase storage tanks.
Budget:$1680, Available floor space: 90 m2
 Manufacturer A: 16 m3 capacity @ $120 each,
requires 7.5 m2 floor space
 Manufacturer B: 24 m3 capacity @ $240 each,
requires 10 m2 floor space
Find: The greatest storage capacity within the

budgetary and floor-space limitation
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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering
Engineering, SI Moaveni

Solution:
Let x1 = 16 m3 capacity and x2 = 24 m3 capacity.
Maximization of the objective function Z, the storage
capacity, is represented by
maximize Z  16 x1  24 x2
subject to the following constraints:
120 x1  240 x2  1680
7.5 x1  10 x2  90
x1  0
x2  0
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Solution (continued):
120 x1  240 x2  1680
Region as given by
linear inequality Feasible solution
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Civil Engineering Design Process

 Civil engineering design process is slightly
different from other engineering disciplines
 Civil engineering is concerned with providing
public infrastructures and services such as
the design and construction of
• Buildings • Roads and highways
• Bridges • Dams
• Tunnels • Mass transit systems
• Airports • Water supply systems
• Sewage systems
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Civil Engineering Design Process

 Civil Engineers must follow specific
procedures, regulations, and standards that
are established by local, state, or federal
agencies
(e.g.) Design procedures for a bridge will be
different than for a building or a mass
transit system
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Design Process for Buildings

1. Recognizing the need for a building
(Step 1: recognizing the need for a product or a service)
2. Define the usage of the building

(Step 2: problem definition and understanding)
3. Project planning
(Step 3: research and preparation)
4. Schematic design phase

(Steps 4 & 8: conceptualization and presentation)
5. Design development phase

(Steps 5, 6, & 8: synthesis, evaluation, and presentation)
6. Construction documentation phase

(Steps 5 & 7: synthesis and optimization)
7. Construction administration phase
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a building
Examples of the need
 Build a new elementary school or expand an existing
one to accommodate the increase in children’s ages
between 6 and 12
 Build a new medical clinic due to an increase in
medical needs and convenience to patients
 Replace or expand a factory to increase production due
to market demand
 Build, replace, or expand a bridge due to increase in
traffic volume
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a building
 Private sector
 The need is usually identified by the owners of a
business or real estate
 Public sector
 The need is usually identified by others
(e.g. a school principal, a city engineer, or a district
engineer)
 The need must be approved by corresponding
oversight body
(e.g. school board, city council, or the department of
transportation, state legislation)
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Step 2: Define the usage of

the building
 The client determines types of activities that would
take place in the building
(e.g.)
 New elementary school - Principal
 The number of students enrolled in the future
 The number of classrooms, computer labs, etc.
 The need for a library or a cafeteria, etc.
 Medical clinic - staff
 The number of examination rooms, x-ray labs,
reception areas, record rooms, etc.
 The usage and activity data will help architects

determine the amount of area that would be required
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Step 3: Project planning

 The client selects potential sites for the new
building
 Factors influence site selection
 Cost and location
 Zoning
 Environmental impact
 Archaeology impact
 Traffic flow
 The client selects an architect firm or a
contractor to initiate the design phase
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Step 4: Schematic design phase

 The architect consults with the client to fully
understand the intended usage of the building and
to obtain approximate budget for the project
 The architect prepares multiple schematic designs
for the building
 The client and the architect narrow down the options
to one or two designs
 Schematic design
 Layout of rooms and spaces
 Material type
 Framing system, etc.
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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

 The architect continues to finalize layout of the
building
 The architect consults with a structural engineer to

determine the limits of column size and beam size
 The structural engineer then performs a

preliminary design for the building
 The mechanical engineer performs the preliminary

design for the HVAC system
 The electrical engineer performs the preliminary

electrical design
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Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

(continued)
 The interior designer performs a preliminary design

for the interior of the building
 The contractor provides a cost estimate for the

project
 The architect meets with the client to present the

preliminary design and seek feedback
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Step 6: Construction documentation

(CD) phase
 All the detail work is done in this phase
 Construction document includes

