1 .

Padma Multipurpose Bridge

Written By: Sharif Hossain Syeed

★ Introduction
The river Padma has two looks - quiet and calm in winter, cruel and violent in
summer. Padma thrives in the tongue of poets, in the vocal of singers and beyond
everything in our heart. With our own funds prime minister Sheik Hasina
inaugurated the Padma Bridge construction in December 12, 2015. As a result
another golden chapter was written in the history of Bangladesh. On that day she
inaugurated the river training works of Padma Bridge construction at Jajira point,
Shariatpur and at Mawa, Munshiganj and number 7 piling construction of main
bridge at Mawa circle in Munshiganj. Thus the construction of main bridge started
officially.
.
Just after official inauguration of PM the piling of number 7 pillar begins in one
kilometer inside river bed in Mawa. Driving of pillar into the river bed was driven
by 10,000-ton hydraulic hammers came from Germany. Every six pilings will give
birth one single pillar in the river bed. Padma Bridge will connect the two river
banks of Padma based on those 42 pillars.
..
================
★ History
================
Padma Bridge is a key to solution to the diversified development of southern
region of Bangladesh. In April 2011, Bangladesh government signed an agreement
with World Bank and few other organizations such as ADB and Jaika for the fund.
At first World Bank agreed to provide US$1.2 billion for the project. However in
June 2012, World Bank canceled its credit agreement in excuse of alleged
corruption. It broke the dream of Padma Bridge for only a short period of time.
Immediately Bangladesh government took a courageous initiative to construct the
Padma Bridge with its own funds. Today Padma Bridge is on the verge of a
successful completion. Eventually the commence of work orders have been
released in November 2014 and started in December 2014. Prime Minister Sheik
Hasina inaugurated the river training works for Padma Bridge construction at Jajira
point in Shariatpur in December 12, 2015. On the same day she inaugurated the
main bridge construction in Mawa.
.
================
★ Structure of Padma Multipurpose Bridge
================
The length of proposed Padma Bridge will be 6.15 km. When completed, it will be
the longest road bridge.of Bangladesh. The bridge is being built in Mawa in
Munshiganj and Janzira in Shariatpur. It will connect Louhajong in Munshiganj to
Shariatpur and Madaripur district, linking northern and eastern regions to south-
west of the country. The bridge will have a total of 42 pillars. Among which, 40
will be in the river and the two others will be in approach roads for connecting
bridge. Each will have 6 piles beneath in the river for every pillar, in total 240
piles. Twelve piles for each of the two pillars outside make 24 more piles. A total
of 264 piles will be there. The length of piles will be 150 meter (the deepest of any
bridge in the world) each where 120 meters will go deep underwater. Steel spans
will be placed on the pillars. The bridge will have a total of 41 spans. The bridge
will be a two storey structure. There will be a four-lane highway on upside and the
bottom will have rail line. Speed of the train will be 160 kilometers per hour. Total
life-span of the bridge will be 100 years.
.
================
★ Progress
================
Padma Bridge is a name of dream. The Bridge will establish direct road
communication between Dhaka and 21 southern districts of the country. The GDP
growth rate will increase by more than 1%. Padma Bridge is a long awaited
demand of the million people of southwest region. The international group turned
back just when the commence of construction dream Bridge is about to start with
earnestness of Bangladesh government. In June 2012, with the accusation of
corruption World Bank followed by other donor organizations canceled their credit
transfer. A blast of criticism followed immediately. Many thought dream of Padma
Bridge construction died away. However, government of Bangladesh was so strict
in decision that drives to build the Padma Bridge with own fund. After that in
2014, the work order of Padma Bridge construction was issued in August and the
construction started in December. It was the most courageous decision in the
history of Bangladesh.
star
..
================
★ a) Division of Construction work is into packages:
================
For the benefit of fast and smooth construction the project is broadly divided into
six parts. Among them five are physical and one is supervisory work. The physical
parts are as follows:
.
★ a) Main bridge
.
An agreement with China Major Bridge Engineering Co. Ltd, China was signed in
June 2014 for main construction work of Padma Bridge. The agreement was signed
for a period of 4 years+1 year (defect liability period). They were ordered to begin
construction in November of same year. The allotted amount for the main Bridge
was BDT 12,133.39 crore. They started working from the next month. Up until
January 2016, 17.27% of the work has been completed. Construction of main
Bridge is supervised by Korean Express. The completion is expected within four
years from the starting date.
.
★ b. River Training
An agreement between China's Sinohydro Corporation and Bangladesh Bridge
Authority was signed for the river training works. The agreement was signed for a
period of 4 years+1 year (defect liability period). The allotted contract cost is BDT
8, 707 crore. Starting from December 2014 the construction is now moving ahead
that will be completed in 2018. Now the estimated work progress is 14 percent.
Construction of river training work is supervised by Korean Express. 20,300
concrete blocks are being made every day for river training.
..
★ c. Jajira Link Road: Bangladesh's Abdul Monem Ltd and Malaysia’s HCM
Construction Ltd started the project of Jajira link road in October 2014. The
agreement was signed for a period of 3 years+1 year (defect liability period). 10.5
kilometer long Jajira link road with Padma Bridge is approximately 59 percent
completed. The allotted cost in this part is approximately BDT 1, 097 crore.
..
★ d. Mawa Link road: Bangladesh's Abdul Monem Ltd and Malaysia’s HCM
Construction Ltd jointly started the project of Mawa link road in January 2014.
The construction of two kilometer long Mawa link road is also approximately 63
percent completed. The construction is supposed to completed in 2.5 years from
the beginning that would be in July 2014. Bangladesh military is supervising the
whole construction work. The allotted cost in this part is approximately BDT
193.40 crore.
..
★ e. Other Infrastructures: Other infrastructures include service area-2,
resettlement, land acquisition, engineering support etc. Progress of each of the
individual construction is satisfactory. 1, 408.54 hectre land has been acquired
from three districts of Munshiganj, Madaripur and Shariyatpur. 1, 270 out of 2, 592
plots have been handed over to the affected families. Tree plantation has been
started and 55150 nos. of tree plantation has been completed up to-date.
..
★ f. Supervision Work: Supervision of whole project is given to two companies
named Korean Express and Bangladesh Army.
..
================
★ 2. Technical aspects and Funding:
================

