Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri (waterhyssop, brahmi,[1]

thyme-leafed gratiola, water hyssop, herb
of grace,[1] Indian pennywort[1]) is a
perennial, creeping herb native to the
wetlands of southern and Eastern India,
Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and North
and South America.[1] B. monnieri is an
herb used in Ayurveda. In 2019, the US
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
warned manufacturers of dietary
supplement products containing Bacopa
monnieri against making illegal and
unproven claims that the herb can treat
various diseases.[2][3][4]
 Bacopa monnieri

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Lamiales

Family: Plantaginaceae

Genus: Bacopa

Species: B. monnieri
 Binomial name

Bacopa monnieri
(L.) Pennell[1]

Synonyms

Bacopa monniera Hayata & Matsum.

Bramia monnieri (L.) Pennell
Gratiola monnieria L.
Herpestes monnieria (L.) Kunth
Herpestis fauriei H.Lev.
Herpestis monniera
Herpestris monnieria
Lysimachia monnieri L.
Moniera cuneifolia Michx.
Description

Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India

Bacopa monnieri is a non-aromatic herb.

The leaves of this plant are succulent,
oblong, and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) thick.
Leaves are oblanceolate and are arranged
oppositely on the stem. The flowers are
small, actinomorphic and white, with four
to five petals. Its ability to grow in water
makes it a popular aquarium plant. It can
even grow in slightly brackish conditions.
Propagation is often achieved through
cuttings.[5]

Ecology
Bacopa monnieri commonly grows in
marshy areas throughout India, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, China, Pakistan, Taiwan, and
Vietnam. It is also found in Florida, Hawaii
and other southern states of the United
States where it can be grown in damp
conditions by a pond or bog garden.[6] This
plant can be grown hydroponically.

Uses
Bacopa monnieri is used in Ayurvedic
traditional medicine to improve memory
and to treat various ailments.[7]
Preliminary clinical research found that
Bacopa minnieri may improve
cognition.[7][8][9]

Adverse effects

The most commonly reported adverse

effects of Bacopa monnieri in humans are
nausea, increased intestinal motility, and
gastrointestinal upset.[7]

Illegal marketing claims

In 2019, the FDA issued warning letters to
manufacturers of dietary supplements
containing Bacopa monnieri that
advertised health claims for treating or
preventing stomach disease, Alzheimer's
disease, hypoglycemia, blood pressure,
and anxiety were unproven and illegal. The
FDA stated that Bacopa monnieri products
have not been approved for these or any
medical purposes.[2][3][4]

Phytochemistry
The best characterized phytochemicals in
Bacopa monnieri are dammarane-type
triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides,
with jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin
moieties as aglycone units.[10] Bacosides
comprise a family of 12 known analogs.[11]
Other saponins called bacopasides I–XII
were identified.[12] The alkaloids brahmine,
nicotine, and herpestine have been
catalogued, along with D-mannitol,
apigenin, hersaponin, monnierasides I–III,
cucurbitacin and plantainoside B.[13][14][15]

References
1. "Bacopa monnieri" . Germplasm
Resources Information Network
(GRIN). Agricultural Research Service
(ARS), United States Department of
 Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved
2008-03-13.
2. "Health fraud scams: Unproven
Alzheimer's disease products (Bacopa
monnieri listed)" . US Food and Drug
Administration. 22 December 2018.
Retrieved 11 May 2019.
3. William A Correll, Jr. (5 February
2019). "FDA Warning Letter: Peak
Nootropics LLC aka Advanced
Nootropics" . Office of Compliance,
Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition, Inspections, Compliance,
Enforcement, and Criminal
Investigations, US Food and Drug
Administration. Retrieved 11 May
2019.
4. William A Correll, Jr. (5 February
2019). "FDA Warning Letter: TEK
Naturals" . Office of Compliance,
Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition, Inspections, Compliance,
Enforcement, and Criminal
Investigations, US Food and Drug
Administration. Retrieved 11 May
2019.
5. Oudhia, Pankaj (2004). "Bramhi
(Bacopa monnieri)" . Society for
Parthenium Management (SOPAM).
Retrieved July 30, 2017.
6. IUCN. "Bacopa monnieri" . Retrieved
19 July 2012.
7. Aguiar, Sebastian; Borowski, Thomas
(2013). "Neuropharmacological review
of the nootropic herb Bacopa
monnieri" . Rejuvenation Research. 16
(4): 313–326.
doi:10.1089/rej.2013.1431 .
ISSN 1557-8577 . PMC 3746283 .
PMID 23772955 .
8. Kongkeaw, C; Dilokthornsakul, P;
Thanarangsarit, P; Limpeanchob, N;
Norman Scholfield, C (2014). "Meta-
analysis of randomized controlled
trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa
monnieri extract". Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 151 (1): 528–35.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008 .
PMID 24252493 .
9. Neale, Chris; Camfield, David; Reay,
Jonathon; Stough, Con; Scholey,
Andrew (5 February 2013). "Cognitive
effects of two nutraceuticals Ginseng
and Bacopa benchmarked against
modafinil: a review and comparison of
effect sizes" . British Journal of
Clinical Pharmacology. 75 (3): 728–
737. doi:10.1111/bcp.12002 .
ISSN 0306-5251 . PMC 3575939 .
PMID 23043278 .
10. Sivaramakrishna, C; Rao, CV;
Trimurtulu, G; Vanisree, M; Subbaraju,
GV (2005). "Triterpenoid glycosides
from Bacopa monnieri".
Phytochemistry. 66 (23): 2719–2728.
doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.01
6.
11. Garai, S; Mahato, SB; Ohtani, K;
Yamasaki, K (2009). "Dammarane
triterpenoid saponins from Bacopa
monnieri". Can J Chem. 87 (9): 1230–
1234. doi:10.1139/V09-111 .
12. Chakravarty, A.K; Garai, S.; Masuda, K;
Nakane, T; Kawahara, N. (2003).
"Bacopasides III–V: Three new
triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa
monnieri". Chem Pharm Bull. 51: 215–
217. doi:10.1248/cpb.51.215 .
PMID 12576661 .
13. Chatterji, N; Rastogi, RP; Dhar, ML
(1965). "Chemical examination of
Bacopa monniera Wettst: Part II—
Isolation of chemical constituents".
Ind J Chem. 3: 24–29.
14. Chakravarty, AK; Sarkar, T; Nakane, T;
Kawahara, N; Masuda, K (2008). "New
phenylethanoid glycosides from
Bacopa monnieri". Chem Pharm Bull.
50 (12): 1616–1618.
doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1616 .
15. Bhandari, Pamita; Kumar, Neeraj;
Singh, Bikram; Kaul, Vijay K. (2007).
"Cucurbitacins from Bacopa monnieri".
Phytochemistry. 68 (9): 1248–1254.
doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.01
3 . ISSN 0031-9422 .

External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Bacopa monnieri.

Dr. Duke's Databases: Bacopa monnieri,

list of chemicals
UC Photos gallery — Bacopa monnieri

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