 Design specifications and drawings from the
architect, civil, structural, mechanical, and
electrical engineers, and the interior
designers
 Work of landscape architect may be
included
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(CD) phase
(continued)
 The civil engineer provides the site plan design
which includes:
 Grading of the ground from the perimeter of
building to sidewalk
 Grading of the parking area
 Drainage for surface runoff
 Demolition plan and the relocation of power-
lines as needed
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(CD) phase
(continued)
 The structural engineer provides all the design details
for structural components including:
 Foundation, beams and columns, interior and
exterior walls, and connections
 Roof and floor supports and supports for openings
such as windows, doors
 Canopies, etc.
 The structural engineer must bear in mind all the

design specifications required by the building codes as
established by local government
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(CD) phase
(continued)
 The construction document must be reviewed
and approved by the building inspectors
 If the client has not selected a contractor, as it
is common for publicly funded projects,
interested contractors would purchase a hard
copy of the construction document or
download it from the architect’s web site for
bid preparation
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(CD) phase
An example of design detail included in a construction document
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Step 7: Construction administration phase

 The general contractor will have a superintendent
on site to manage the construction and its
progress and to coordinate all the subcontractors
 A project manager representing the architect

would meet with the site superintendent and the
client on a regular basis to review the construction
progress and to respond to any issues that require
further attention
 The structural engineer visits the construction site

periodically to observe the progress of the project
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Step 7: Construction administration phase

(continued)
 The structural engineer is responsible for

reviewing the shop drawings submitted by the
fabricators through the general contractor
 When the project is completed, the project
manager will walk through the building with
the client and the superintendent to go
through a “punch” list
 The building inspector must approve the
building, before it can be occupied
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Additional Design Considerations

 Sustainability in design
 Engineering economics
 Material selection
 Patent, Trademark, and copyright
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Sustainability in Design
Sustainability and Sustainable Engineering
 No universal definition
 The generally accepted definition
“ Design and development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
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 Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society
 In private sector, they design and produce the
goods and services that we use in our daily
lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of
living
 In public sector, they support local, state, and
federal mission such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense
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 Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic
trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite
resources, more is expected of engineers
 Future engineers are expected to design and

provide goods and services that increase the
standard of living and advance health care, while
addressing serious environmental and
sustainability concerns
 In designing products and services, engineers

must consider the link among earth’s finite
resources, environmental, social, ethical,
technical, and economical factors
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 Potential shortage of engineers with training in
sustainability
 ASCE, ASEE, ASME, and IEEE have come out in

support of sustainability education in engineering
curricula
 Civil engineers play an increasingly important role

in addressing the climate change and
sustainability issues that are being discussed
nationally and internationally among policy
makers and politicians
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ASCE Sustainability Statement

“The public’s growing awareness that it is possible to achieve a
sustainable built environment, while addressing such challenges
as natural and man-made disaster, adaptation to climate change,
and global water supply, is reinforcing the civil engineer’s
changing role from designer/constructor to policy leader and life-
cycle planner, designer, constructor, operator, and maintainer
(sustainer). Civil engineers are not perceived to be significant
contributors to sustainable world.”
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ASCE Actions on Sustainability

 ASCE Board of Direction adopted
sustainability as the 4th ASCE priorities
(November 4, 2008)
Other three:
 Renewing the nation’s infrastructure
 Raising the bar on civil engineering
education
 Addressing the role of the civil
engineers in today’s changing
professional environment
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Five Issues Must be Understood by

Engineers on Sustainability
 Appeared on 1/8/2009 ASCE News
 Written by William Wallace, founder and

president of Wallace Futures Group,
Steamboat Springs, CO
 Author of “Becoming Part of the Solution:
The Engineer’s Guide to Sustainable
Development”
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1. The world’s current economic development is not
sustainable – the world population already uses
approximately 20% more of the world’s resources
than the planet can sustain
2. The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying
capacity have now reached crisis proportions –
spiking energy costs, extreme weather events
causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea
levels threatening coastal cities. Global population
increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to
address it
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(cont.)
3. An enormous amount of work will be required if

the world is to shift to sustainable development –
a complete overhaul of the world’s processes,
systems, and infrastructure will be needed
4. The engineering community should be leading the

way toward sustainable development but has not
yet assumed that responsibility
Civil engineers have few incentives to change
Most civil engineers deliver conventional
engineering designs that meet building codes and
protect the status quo
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(cont.)
5. People outside the engineering community are

capitalizing on new opportunity – for example,
accounting firms and architects
The architects bring their practices into
conformity with the U.S. Green Building
Council’s leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building
Rating System
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IEEE Actions on Sustainability