Technical aspects are handed over to some experienced foreign companies. The
most difficult thing in construction is piling underneath the river bed. The piles
have been made in China and to drive those piles a number of hydraulic hammers
were brought from Germany. Seven out of 42 pillars have been set. Every six
pilings will give birth one single pillar. Every pillar will be 150 meter apart. 120m
of the piles equals a 40-storey building will remain under water. Total length of a
pile will be 150m. The river bed of Padma contains too much clay that limits its
capacity to absorb much pressure. This is a reason of such deep piling.
.
Funding is main aspect in construction of Padma Bridge. Project cost is estimated
to be BDT 29000 crore. Ninety five percent of the total amount will be funded
from national resources. BDT 27,428 crore will come from government fund and
BDT 1, 365 crore will come from foreign help. The source of foreign help is
mainly from Indian government. An agreement was signed between Bangladesh
and World Bank plus some other donor organizations in a sense that Bangladesh
does not have required fund. Crisis developed immediately when the donor
organization led by World Bank cancelled the agreement. However, with the
courageous decision of Bangladesh government to construct Padma Bridge with its
own funds cherished the dream of Padma Bridge.
.
A huge amount of foreign currency is required in building Padma Bridge. The
reserve of foreign currency in Bangladesh bank is now beyond 28 billion.
Additionally, the remittance sent by expatriates is more than 15 billion per year.
Bangladesh bank is able supply the required amount of foreign currency for four
years without hampering the country’s economy. The largest infrastructure in the
history of Bangladesh starts walking with this assurance from former Bangladesh
bank governor Atiur Rahman. Agrani Bank was given the responsibility to timely
notify Bangladesh Bank for the required money.
.
The economic Importance: When completed the Padma Bridge will connect 21
southwest districts with the capital Dhaka and eastern region. Other benefits are as
follows -
..
1. Total Economic Development: A country’s economic development depends on
its communication development. When Padma Bridge will be completed the
communication system between southwest districts and the whole country will also
be developed. It will enhance the economic development as a whole. A World
Bank assessment shows, Padma Bridge will lead to a $6,000 million rise in GDP
over 31 years from 2015. Its economic benefits will peak by 2032 with an annual
return of about $300 million a year.
..
2. Improving Regional Cooperation: In addition to regional connectivity the Bridge
will also improve international communication. It will enhance the scope to
increase regional cooperation between neighbouring states. The Padma Bridge will
also connect Bangladesh with the proposed Trans-Asian Highway and
International Communication Network.
..
3. Industrial Development: Road communication is considered the life of industrial
development. This is because a better transportation and communication system is
a prerequisite for the availability of raw materials and to market the finished
products. So undeniably Padma Bridge will improve the industrial development.
..
4. Development of Farmer and Farming: Development of farmer and farming
means development of country. The accessibility of good communication brought
by Padma Bridge will play important role in the development of farming and
farmers. It will help raise employment by 10.2 percent in the southwest region by
boosting farming activities, especially vegetable production.
..
5. Internal Development: With the Padma Bridge country’s internal
communication system will be developed. The internal development will enhance
flow of capital. It is favorable for the country’s economy. The people of the region
will have better access to healthcare facilities and latest health technologies
available at Dhaka. Easier communication will help expanding better education
and training facilities and skill development will take place ensuring availability of
quality manpower.
..
6. Employment Opportunities: Padma Bridge will help with the expansion of
industrialization, commercial activities and transport system. It will facilitate more
employment opportunities. As a result some people out of about two crore
unemployed people of Bangladesh will get work.
..
7. Poverty Reduction: The bridge will reduce poverty by 1.9% a year at the
national level, donor organizations assessment shows. As a result we will notice a
change in the course of life of poor people.
.
.
8. River Bank Erosion: River bank erosion is a common phenomenon. With the
river training work for Padma Bridge more than 9,000 hectares of land will be
protected from riverbank erosion and flooding. The value of land saved will be at
least USD 156 million.
..
9. Decrease in Government Expense: The proposed Bridge will also help the
government cut 50 percent subsidies for ferry operation. With closure and/or
reduction in operation of ferries, there will be additional savings, to the tune of
about USD 400 million.
..
10. Development of Southwest Regions: The southwest region of the country is
still underdeveloped. The transport and communication problem further accentuate
this problem. As per different organizations Padma Bridge will significantly
contribute towards facilitating ultimate development of this relatively
underdeveloped region with a population of over 30 million.
..
================
★ The Latest Condition of Padma Bridge
================
The construction of Padma Multipurpose Bridge is progressing smoothly. Even the
political instability could not hamper the progress of this project.The construction
is running with a full vigor with an aim to fly the vehicles on Padma Bridge by the
end of 2018. About 40% of the whole project including main Bridge, river training
and link roads is already completed. Starting from 12 December 2015, 17.27% of
the construction of the main Bridge has been completed. Other works including
accommodation of contractors, office laboratory, work shed, accommodation of
workers and construction of jetty is also progressing simultaneously. Steel
fabrication for piling is going on in workshop. The link road construction in Jajira
point is going on rapidly. The link road is expected to be completed by June 2016.
59% of the construction of Jajira link road is completed till now. The link road
construction in Mawa point is also going on simultaneously, which is expected to
be completed by July 2017. 63% of the construction of Jajira link road is
completed till now. River training work is also going on that will be completed by
November 2018. Land acquisition processing is near to complete. Resettlement of
affected people for the project is continuing. Till now 65% people have been
resettled. With an alleged corruption WB abandoned the Padma Multipurpose
Bridge project. Where the World Bank did not provide the proposed loan for
constructing the Bridge their walkout in excuse of conspiracy and corruption
evoked an embarrassing situation for the nation. However, the government took it
as a challenge after taking the decision in pursuit of constructing the Bridge with
own fund.
.
.
================
★ Conclusion
================
Construction of Padma Multipurpose Bridge with own fund was a courageous
initiative of Bangladesh government. It proves our valor and strength and inspires
us to come out of dependency that will help us to take bigger projects in future
independently.
 2. Podma bridge : dream & Reality

★ ভু মিকা
=====================
পদ্মার দুই রূপ। শীতে শান্ত, সিামিে। গ্রীতে প্রিত্ত, ভয়ঙ্কর, সর্বনাশা। কমর্র কমর্োয়, মশল্পীর
গাতন, নানা রূপকতল্প পদ্মা রতয়তে র্াঙ্গামির হৃদয়জুতে। ১২ মিতসম্বর ২০১৫ সর্ র্াধা পপমরতয়,
আপন সম্পদ মদতয় পদ্মা পসেু র িূি কাজ উতবাধন কতরন প্রধানিন্ত্রী পশখ িামসনা। এর ফতি
র্াাংিাতদতশর ইমেিাতস যুক্ত িয় নেু ন এক পসানামি অধযায়। এমদন মেমন শরীয়েপুতরর জামজরা
ও িুমিগতের িাওয়া পতয়তে পদ্মা পসেু র নদীশাসন এর্াং িুমিগতের িাওয়া পগািচত্বতর সাে
নম্বর পাইতির মনিবানকাতজর িাধযতি িূি পসেু র উতবাধন কতরন। এর িধয মদতয়ই িূিে শুরু িয়
স্বতের পদ্মা পসেু র িূি কাজ।
.
প্রধানিন্ত্রী আনুষ্ঠামনক উতবাধতনর পরপরই িাওয়া প্রাতন্ত নদীর প্রায় এক মকতিামিটার পভেতর
শুরু িয় সাে নম্বর মপিাতরর পাইমিাং। জািবামন পেতক আনা ১০ িাজার টন ক্ষিোর িাইতরামিক
িযািার মদতয় নদীর র্ুতক মপিার পপাোঁোর কাজ শুরু িয়। প্রমে েয়টি পাইমিাংতয় নদীর র্ুতক পজতগ
উঠতর্ এক-একটি মপিার। এরকি ৪২ মপিাতরর উপর ভর মদতয়ই প্রিত্তা নদীর দুই েীরতক যুক্ত
করতর্ পদ্মা পসেু ।
.
=====================
★ Introduction
=====================
The river Padma has two looks - quite and calm in winter, cruel and violent in
summer. Padma thrives in the tongue of poets, in the vocal of singers and beyond
everything in our heart. With our own fund prime minister Sheik Hasina
inaugurated the Padma Bridge construction in December 12, 2015. As a result
another golden chapter was written in the history of Bangladesh. On that day she
inaugurated the river training works of Padma Bridge construction at Jajira point,
Shariatpur and at Mawa, Munshiganj and number 7 piling construction of main
bridge at Mawa circle in Munshiganj. Thus the construction of main bridge started
officially.
.
Just after official inauguration of PM the piling of number 7 pillar begins in one
kilometer inside river bed in Mawa. Driving of pillar into the river bed was driven
by 10,000-ton hydraulic hammers came from Germany. Every six pilings will give
birth one single pillar in the river bed. Padma bridge will connect the two river
banks of Padma based on those 42 pillars.
.
================
★ প্রারমিক ইমেিাস
================
র্াাংিাতদতশর দমক্ষণাঞ্চতির র্হুিুখী উন্নয়তনর জনয মর্কল্পিীন উপায় পদ্মা পসেু । পদ্মা পসেু র
মনিবান র্যতয়র জনয ২০১১ সাতির এমপ্রতি মর্শ্বর্যাাংকসি এমিমর্, জাইকা প্রভৃ মে দাো সাংস্থার
সাতে র্াাংিাতদতশর চু মক্ত িয়। এ প্রকতল্প মর্শ্বর্যাাংক ১.২ মর্মিয়ন িিাতরর ঋণ সিায়ো মদতর্
র্তিও সম্মে িতয়মেি। মকন্তু ২০১২ সাতির জুতন দুনীমের অমভতযাতগ মর্শ্বর্যাাংক এ চু মক্ত র্ামেি
কতর। ফতি র্াাংিাতদতশর স্বতের পদ্মা পসেু র্াস্তর্ায়ন িুখ েুর্তে পতে। দাো সাংস্থাগুতিা চু মক্ত
র্ামেি কতর মনতি র্াাংিাতদশ সরকার মনজস্ব অেবায়তনই পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতনর সািসী উতদযাগ পনয়
যা আজ র্াস্তর্ায়তনর পতে। সর্ জল্পনা-কল্পনার অর্সান ঘটিতয় ২০১৪ সাতির নতভম্বতর পদ্মা িূি
পসেু র কাযবাতদশ প্রদান ও মিতসম্বতর কাজ শুরু িয়। োরপর গে ১২ মিতসম্বর, ২০১৫ সকাতি
শরীয়েপুতরর জামজরায় মগতয় পদ্মার েীতর নদীশাসন কাতজর উতবাধন এর্াং একই মদতন িাওয়ায়
পপ োঁতে পসখাতন িূি পসেু র মনিবাণ কাতজর উতবাধন কতরন প্রধানিন্ত্রী (মর্মি মনউজ)।
.
================
★ History
================
Padma bridge is a key to solution to the diversified development of southern region
of Bangladesh. In April 2011, Bangladesh government signed an agreement with
World Bank and few other organizations such as ADB and Jaika for the fund. At
first World Bank agreed to provide US$1.2 billion for the project. However in June
2012, World Bank canceled its credit agreement in excuse of alleged corruption. It
broke the dream of Padma bridge for only a short period of time. Immediately
Bangladesh government took a courageous initiative to construct the Padma bridge
with its own funds. Today Padma bridge is on the verge of a successful
completion. Eventually the commence of work orders have been released in
November 2014 and started in December 2014. Prime Minister Sheik Hasina
inaugurated the river training works for Padma Bridge construction at Jajira point
in Shariatpur in December 12, 2015. On the same day she inaugurated the main
bridge construction in Mawa.
.
================
★ পদ্মা র্হুিুখী পসেু র কাঠাতিা
================
প্রস্তামর্ে পদ্মা পসেু র দদঘবয িতর্ ৬.১৫ মকমি। পসেু টি মনমিবে িতি এটিই িতর্ র্াাংিাতদতশর
সর্তচতয় দীঘবেি সেক পসেু । িুমিগতের িাওয়া ও শরীয়েপুতরর জামজরা পতয়তে পদ্মা সেু
মনমিবে িতে। এ পসেু িুমিগে পজিার পি িজাং এর সাতে সাতে িাদারীপুর ও শরীয়েপুর পজিাতক
সাংযুক্ত করার পাশাপামশ উত্তর পূর্বাঞ্চতির সাতে সিগ্র দমক্ষণ পমিিাঞ্চতির সাংতযাগ সাধন
করতর্। পসেু টির মপিাতরর সাংখযা ৪২টি। এর িতধয ৪০টি নদীর মভেতরর অাংতশ, ২টি দুই প্রাতন্ত
সাংতযাগ পসেু তে। নদীতে প্রমেটি মপিাতরর পাইি িতর্ ৬টি কতর পিাট ২৪০টি। সাংতযাগ পসেু র
দুটি মপিাতর পাইি িতর্ ১২টি কতর পিাট ২৪টি। সর্বতিাট পাইি িতর্ ২৬৪টি। পাইিগুতিার
প্রমেটির দদঘব িতর্ ১৫০ মিটার (মর্তশ্বর সর্তচতয় র্ে) যার িতধয ১২০ মিটার োকতর্ পামনর
মনতচ। মপিাতরর ওপর ৪১টি মিতির স্প্যান র্সাতনা িতর্। পসেু র ধরণ িতর্ মবেি। উপতরর
েিায় চার পিতনর িিাসেক আর মনতচ পরি িাইন। পরি িাইন মদতয় ১৬০ মকতিামিটার পর্তগ
পরি েু তট যাতর্। পসেু র আয়ুষ্কাি িতর্ ১০০ র্ের।
.
================
★ Structure of Padma Multipurpose Bridge
================
The length of proposed Padma bridge will be 6.15 km. When completed, it will be
the longest road bridge.of Bangladesh. The bridge is being built in Mawa in
Munshiganj and Janzira in Shariatpur. It will connect Louhajong in Munshiganj to
Shariatpur and Madaripur district, linking northern and eastern regions to south-
west of the country. The bridge will have a total of 42 pillars. Among which, 40