 In January 2009, the Sustainability Ad Hoc
Committee was formed to map and coordinate
sustainability-related issues across IEEE
 Created a worldwide Earth-monitoring network,

the Global Earth Observation System of Systems
(GEOSS)
 Collect data from thousands of sensors, gages,
buoys, and weather stations across the globe
 Goal – to help foster sustainable development
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Key Sustainability Concepts,

Methods, and Tools
 Key sustainability concepts
 Earth’s finite resources and environmental issues
 Socioeconomic issues related to sustainability
 Ethical aspects of sustainability
 Sustainable development
 Key sustainability methods

 Life-cycle based analysis
 Resource and waste management (material,
energy)
 Environmental impact analysis
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Key Sustainability Concepts,

Methods, and Tools
(cont.)
 Key sustainability tools
 Life-cycle assessment
 Environmental assessment
 Use of sustainable-development indicators
 USGBC LEED rating system
 USGBC stands for U.S. Green Building Council

 LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
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USGBC LEED Rating System

“LEED is an internationally recognized green building
certification system, providing third-party verification
that a building or community was designed and built
using strategies aimed at improving performance
across all the metrics that matter most: energy
savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction,
improved indoor environmental quality, and
stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their
impacts. Developed by the USGBC, LEED provides
building owners and operators a concise framework
for identifying and implementing practical and
measurable green building design, construction,
operations and maintenance solutions.”
3-52
Engineering Economics
Economic factors always play important roles
in engineering design decision making
 Products that are too expensive cannot be
sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company
 Products must be designed to provide
services not only to make our lives better
but also to make profits for the
manufacturer
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Material Selection
The selection of material is an important design
decision
 Examples of properties to consider when

selecting materials
 Density
 Ultimate strength
 Flexibility
 Machinability
 Durability
 Thermal expansion
 Electrical & thermal conductivity
 Resistance to corrosion
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Material Properties
 Many factors
 How the material was processed
 Its age
 Its exact chemical composition
 Any nonhomogenity or defect within the material
 Change with temperature and time as the

material ages
 In practice, you use property values provided
by the manufacturer for design; textbook
values are typical values
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Material Properties
 Electrical Resistivity
 A measure of resistance of material to flow of
electricity
 Plastics and ceramics typically have high
resistivity
 Metal typically has low resistivity
 Silver and copper are some of the best

conductors of electricity
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Material Properties
 Density
 Mass per unit volume
 A measure of how compact the material is for a

given volume
 Average density of
 aluminum alloys = 2700 kg/m3

 steel = 7850 kg/m3
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Material Properties
 Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
 A measure of how easily a material will stretch
when pulled
 A measure of how well material will shorten when
pushed
 The larger the value of the modulus of elasticity is,
the larger the required force would be to stretch
or shorten the material
 Modulus of elasticity
 Aluminum alloy: 70 - 90 GPa
 Steel : 190 - 210 GPa
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Material Properties
 Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)
 A measure of how easily a material can be
twisted or sheared
 The value of shear modulus shows the
resistance of a given material to shear
deformation
 Shear modulus
 Aluminum alloys : 26 - 36 GPa
 Steel : 75 - 80 GPa
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Material Properties
 Tensile Strength
 The maximum tensile load a material

specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar
or cylinder can carry without failure
 Tensile strength or ultimate strength is
expressed as the maximum tensile force
per unit cross-sectional area of the
specimen
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Material Properties
 Compressive Strength
• The maximum compressive load a material

specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar,
cylinder, or cube can carry without failure
• The ultimate compressive strength of a material
is expressed as the maximum compressive
force per unit cross-sectional area of the
specimen
• 10 - 70 MPa
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Material Properties
 Modulus of Resilience
• A mechanical property that shows how
effective the material is in absorbing
mechanical energy without going through
any permanent damage
 Modulus of Toughness
• A mechanical property that indicates the
ability of the material to handle
overloading before it fractures
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Material Properties
 Strength-to-Weight Ratio
• The ratio of strength of the material to its
specific weight
• Either the yield or the ultimate strength of the
material can be used to determine the ratio
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Material Properties
 Thermal Expansion
• The change in the length of a material that
would occur if the temperature of the material
were changed
• Important material property to consider when
designing products and structures that are
expected to experience a relatively large
temperature swing during their service lives
3-64
Material Properties
 Thermal Conductivity
How good a material is in transferring thermal
energy (heat) from a high temperature region to
a low temperature region within the material
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Material Properties
 Heat Capacity
• The amount of thermal energy required to
raise the temperature of 1 kg mass of material
by 1oC, or 1 lb mass of material by 1oF
• Materials with large heat capacity values are
good at storing thermal energy
3-66
Material Properties
 Viscosity
• Fluid property that measures how easily a given

fluid can flow
• The higher the viscosity value is, the more
resistance the fluid will offer to flow
(e.g.) Less energy is needed to transport water
in a pipe than to transport motor oil or
glycerin
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Material Properties
 Vapor Pressure
• Under the same conditions, fluids with low
vapor-pressure values will not evaporate as
quickly as those with high values of vapor
pressure
(e.g.) Water has a higher vapor pressure
value than glycerin
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Material Properties
 Bulk Modulus of Compressibility
• A measurement of how compressible a fluid is
• Represents how easily one can reduce the

volume of fluid when the fluid pressure is
increased
(e.g.) It would take 2.24x109 N/m2 of
pressure to reduce 1 m3 of water to
0.99 m3, a change of 1%
3-69
Patent, Trademark, and Copyright

 Patent, trademark, service marks, and
copyrights provide a means to promote new
ideas and inventions
 Intellectual property is protected by the U.S.
and other countries laws
3-70
Patent
 The right to exclude others from making,
using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention in U.S. or importing the invention
into U.S.
 Does not grant the inventor the right to
make, use, or sell the invention, it prevent
others from doing so
3-71
Patent
 Design patent
 Protects the way an item looks
 Good for 14 years from the time it was granted
 Utility patent
 Protects for the way an item works
 Good for either 17 years from the time it was

granted or 20 years from the earliest filing date
3-72
Trademark
 Trademark is a name, word, or symbol that a
company uses to distinguish its products
from others
 Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
 Does not prevent others from making the
same or similar products
3-73
Service Mark
 Service mark is a name, word, or symbol that
a company uses to distinguish its services
from others
 Excludes others from using the same or
similar mark
 Does not prevent others from providing the
same or similar services
3-74
Copyright
 A form of protection provided by the laws of the
U.S. to the authors of “original works of
authorship”
 Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
other types of intellectual works
 Covers both published and unpublished work
 Protects form of expression, not the content or

the subject matter
3-75
Copyright
 For a work created after January 1, 1978,
copyright laws protect the work for
 the author’s life plus 70 years
 the last surviving author’s life plus 70 years in
the case of multiple authors
 Currently, no international copyright laws for
worldwide protection
3-76
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
Answer the following questions to test your understanding of the preceding section.
1. Describe the basic steps that engineers follow to

design something.
2. Describe the process by which engineers evaluate
alternatives.
3. In your own words, explain sustainability.
4. Why do economics and material selection play
important roles in the design decision making
process?
5. How is intellectual property protected in the United
States?
3-77
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
Vocabulary—State the meaning of the following terms:
• Optimization ____________
• Sustainability ____________
• LEED ____________
• Trademark ____________
• Patent ____________
• Copyright ____________
3-78
Teamwork
Design team
A group of individuals with complementary
expertise, problem solving skills, and talent
who are working together to solve a problem
or achieve a common goal
 Employers are looking for individuals who not

only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals but can also work well with
others in a team environment
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Common Traits of Good Teams

1. The project that is assigned to a team must
have clear and realistic goals. These goals must
be understood and accepted by all members of
the team
2. The team should be made up of individuals with
complementary expertise, problem solving
skills, background, and talent
3. The team must have a good leader
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Common Traits of Good Teams

4. The team leadership and the environment in
which discussions take place should promote
openness, respect, and honesty
5. The team goals and needs should come before
individual goals and needs
3-81
Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