will be in the river and the two others will be in approach roads for connecting
bridge. Each will have 6 piles beneath in the river for every pillar, in total 240
piles. Twelve piles for each of the two pillars outside make 24 more piles. A total
of 264 piles will be there. The length of piles will be 150 meter (the deepest of any
bridge in the world) each where 120 meters will go deep underwater. Steel spans
will be placed on the pillars. The bridge will have a total of 41 spans. The bridge
will be a two storey structure. There will be a four-lane highway on upside and the
bottom will have rail line. Speed of the train will be 160 kilometers per hour. Total
life-span of the bridge will be 100 years.
.
================
★ পদ্মা পসেু র্াস্তর্ায়তনর অগ্রগমে
================
পদ্মা পসেু একটি স্বতের নাি। পদতশর দমক্ষণাঞ্চতির ২১টি পজিার সাতে ঢাকার সরাসমর সেক
পযাগাতযাতগর িাধযি িতর্ এই পসেু । অেবননমেক প্রর্ৃমির িার পর্তে যাতর্ ১ শোাংতশর পর্মশ।
পদতশর দমক্ষণ-পমিিাঞ্চতি পকাটি িানুতের দীঘবমদতনর দামর্ মেি পদ্মার উপতর একটি পসেু
মনিবাতণর। র্াাংিাতদশ সরকাতরর ঐকামন্তক প্রতচষ্টায় পদ্মা পসেু র কাজ যখন শুরু িওয়ার পতে
েখনই স্বতের পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতণ র্াধ সাতধ আন্তজবামেক চক্র। মর্শ্বর্যাাংক দুনীমের অমভতযাগ
আনতি মর্শ্বর্যাাংতকর সাতে অনযানয দাো সাংস্থাগুতিা ২০১২ সাতির জুতন পদ্মা পসেু প্রকতল্প
অেবায়ন র্ন্ধ কতর দয়। ফতি র্াাংিাতদতশ শুরু িয় আতিাচনা-সিাতিাচনার ঝে। অতনতকই
ভার্তে িাগি পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতনর স্বে র্ুমঝ িুখ েুর্তে পেি। মকন্তু র্াাংিাতদশ সরকার পদ্মা
পসেু মনিবাতণ অনে োকায় মসিান্ত পনয়া িয় মনজস্ব অেবায়তনই পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাণ িতর্। এরপরই
২০১৪ সাতির নতভম্বতর পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতনর কাযবাতদশ পদওয়া িয় এর্াং মিতসম্বর পেতক কাজ শুরু
িতয় যায়। এটি মেি র্াাংিাতদতশর ইমেিাতস সর্তচতয় র্ে সািসী মসিান্ত গ্রিণ।
.
================
★ Progress
================
Padma bridge is a name of dream. The bridge will establish direct road
communication between Dhaka and 21 southern districts of the country. The GDP
growth rate will increase by more than 1%. Padma bridge is a long awaited
demand of the million people of southwest region. The international group turned
back just when the commence of construction dream bridge is about to start with
earnestness of Bangladesh government. In June 2012, with the accusation of
corruption World Bank followed by other donor organizations canceled their credit
transfer. A blast of criticism followed immediately. Many thought dream of Padma
bridge construction died away. However, government of Bangladesh was so strict
in decision that drives to build the Padma bridge with own fund. After that in 2014,
the work order of Padma bridge construction was issued in August and the
construction started in December. It was the most courageous decision in the
history of Bangladesh.
star
.
================
★ ১। পদ্মা পসেু প্রকতল্পর কাজতক পযাতকতজ মর্ভক্তকরণ
================
দ্রুে মনিবাণ ও শৃঙ্খিাজমনে কারতণ পদ্মা পসেু প্রকতল্পর কাজতক েয় ভাতগ ভাগ করা িতয়তে। এর
িতধয পাোঁচটি িতিা পভ েজমনে এর্াং একটি েদারমক পরািশব সাংক্রান্ত। পভ েজমনে অাংশগুতিা
িতিাোঃ
.
★ ক) িূি পসেু
.
পদ্মা পসেু র িূি অাংশ মনিবাতণর জনয চীতনর চায়না পিজর ইমেমনয়ামরাং করতপাতরশন মিমিতটি-
এর সাতে ২০১৪ সাতির জুতন একটি চু মক্ত স্বাক্ষমরে িয়। চু মক্তর পিয়াদ ৪ র্ের + ১ র্েতরর
(রক্ষণাতর্ক্ষণ কাি)। োরা এই র্েতরর নতভম্বতর কাজ শুরুর আতদশ পায়। িূি পসেু টি মনিবাতণ
র্রাতের পমরিাণ ১২১৩৩.৩৩ পকাটি টাকা। অনুিমে িাতভর পরপরই পকাম্পামনটি একই
র্েতরর মিতসম্বতর কাজ শুরু কতর পদয়। জানুয়ামর ২০১৬ পযবন্ত িূি পসেু র ১৭ দশমিক ২৭
শোাংশ কাজ সম্পন্ন িয়। িূি পসেু র কাজ েদারমক করতে পকামরয়ান এক্সতপ্রসওতয় (র্মণক
র্ােব া)। আশা করা যায় কাজ শুরুর ৪ র্েতরর িতধযই সম্পন্ন িতর্ (পভাতরর কাগজ)।
.
================
★ a) Division of Construction work is into packages:
================
For the benefit of fast and smooth construction the project is broadly divided into
six parts. Among them five are physical and one is supervisory work. The physical
parts are as follows:
.
★ a) Main bridge
.
An agreement with China Major Bridge Engineering Co. Ltd, China was signed in
June 2014 for main construction work of Padma bridge. The agreement was signed
for a period of 4 years+1 year (defect liability period). They were ordered to begin
construction in November of same year. The allotted amount for the main bridge
was BDT 12,133.39 crore. They started working from the next month. Up until
January 2016, 17.27% of the work has been completed. Construction of main
bridge is supervised by Korean Express. The completion is expected within four
years from the starting date.
.
★ খ. নদীশাসন
.
নদীশাসতনর জনয চীতনরই আতরকটি প্রমেষ্ঠান ‘মসতনািাইতরা করতপাতরশন মিমিতটি’-এর সাতে
র্াাংিাতদশ পসেু কেৃব পতক্ষর একটি চু মক্ত স্বাক্ষমরে িয়। চু মক্তর পিয়াদ ৪ র্ের + ১ র্েতরর
(রক্ষণাতর্ক্ষণ কাি)। নদীশাসতনর জনয র্যয় ধরা িতয়তে ৮ িাজার ৭০৭ পকাটি টাকা। ২০১৪
সাতির মিতসম্বতর কাজ শুরু কতর র্েব িাতন নদী শাসতনর কাজ এমগতয় চতিতে যা ২০১৮ সাতি
পশে িতর্। র্েব িাতন প্রকল্পটির নদী শাসন অাংতশর অগ্রগমে দাোঁমেতয়তে ১৪ শোাংশ (জনকন্ঠ,
পভাতরর কাগজ)। নদী শাসন েদারমক করতে পকামরয়ান এক্সতপ্রসওতয় (র্মণক র্ােব া)। নদী
শাসতনর জনয প্রমেমদন ২০ িাজার ৩০০টি ব্লক দেমর িতে।
.
★ b. River Training
An agreement between China's Sinohydro Corporation and Bangladesh Bridge
Authority was signed for the river training works. The agreement was signed for a
period of 4 years+1 year (defect liability period). The allotted contract cost is BDT
8, 707 crore. Starting from December 2014 the construction is now moving ahead
that will be completed in 2018. Now the estimated work progress is 14 percent.
Construction of river training work is supervised by Korean Express. 20,300
concrete blocks are being made every day for river training.
.
★ গ. জামজরা সাংতযাগ সেকোঃ র্াাংিাতদতশর আর্দুি পিাতনি ও িািতয়মশয়ার এইচমসএি
কনস্ট্রাকশন এই প্রকতল্পর কাজ শুরু কতর ২০১৩ সাতির অতটার্র িাতস। চু মক্তর পিয়াদ ৩ র্ের
+ ১ র্েতরর (রক্ষণাতর্ক্ষণ কাি)। পদ্মা পসেু র সাতে ১০.৫ মকমি দীঘব জমজরা সাংতযাগ সেক
মনিবাণ ৫৯ শোাংশই পশে িতয় পগতে। এই অাংতশ র্যয় িতে প্রায় ১ িাজার ৯৭ পকাটি টাকা
(মর্মিমনউজ, র্মণক র্ােব া, পভাতরর কাগজ)।
.
★ c. Jajira Link Road: Bangladesh's Abdul Monem Ltd and Malaysia’s HCM
Construction Ltd started the project of Jajira link road in October 2014. The
agreement was signed for a period of 3 years+1 year (defect liability period). 10.5
kilometer long Jajira link road with Padma bridge is approximately 59 percent
completed. The allotted cost in this part is approximately BDT 1, 097 crore.
.
★ ঘ. িাওয়া সাংতযাগ সেকোঃ র্াাংিাতদতশর আর্দুি পিাতনি ও িািতয়মশয়ার এইচমসএি
কনস্ট্রাকশন পয েভাতর্ এই প্রকল্পটির কাজ শুরু কতর ২০১৪ সাতির জানুয়ামর িাতস। ২ মকমি
দীঘবমর্মশষ্ট িাওয়া সাংতযাগ সেতকর মনিবাণ কাজও ৬৩ শোাংশ সম্পন্ন িতয় পগতে। প্রকল্প শুরু
িওয়ার ২.৫ র্েতরর িাোয় অেবাৎ ২০১৬ সাতির জুিাই-এ এই সাংতযাগ সেতকর কাজ পশে
িওয়ার কো রতয়তে। সাংতযাগ সেতকর মনিবাণ কাজ েদারমক করতে র্াাংিাতদশ পসনার্ামিনী। এই
অাংতশ র্যয় িতে ১৯৩ পকাটি ৪০ িাখ টাকা (মর্মিমনউজ, র্মণক র্ােব া, পভাতরর কাগজ)।
.
★ d. Mawa Link road: Bangladesh's Abdul Monem Ltd and Malaysia’s HCM
Construction Ltd jointly started the project of Mawa link road in January 2014.
The construction of two kilometer long Mawa link road is also approximately 63
percent completed. The construction is supposed to completed in 2.5 years from
the beginning that would be in July 2014. Bangladesh military is supervising the
whole construction work. The allotted cost in this part is approximately BDT
193.40 crore.
.
★ ঙ. অনযানয অর্কাঠাতিাোঃ অনযানয অর্কাঠাতিার িতধয রতয়তে সামভব স এমরয়া-২, পুনর্বাসন
পমরতর্শ, ভূ মি অমধগ্রিণ, ইমেমনয়ামরাং সাতপাটব প্রভৃ মে। যার প্রতেযকটির অগ্রগমের িার
সতন্তােজনক। িুমিগে, িাদারীপুর, শরীয়েপুর এ মেন পজিা পেতক ১ িাজার ৪২২ পিটর ভূ মি
অমধগ্রিণ করা িতয়তে। পুনর্বাসতনর জনয ২ িাজার ৫৯২টি প্লতটর িতধয ইমেিতধযই ১ িাজার
২৭০টি প্লট ক্ষমেগ্রস্ততদর িাতঝ িস্তান্তর িতয়তে। পমরতর্শ কাযবক্রতির আওোয় পসেু র উপভয়পাতশ
পরাপন করা িতয়তে ৫৫ িাজার ১৫০টি চারা গাে।
.
★ e. Other Infrastructures: Other infrastructures include service area-2,
resettlement, land acquisition, engineering support etc. Progress of each of the
individual construction is satisfactory. 1, 408.54 hectre land has been acquired
from three districts of Munshiganj, Madaripur and Shariyatpur. 1, 270 out of 2, 592
plots have been handed over to the affected families. Tree plantation has been
started and 55150 nos. of tree plantation has been completed up to-date.
.
★ চ. েদারমক পরািশবক প্রমেষ্ঠানোঃ েদারমকর দাময়ত্ব পদয়া িতয়তে দুটি পরািশবক প্রমেষ্ঠানতক।
পরািশবক প্রমেষ্ঠান দুটি িতিা দমক্ষণ পকামরয়ার পকামরয়ান এক্সতপ্রসওতয় ও র্াাংিাতদশ
পসনার্ামিনী।
.
★ f. Supervision Work: Supervision of whole project is given to two companies
named Korean Express and Bangladesh Army.
.
================
★ ২। পদ্মা পসেু র কামরগমর মর্েয় ও অেবায়ন
================
পদ্মা পসেু র কামরগমর মর্েতয় কতয়কটি অমভজ্ঞোসম্পন্ন মর্তদমশ পকাম্পানীতক দাময়ত্ব পদওয়া
িতয়তে। পসেু মনিবাতনর সর্তচতয় কঠিন কাজ িতিা নদীতে পাইি র্সাতনা। পসেু মনিবাতনর জনয
পাইি দেমর করা িতয়তে চীন পেতক এর্াং পাইি র্সাতনার জনয িাইতরামিক িযািার দেমর কতরতে
জািবামন। এই িাইতরামিক িযািাতরর সািাতযয ইমেিতধয ৭টি মপিার র্সাতনা িতয়তে (৪২টি মপিাতরর
িতধয) (মর্মি মনউজ)। প্রতেযকটি মপিাতরর জনয ৬টি কতর পাইমিাং িতর্। ১৫০ মিটার পর পর
র্সতর্ এই মপিার। পাইিগুতিার ১২০ মিটার র্া ৪০ েিা ভর্তনর সিান কাঠাতিা পামনর মনতচ
োকতর্। সর্ মিমিতয় পসেু টির এতককটি পাইতির দদঘবয িতর্ ১৫০ মিটার। পদ্মা নদীর গতভব
িাটিতে কাোঁদার পমরিাণ পর্মশ। োই এর চাপ ধারণ ক্ষিো কি। পাইিগুতিা এে গভীতর
যাওয়ার এটা একটা র্ে কারণ।
.
পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতণর প্রধান মর্েয়টি িতিা অেবায়ন। এ পসেু মনিবাতণ আনুিামনক র্যয় ধর িতয়তে
প্রায় ২৯ িাজার পকাটি টাকা (কাতরে এতফয়াসব জানুয়ামর ২০১৬; মর্মিমনউজ২৪)। যার ৯৫
শোাংশ পদশীয় অেবায়তন সাংঘটিে িতর্। সরকাতরর মনজস্ব েিমর্ি পেতক ২৭ িাজার ৪২৮ পকাটি
টাকা এর্াং দর্তদমশক সিায়ো ১ িাজার ৩৬৫ পকাটি টাকা আসতর্। দর্তদমশক সিায়োর উৎস
ভারতের অনুদাতনর অেব (জনকন্ঠ)। র্াাংিাতদতশর এে অেবর্ি পনই এই ভার্নায় মর্শ্বর্যাাংকসি
অনযানয দাো সাংস্থাগুতিার সাতে অেবায়ন মনতয় চু মক্ত স্বাক্ষমরে িতয়মেি। মকন্তু র্াাংিাতদতশ
অেবায়তন মর্শ্বর্যাাংতকর পনেৃ তত্ব সাংস্থাগুতিা চু মক্ত র্ামেি করতি পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাণ মনতয়
টানাতপাতেন শুরু িয়। মকন্তু র্াাংিাতদশ সরকাতরর সািসী উতদযাগ ‘মনজস্ব অেবায়তন পদ্মা পসেু
মনিবাণ’ পদ্মা পসেু প্রকল্প র্াস্তর্ায়তনর স্বেতক মজইতয় রাতখ।
.
পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতণ মর্শাি অতঙ্কর দর্তদমশক িুদ্রার প্রতয়াজন। র্াাংিাতদশ র্যাতঙ্ক মরজাতভব র পমরিাণ
২৭ মর্মিয়ন োমেতয় পগতে। োোো প্রর্াসীতদর পাঠাতনা পরমিটযাি প্রমে র্ের ১৫ মর্মিয়তনর
পর্মশ। চার র্েতর প্রতয়াজনীয় এই দর্তদমশক িুদ্রার পযাগান র্াাংিাতদশ র্যাাংক অনায়াতসই
অেবনীমের পকানরূপ ক্ষমেোো র্যর্স্থা করতে পারতর্। র্াাংিাতদশ র্যাতঙ্কর গভনবর ি. আমেউর
রিিাতনর এিন আশ্বাতস শুরু িয় র্াাংিাতদতশর ইমেিাতসর সর্তচতয় র্ে অর্কাঠাতিা মনিবাতণর
পেচিা। অগ্রণী র্যাাংকতক দাময়ত্ব পদওয়া িয় যখন যে িিার িাগতর্ র্াাংিাতদশ র্যাাংকতক পযন
ো সিয়িে অর্মিে করা িয়।
.
================
★ 2. Technical aspects and Funding:
================