 The Organizer
Experienced and confident; trusted by members of
the team and serves as a coordinator for the entire
project
 The Creator
Good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them
with other team members, and letting the team
develop the ideas further
 The Gatherer
Enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for
possibilities, and developing contacts
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Secondary Roles of Good Team Members

 The Motivator
Energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at
finding ways around obstacles
 The Evaluator
Intelligent and capable of understanding the
complete scope of the project; good at judging
outcomes correctly
 The Team Worker
Tries to get everyone to come together, does not
like friction or problems among team members
3-83
Secondary Role of Good Team Members
 The Solver
Reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into
practical solution
 The Finisher
Can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task
on time; detail oriented and may worry about the
team’s progress toward finishing the assignment
3-84
Other Factors
Influencing Team Performance
 The way a company is organized
 How projects are assigned
 What resources are available to a team to
perform their tasks
 Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty,
and respect are promoted
3-85
Conflict Resolution
When a group of people work together,
conflicts sometimes arise
 Miscommunication
 Personality differences
 The way events and actions are
interpreted by a member of a team
3-86
Conflict Resolution
 Managing conflicts is an important part of a team
dynamic
 In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize
there are three types of people:
 Accommodating
 Compromising
 Collaborative
3-87
Conflict Resolution – Type of People

 Accommodating team members
 Avoid conflicts
 Highly cooperative
 Allow assertive individuals to dominate
 Could lead to poor team decision
3-88
Conflict Resolution – Type of People

 Compromising team members
 Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness
and cooperation
 By compromising, the team may have
sacrificed the best solution for the sake of
group unity
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Conflict Resolution
 Collaborative approach
 High level of assertiveness and cooperation by
the team
 No finger pointing
 A conflict = a problem to be solved by the
team
 Team proposes solutions
 Means of evaluation
 Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution
3-90
Project Scheduling and Task Chart

A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a
project is completed on time and within the allocated budget
3-91
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
1. Explain what is meant by a design team and

describe the common traits of good teams.
2. Describe how good teams manage conflicts.
3. What is the process that engineering
managers use to ensure that a project is
completed on time and within budget?
3-92
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
• A Design Team ____________
• Conflict Resolution ____________
• A Task Chart ____________
3-93
Engineering Standards and Codes

Why do we need standards and codes?
Developed over the years by various
organizations
• Product safety
• Reliability in services
• Uniformity in parts and components
3-94
Engineering Standards and Codes
 Standards allow for easy ways to communicate the size of

a product
 For example, if we had global standards for shirts and
shoes, then the above cross referenced tables would not
be necessary
3-95
Example of an engineered product

that adheres to many standards
3-96
Example of products conforming

to an ISO standard
3-97
Examples of Standards and Codes

Organizations in the United States
 ANSI American National Standard Institute
 ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
 NFPA National Fire Protection Association
 UL Underwriters Laboratories
 EPA Environmental Protection Agency
 ASHRAE American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers
3-98
Other Codes and Standards

 Conformité Europeenné
 ISO International Organization for Standardization

 BSI British Standard Institute
 CSBTS China State Bureau of Quality & Technical

Supervision
 DIN German Deutsches Institute für Normung
3-99
Drinking Water Standards in the U.S.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets the standards for the level of water contaminants
 Maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)
The maximum level of a given contaminant in the
water that causes no known harmful health effects
 Maximum contaminant level (MCL)

 Slightly higher levels of contaminants than MCLG
 Levels of contaminants that are legally enforceable
3-100
Examples of Drinking Water Standards
3-101
Outdoor Air Quality Standards in the U.S.
The source of outdoor air pollution

 Stationary sources
Power plants, factories, and dry cleaners
 Mobile sources
Cars, buses, trucks, planes, and trains
 Natural sources
Windblown dust, volcanic eruptions, and forest
fires
3-102

 Clean Air Act of 1970
EPA sets standards for 6 major pollutants:
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
 Lead (Pb)
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
 Ozone (O3)
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
 Particulate matter (PM)
 Clean Air Act of 1990

Required EPA to address the effect of many toxic
air pollutants by setting new standards
3-103