Technical aspects are handed over to some experienced foreign companies. The
most difficult thing in construction is piling underneath the river bed. The piles
have been made in China and to drive those piles a number of hydraulic hammers
were brought from Germany. Seven out of 42 pillars have been set. Every six
pilings will give birth one single pillar. Every pillar will be 150 meter apart. 120m
of the piles equals a 40-storey building will remain under water. Total length of a
pile will be 150m. The river bed of Padma contains too much clay that limits its
capacity to absorb much pressure. This is a reason of such deep piling.
.
Funding is main aspect in construction of Padma bridge. Project cost is estimated
to be BDT 29000 crore. Ninety five percent of the total amount will be funded
from national resources. BDT 27,428 crore will come from government fund and
BDT 1, 365 crore will come from foreign help. The source of foreign help is
mainly from Indian government. An agreement was signed between Bangladesh
and World Bank plus some other donor organizations in a sense that Bangladesh
does not have required fund. Crisis developed immediately when the donor
organization led by World Bank cancelled the agreement. However, with the
courageous decision of Bangladesh government to construct Padma Bridge with its
own funds cherished the dream of Padma Bridge.
.
A huge amount of foreign currency is required in building Padma bridge. The
reserve of foreign currency in Bangladesh bank is now beyond 28 billion.
Additionally, the remittance sent by expatriates is more than 15 billion per year.
Bangladesh bank is able supply the required amount of foreign currency for four
years without hampering the country’s economy. The largest infrastructure in the
history of Bangladesh starts walking with this assurance from former Bangladesh
bank governor Atiur Rahman. Agrani Bank was given the responsibility to timely
notify Bangladesh Bank for the required money.
.
================
★ পদ্মা পসেু র অেবননমেক গুরুত্ব
================
পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পদতশর দমক্ষণ-পমিিাঞ্চতির ২১টি পজিা রাজধানী ঢাকাসি পূর্বাঞ্চতির
সাতে যুক্ত িতর্। এোো রতয়তে নানমর্ধ সিার্না -
The economic Importance: When completed the Padma bridge will connect 21
southwest districts with the capital Dhaka and eastern region. Other benefits are as
follows -
.
১। সামর্বক অেবননমেক উন্নয়নোঃ পদতশর অেবননমেক উন্নয়ন মনভব র কতর পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থার
উন্নয়তনর উপর। পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পদতশর দমক্ষণ-পমিিাঞ্চতির সাতে সারাতদতশর
পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থার উন্নয়ন সামধে িতর্। এতে কতর সামর্বক অেবননমেক উন্নয়ন িতর্।
মর্শ্বর্যাতঙ্কর িূিযায়তন পদখা পগতে র্াাংিাতদতশ পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি ২০১৫ সাি পেতক ৩১
র্েতরর িতধয মজমিমপ ৬০০০ মিমিয়ন িিার র্ৃমি পাতর্ এর্াং ২০৩২ সাতির পর র্াৎসমরক
মরটানব ৩০০ মিমিয়ন িিাতর দাোঁোতর্।
.
1. Total Economic Development: A country’s economic development depends on
its communication development. When Padma bridge will be completed the
communication system between southwest districts and the whole country will also
be developed. It will enhance the economic development as a whole. A World
Bank assessment shows, Padma bridge will lead to a $6,000 million rise in GDP
over 31 years from 2015. Its economic benefits will peak by 2032 with an annual
return of about $300 million a year.
.
২। আঞ্চমিক সিতযামগো র্ৃমিোঃ পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পদতশর অভযন্তরীণ পযাগাতযাতগর পাশাপামশ
আন্তজবামেক পযাগাতযাগ সিজ িতর্। ফতি প্রমেতর্শী পদশগুতিার সাতে আঞ্চমিক সিতযামগো
পজারদার করা সিজ িতর্ যা র্েব িান পপ্রক্ষাপতট খুর্ই প্রতয়াজন। পদ্মা পসেু মদতয় র্াাংিাতদশ
ট্রািএমশয়ান িাইওতয় এর্াং আন্তজবামেক পযাগাতযাগ পনটওয়াতকব র সতঙ্গ যুক্ত িতর্
(মর্মিমনউজ২৪)।
.
2. Improving Regional Cooperation: In addition to regional connectivity the bridge
will also improve international communication. It will enhance the scope to
increase regional cooperation between neighbouring states. The Padma bridge will
also connect Bangladesh with the proposed Trans-Asian Highway and
International Communication Network.
.
৩। মশল্পায়নোঃ উন্নে পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থাতক মশল্পায়তনর প্রাণ র্িা িয়। পকননা কাোঁচািাতির
সিজিভযো এর্াং উৎপামদে পতণযর র্াজারজােকরতণর জনয প্রতয়াজন উন্নে পমরর্িন ও
পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থা। োই পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পদতশর মশল্প উন্নয়ন ত্বরামিে িতর্ এতে পকাতনা
সতেি পনই।
.
3. Industrial Development: Road communication is considered the life of industrial
development. This is because a better transportation and communication system is
a prerequisite for the availability of raw materials and to market the finished
products. So undeniably Padma Bridge will improve the industrial development.
.
৪। কৃ মে ও কৃ েতকর উন্নয়নোঃ কৃ মে ও কৃ েতকর উন্নয়তনর অেব পদতশর উন্নয়ন। পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে
িতি পমরর্িন ও পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থার সিজিভযো কৃ মে ও কৃ েতকর উন্নয়তন গুরুত্বপূণব ভূ মিকা
রাখতর্। ফতি শাক সর্জী চাে র্ৃমির িাধযতি পদতশর দমক্ষণ পমিিাঞ্চতি ১০.২ শোাংশ
কিবসাংস্থান র্ৃমি পাতর্।
.
4. Development of Farmer and Farming: Development of farmer and farming
means development of country. The accessibility of good communication brought
by Padma bridge will play important role in the development of farming and
farmers. It will help raise employment by 10.2 percent in the southwest region by
boosting farming activities, especially vegetable production.
.
৫। অভযন্তরীণ উন্নয়নোঃ পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পদতশর অভযন্তরীণ পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থার উন্নয়ন
িতর্। যা প্রকারান্ততর অভযন্তরীণ উন্নয়ন ঘটিতয় পুোঁমজর সরর্রাি র্ৃমি করতর্। এটা পদতশর
অেবনীমের জনয কিযাণকর। এই অঞ্চতির জনগতণর উন্নে মচমকৎসা র্যর্স্থা গ্রিন ও রাজধানী
ঢাকায় আধুমনক প্রযুমক্ত গ্রিতনর সুতযাগ দেমর িতর্। সিজের পযাগাতযাগ র্যার্স্থা মশক্ষা ও
প্রমশক্ষণ গ্রিন র্যর্স্থাতক আরও মর্কমশে করার িাধযতি িানর্ সম্পদতক আরও শমক্তশািী
করতর্।
.
5. Internal Development: With the Padma Bridge country’s internal
communication system will be developed. The internal development will enhance
flow of capital. It is favorable for the country’s economy. The people of the region
will have better access to healthcare facilities and latest health technologies
available at Dhaka. Easier communication will help expanding better education
and training facilities and skill development will take place ensuring availability of
quality manpower.
.
৬। কিবসাংস্থাতনর সুতযাগ সৃমষ্টোঃ মশল্পায়ন, র্যর্সা-র্ামণজয ও পমরর্িন খাতের মর্কাশ ঘটাতে
সািাযয করতর্ পদ্মা পসেু । এতে কতর র্যাপক নেু ন কিবসাংস্থাতনর সৃমষ্ট িতর্। ফিশ্রুমেতে
র্াাংিাতদতশ মর্দযিান প্রায় দুই পকাটি পর্কাতরর মকেু সাংখযক পিাক কিবসাংস্থাতনর িুখ পদখতর্।
.
6. Employment Opportunities: Padma bridge will help with the expansion of
industrialization, commercial activities and transport system. It will facilitate more
employment opportunities. As a result some people out of about two crore
unemployed people of Bangladesh will get work.
.
৭। দামরদ্র হ্রাসোঃ পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি র্াাংিাতদতশ প্রমে র্ের ১.৯% িাতর দামরদ্র হ্রাস পাতর্ র্তি
দাো সাংস্থাগুতিা আশা প্রকাশ করতে। এর ফতি র্াাংিাতদতশর দমরদ্র জনতগাষ্ঠীর জীর্নযাত্রার
িাতনাউন্নয়ন ঘটতর্।
.
7. Poverty Reduction: The bridge will reduce poverty by 1.9% a year at the
national level, donor organizations assessment shows. As a result we will notice a
change in the course of life of poor people.
.
৮। নদী ভাঙ্গন পরাধোঃ নদী েীরর্েী এিাকায় নদী ভাঙ্গন একটি স্বাভামর্ক ঘটনা। পদ্মা পসেু
র্াস্তর্ায়তনর জনয পয নদী শাসন িতর্ োর ফতি নদী েীরর্েী ৯ িাজার পিটর জমি নদী ভাঙ্গন
পেতক পরিাই পাতর্ এর্াং র্নযার িাে পেতক রক্ষা পাতর্। এই জমির িূিযিান প্রায় ১৫৬ মিমিয়ন
িিার।
.
8. River Bank Erosion: River bank erosion is a common phenomenon. With the
river training work for Padma bridge more than 9,000 hectares of land will be
protected from riverbank erosion and flooding. The value of land saved will be at
least USD 156 million.
.
৯। সরকামর র্যয় হ্রাসোঃ ৫০ শোাংশ ভেুব মক মদতয় র্েব িান সরকার পফরী সামভব স চািু পরতখতে।
মনজস্ব অেবায়তন পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি পফরী সামভব স র্ন্ধ িতর্, আদায়কৃ ে পমরর্িন পটাতির অেব
মনজ পদতশই পেতক যাতর্। ফতি সরকাতরর র্াৎসমরক আয় র্ৃমি পাতর্। এর িূিযিান প্রায় ৪০০০
মিমিয়ন িিার
.
9. Decrease in Government Expense: The proposed bridge will also help the
government cut 50 percent subsidies for ferry operation. With closure and/or
reduction in operation of ferries, there will be additional savings, to the tune of
about USD 400 million.
.
১০। দমক্ষণ পমিিাঞ্চতির উন্নয়নোঃ পদতশর দমক্ষণ-পমিিাঞ্চি এখতনা অর্তিমিে । শুধুিাত্র
পযাগাতযাগ র্যর্স্থার সিসযাই এ অর্তিিাতক মজইতয় পরতখতে। োই মর্তশেজ্ঞ িিতির ধারণা িতে,
পদ্মা পসেু মনমিবে িতি ৩ পকাটি অর্তিমিে জনসাংখযা অধুযমেে দমক্ষণ পমিিাঞ্চি উন্নয়তনর িুখ
পদখতর্।
.
10. Development of Southwest Regions: The southwest region of the country is
still underdeveloped. The transport and communication problem further accentuate
this problem. As per different organizations Padma bridge will significantly
contribute towards facilitating ultimate development of this relatively
underdeveloped region with a population of over 30 million.
.
================
★ পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতণর সর্বতশে পমরমস্থমে
================
পদ্মা র্হুিুখী পসেু প্রকতল্পর কাজ এমগতয় চিতে কামিে গমেতে। এিনমক পদতশ চিিান
রাজননমেক অচিার্স্থাও পকাতনা প্রভার্ পফিতে পাতরমন এ প্রকতল্পর অগ্রযাত্রায়। ২০১৮ সাতি
পদ্মা পসেু তে যানর্ািন চিাচতির িক্ষয মনতয় দ্রুেগমেতে চিতে প্রকল্প র্াস্তর্ায়ন কাজ। িূি
পসেু , নদীশাসন, সাংতযাগ সেকসি প্রকতল্পর সামর্বক কাতজর ৪০ শোাংশ ইতোিতধয সম্পন্ন িতয়তে।
২০১৫ সাতির ১২ মিতসম্বর পেতক শুরু িতয়তে িূি পসেু র কাজ এর্াং ো এ পযবন্ত ১৭.২৭ শোাংশ
সম্পন্ন িতয়তে (পভাতরর কাগজ)। ঠিকাদাতরর মনজস্ব স্থাপনা, অমফস িযার্তরটমর, ওয়াকব তশি,
শ্রমিকতদর োকার স্থান এর্াং পজটি মনিবাতণর কাজও চিতে সিান গমেতে। পাইমিাংতয়র জনয মিি
পফমিতকশতনর কাজ চিতে ওয়াকব শতপ। পদ্মা পসেু প্রকতল্পর জামজরা অাংতশ সাংতযাগ সেক মনিবাণ
কাজ চিতে দ্রুেোর সাতে। ২০১৬ সাতির জুতনর িতধযই সাংতযাগ সেতকর মনিবাণ কাজ সম্পন্ন
িতর্ এিনটিই আশা করতেন প্রকল্প সাংমিষ্টরা। জামজরা অাংতশ সাংতযাগ সেতকর কাজ পশে িতয়তে
৫৯ শোাংশ। একইভাতর্ িাওয়া অাংতশর সাংতযাগ সেক মনিবাতণর কাজ চিতে, যা পশে করার
কো ২০১৭ সাতির জুিাই িাতসর িতধয। িাওয়া অাংতশর কাজ এ পযবন্ত প্রায় ৬৩ শোাংশ সম্পন্ন
িতয়তে। এমগতয় চিতে নদীশাসতনর কাজ যা ২০১৮ সাতির নতভম্বতরর িতধয পশে িতর্ র্তি আশা
করা িতে। পদ্মা পসেু র ভূ মি অমধগ্রিণ প্রায় পশে িওয়ার পতে। প্রকতল্পর জনয ক্ষমেগ্রস্ততদর
পুনর্বাসতনর কাজও চিতে সিানোতি। এ পযবন্ত পুনর্বাসতনর কাজ সম্পন্ন িতয়তে ৬৫ ভাগ। পদ্মা
র্হুিখী পসেু প্রকল্প পেতক মর্শ্বর্যাাংক মনতজতক প্রেযািার কতর পনয় কমল্পে দুনীমের অমভতযাগ
েু তি। পযখাতন প্রকতল্পর জনয পকাতনা টাকাই োরা র্রাে পদয়মন পসখাতন দুনীমের পমরকল্পনা করা
িতে এিন যুমক্ত েু তি োতদর সতর যাওয়া মেি জামের জনয মর্িেকর পমরমস্থমে। সরকার মনজস্ব
অেবায়তন পদ্মা পসেু মনিবাতণর মসিান্ত পনয়ার পর ো র্াস্তর্ায়নতক চযাতিে মিতসতর্ মনতয়তে।
.
================
★ The Latest Condition of Padma Bridge
================
The construction of Padma Multipurpose Bridge is progressing smoothly. Even the
political instability could not hamper the progress of this project.The construction
is running with a full vigor with an aim to fly the vehicles on Padma bridge by the
end of 2018. About 40% of the whole project including main bridge, river training
and link roads is already completed. Starting from 12 December 2015, 17.27% of
the construction of the main bridge has been completed. Other works including
accommodation of contractors, office laboratory, work shed, accommodation of
workers and construction of jetty is also progressing simultaneously. Steel
fabrication for piling is going on in workshop. The link road construction in Jajira
point is going on rapidly. The link road is expected to be completed by June 2016.
59% of the construction of Jajira link road is completed till now. The link road
construction in Mawa point is also going on simultaneously, which is expected to
be completed by July 2017. 63% of the construction of Jajira link road is
completed till now. River training work is also going on that will be completed by
November 2018. Land acquisition processing is near to complete. Resettlement of
affected people for the project is continuing. Till now 65% people have been
resettled. With an alleged corruption WB abandoned the Padma Multipurpose
Bridge project. Where the World Bank did not provide the proposed loan for
constructing the bridge their walkout in excuse of conspiracy and corruption
evoked an embarrassing situation for the nation. However, the government took it
as a challenge after taking the decision in pursuit of constructing the bridge with
own fund.
.
================
★ উপসাংিার
================
মনজস্ব অেবায়তন পদ্মা র্হুিুখী পসেু মনিবাণ র্াাংিাতদশ সরকাতরর সািসী উতদযাগ। এটি আিাতদর
সািমসকো ও সািতেবর পমরচয় র্িন কতর, পেিমন পরমনভব রশীিোর িানমসকো পর্মরতয় আসার
এর্াং স্বাধীনভাতর্ প্রকল্প গ্রিণ করার সািেবয ও ক্ষিো প্রকাশ কতর, যা পরেীতে র্ে র্ে প্রকল্প
গ্রিতণ ও স্বমনভব র িতে র্াাংিাতদশতক সািাযয করতর্।
.
================
★ Conclusion
================
Construction of Padma Multipurpose Bridge with own fund was a courageous
initiative of Bangladesh government. It proves our valor and strength and inspires
us to come out of dependency that will help us to take bigger projects in future
independently.

3.The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)

Written By: ( Rahel Mohsin Uzzaman )

Introduction

Within a period of 36 days in 1947, the British divided 80 million people and
175000 sq. miles of land which had been joined together in a variety of ways for
about 1000 years. The hasty and ambitious process of demarcating the almost 4000
kilometers Bengal border ignored many issues including resolving access to the
enclaves.

Bangladesh and India, two neighboring countries have a shared history, common
heritage as well as linguistic and cultural ties. But these commonalities can’t
conceal the prevailing problems of border issue, one of the most contentious
problems plaguing the bilateral relations. Bangladesh-India border issue is multi-
dimensional and shaped by dynamic pattern of internal politics of two countries.

After its creation, Bangladesh inherited disputed border relations with India as a
legacy of the partition. The arbitrary division resulted in dispute on control over 51
enclaves of Bangladesh are in India and 111 enclaves of India within Bangladeshi
part. The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) is an unresolved problem between
Bangladesh and India since since 1974.
Bangladesh and India Signed a protocol about LBA on June 6, 2015 to simplify
their border and clarify the identities of nearly 53000 people living in enclaves.

History:

The origin of the Bangladeshi and Indian enclaves dates to the 18th century, the
outcome of war and peace treaties between rulers of Bengal and Koch-Bihar.
According to a popular legend, the enclaves were used as stakes in card or chess
games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Koch Bihar and the
Maharaja of Rangpur. As far as historical records are concerned, the little
territories were apparently the result of a confused outcome of a 1713 treaty
between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire. Possibly, the
Kingdom and the Mughals ended a war without determining a boundary for what
territories had been gained or lost. After the partition of India in 1947, Rangpur
was joined to East Pakistan, and Cooch Behar district was merged in 1949
with India.
What Is Enclaves:
The Oxford English Dictionary defines enclave as “A portion of territory
surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically
distinct”. In other words, an enclave of country X is formed when a portion of the
territory of the country X is entirely surrounded by territory one or more alien
countries.
Simply , a portion of land of any country which is situated within the geographical
boundary of another state .