 Since 1977, EPA has issued 27 air standards that are
to be fully implemented in the coming years
 EPA works with individual states to reduce amount of

sulfur in fuels and setting more stringent emission
standards for cars, buses, trucks, and power plants
 Air pollution is a global concern that can affect not

only our health, but also our climate
3-104
Indoor Air Quality Standards in the U.S.
 Indoor levels of pollutants may be two to five

times higher than outdoor levels
 Indoor air quality is important in homes, schools,
and workplaces where we spend approximately
90% of our time
 Indoor air quality is important to our short-term
and long-term health, It affects productivity in
workplaces and the learning environment in our
schools
3-105

 Health symptoms - poor indoor air quality
 Headache, fatigue, and shortness of breath
 Sinus congestion, coughing, and sneezing
 Eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation
 Dizziness and nausea
 Factors influencing air quality

 Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
system
 Sources of indoor air pollutants
 Occupants
3-106
 Reasons for more exposure to indoor air

pollutants
 Tightly built newer houses - lower air infiltration or
exfiltration
 Synthetic building materials in newly built homes
that could give off harmful vapors
 Chemical pollutants such as pesticides and
household cleaners
3-107
Typical Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants
3-108
Methods to Manage Contaminants

 Source elimination or removal examples
 Prevent people from smoking inside buildings
 Prevent car engines from running idle near
buildings’ outdoor air intakes
 Source substitution example

 Use a gentle cleaning product rather than a
product that gives off harmful vapors
3-109

 Proper ventilation
 Remove sources of pollutants before they
can be spread through the air distribution
system
 Use exhaust fans to force out harmful
contaminants
 Exposure control
 ASHRAE establishes codes and standards
for how much fresh outside air must be
introduced for various applications
3-110

 Air cleaning
 Remove harmful particulate and gases from the
air as it passes through some cleaning systems
 It includes systems that make use of
 Absorption
 Catalysis
 Air filters
3-111
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
1. Explain why we need standards and codes.

2. Give examples of organizations that set
standards and codes in the United States.
3. Give examples of international organizations
that set standards.
4. Give examples of sources of water pollution.
5. What are the major outdoor air pollutants?
3-112
Before You
Before GoGo
You OnOn
• ASTM ____________
• NFPA ____________
• ISO ____________
• Maximum Contaminant Level ____________
• EPA ____________
3-113

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Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering, SI Moaveni

2. Additional Design Considerations

5. Engineering Standards and Codes

6. Water and Air Standards in the United States

 Have you ever designed something?

 Did you follow steps similar to the ones mentioned here?

 Have you ever worked with others on a project?

 How would you describe your experience working on a

Engineering Design Process

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

The need for a product

Step 2: Problem definition and

 Make sure that the problem is well defined

 Good problem solvers are those who first

Step 3: Research and preparation

 Search to determine if a product already

 Evaluate alternatives (see Table 3.1, p. 55)

 Create a milestone chart

Step 7: Optimization – minimization

 Engineers are often required to give oral and

Example 3.1 – Optimization

Find: The greatest storage capacity within the

Example 3.1 – Optimization

Example 3.1 – Optimization

120 x1  240 x2  1680

Civil Engineering Design Process

Civil Engineering Design Process

Design Process for Buildings

2. Define the usage of the building

4. Schematic design phase

5. Design development phase

6. Construction documentation phase

7. Construction administration phase

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

Step 1: Recognizing the need for

Step 2: Define the usage of

 The usage and activity data will help architects

Step 3: Project planning

Step 4: Schematic design phase

Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

 The architect consults with a structural engineer to

 The structural engineer then performs a

 The mechanical engineer performs the preliminary

 The electrical engineer performs the preliminary

Step 5: Design development (DD) phase

 The interior designer performs a preliminary design

 The contractor provides a cost estimate for the

 The architect meets with the client to present the

Step 6: Construction documentation

 Construction document includes

Step 6: Construction documentation

Step 6: Construction documentation

 The structural engineer must bear in mind all the

Step 6: Construction documentation

Step 6: Construction documentation

An example of design detail included in a construction document

Step 7: Construction administration phase

 A project manager representing the architect

 The structural engineer visits the construction site

Step 7: Construction administration phase

 The structural engineer is responsible for

Additional Design Considerations

 Future engineers are expected to design and