Enclaves of Bangladesh and India:

There are 51 Bangladeshi Enclaves in India among them 4 situated in the District
of Jalpaiguri and rest 47 situated in the district of Koch-Bihar. There are 111
Indian enclaves inside Bangladesh among which 36 in Panchagar, 4 in Nilphamari,
59 in Lalmonirhat and rest 12 are in Kurigram. A census carried out recently
revealed that 53000 people lived in these 162 enclaves.
The 111 Indian enclaves in term of area consisted of 17158 acres and Population of
38000. The Bangladeshi 51 enclaves in terms of area consisted of 7110 acres and
15000 people.
The Land Boundary Agreement:
After dillydallying for 41 years, the Indian Parliament finally passed the Land
Boundary Agreement (LBA) Bill on May 7, 2015. The lower house, showing rare
unanimity passed the constitution (119th amendment) bill to allow the
operationalisation of the 19774 Mujib-Indira Land Boundary Agreement.
The processes began in 1958, by the Nehru-noon agreement. After the
independence of bangladesh in 1971, the land boundary agreement of 1974
between Indira gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was an attempt to resolve the
border problems.However due to the Redcliff Commissions ‘Blunder’ and the
cruel death of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the dispute remain unresolved. In addition
to this the apathy from Indian governments resulted in a hefty delay. As
Bangladesh quickly ratified the agreement in 1974 but India failed to do so. India
held back the process and claimed that, it would require a constitutional
amendment to implement the agreement. Though relations between Dhaka and
Delhi were marked by periodic ups and downs, Bangladesh had never shown any
apathy towards resolving the dispute.
It was Following Prime minister Sheikh Hasina’s Visit to India in January, 2010
that the Congress led UPA made a sincere effort to resolve at least two outstanding
issues the LBA and the Teata water sharing treaty.
Formalised LBA:
Bangladesh and India formalized the LBA after 41 years, the foreign secretaries of
the two countries on June 6, 2015 signed a protocol and exchanged instruments of
ratification to make the LBA operational following a visit of PM Narendra Modi to
Dhaka on 6th and 7th June, 2015.

Exchange of enclaves:
Bangladesh and India formally exchanged 162 enclaves in 1 st August, 2015 ending
nearly seven decade sufferings of the residents.
By launching the exchange of 111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves the two
countries started implementing the historic LBA.
A transfer of population came with the land exchange. All of the Bangladeshi
enclave residents in India choose to remain in India on the other hand nearly 1000
Indians in Bangladesh who choose to relocate to India. Throughout the month of
November, 2015 Some 900 people crossed the border to relocate to India. This
crossed border movement of people through official co-ordination was the first of
its kind on the subcontinent since partition.
India and Bangladesh agreed to complete the exchange by June, 2016, including
physical transfer of enclaves and surrender of land parcels in adverse possession
along with official boundary demarcations.
Benefits of the agreement:
- The LBA will open a new era in Bangladesh-India relations with the
exchange of enclaves under the landmark LBA. Bangladesh is set to get
10048 acres more land from India. PM Sheikh Hasina Said “Bangladesh
would reap benefits out of each of the agreements signed with India.”
- India has some strategic Benefits from this agreement. First there is no doubt
that India sees the agreement as an opportunity to its personal image. It
would mark a gesture of goodwill and would both improve the relation
between India and Bangladesh and promote stability.
- Most importantly it will ease the miseries of the dweller of the former
enclaves and the stateless people would get their desired state.
- The much-coveted agreement has far greater humanitarian benefits than
political which can never be measured by money or land.
Present Conditions of former Enclaves:
At present most of the enclaves suffer from lack of some basic facilities such as
- No tube-wells
- Lack of medical facilities
- No market
- Scarcity of drinking water
The residents had to travel to other country to buy or sell things thereby risks
being caught in the process. A chimahali was a hostage of the Indo-Bangla
relations on a given day and time. Marriages did not took place because the
mainland dwellers considers the Chitmahalis of lower statusthen themselves.
But the situation has changes dramatically after the implementation LBA.
Government from both of the countries have taken a lot of initiatives to end the
miseries of the former Chitmahalies.
  In January, 2016 Bangladesh approved a Tk 1.8 billion (about USD 22.9
million) development project for its 111 erstwhile enclaves including
supplying water and building hundreds of kilometers of new bridges and
roads, local markets, mosques and community centers to be completed by
2018.
Conclusions:
The LBA has put the India-Bangladesh relations on a Higher Trajectory. Now
that a major dispute is resolved, Bangladeshi will naturally focus on the Testa
treaty. There are some other issues and problems as it is normal between
neighboring countries. But with a friendly attitude such problems can be
resolved peacefully and quickly.

4.The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)

Written By:( Abdullah-Al-Mamun)

#Introduction----

The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) “refers to demarcated land boundaries in

accordance with the India-Bangladesh agreement signed on May 16,
1974”. These ‘demarcated boundaries’ exist in the form enclaves in India and
Bangladesh.

Bangladesh and India- two neighboring countries have a shared history and
common heritage, linguistic and cultural affinities. Both countries have a common
history of struggle for freedom and liberation. But these commonalities should not
conceal the prevailing problem of border issue-one of the most contentious
problems plaguing the bilateral relations. Bangladesh-India border relation is
multi-dimensional and shaped by dynamics and pattern of internal politics of two
countries. The arbitrary division in 1947 resulted in dispute on control over the
enclaves, 51 enclaves of Bangladesh are in India and 111 enclaves of India are
within Bangladesh boundary.
Background of LBA---

The Land Boundary Agreement was signed on 16 May 1974 between Indira
Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman which provided for the exchange of enclaves
and the surrender of adverse possessions. Under the agreement, India retained the
Berubari Union No. 12 enclave while Bangladesh retained the Dahagram —
Angorpota exclaves with India providing access to it by giving a 178-by-85-metre
(584 ft × 279 ft) corridor, called the Tin Bigha Corridor. Bangladesh quickly
ratified the agreement in 1974 but India failed to do so. The issue of the un-
demarcated land boundary of approximately 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi) in three
sectors — Daikhata-56 in West Bengal, Muhuri River-Belonia in Tripura and
Lathitila-Dumabari in Assam — also remained unsolved. The Teen Bigha Corridor
was leased to Bangladesh in 1992 amid local opposition.

Bangladesh ratified the Agreement in 1974, but India held back the process,
saying it would require a constitutional amendment to implement the Agreement.
Actually the assassination of Sheikh Mujib in 1975 created a tremendous trust
deficit between Delhi and Dhaka that took its toll on resolving bilateral problems.
Though relations between Dhaka and Delhi were marked by periodic ups and
down, Bangladesh had never shown any apathy in resolving these disputes. After
dillydallying for 41 years, the Indian Parliament finally passed the Land Boundary
Agreement (LBA) Bill on May 7, 2015.

Year Activities
1974 Land Boundary Agreement signed
1997 The list of enclaves was prepared
2001 Two Joint Boundary Working Groups were formed
2007 A joint census was carried out
2011 India signed the Additional Protocol for the 1974 Land Boundary
Agreement with Bangladesh
2015 Indian Parliament finally passed the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)

The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) is an unresolved problem since 1974. The
residents of enclaves live in abysmal condition with a lack of water, roads,
electricity, schools and medicines. Bangladesh and India signed a protocol on
Land Boundary Agreement on June 6, 2015 to simplify the border and clarify the
identities of 51,584 people living in enclaves over the last four decades. With the
exchange of enclaves under the landmark Land Boundary Agreement with India,
Bangladesh has set to get 10,048 acres more lands from its next door neighbor.
Bangladesh has got a total of 111 enclaves having 17,158 acres of land, while India
has got 51 enclaves with 7,111 acres of lands.

Total Enclaves Exchanged 162

Total Population 51,584 People
Bangladesh gets 17,158 Acres
India gets 7,111 Acres

Between July 31, 2015 and June 30, 2016, the entire process, including physical
exchange of enclaves and land parcels in adverse possession along with boundary
demarcation, is expected to be completed. Both governments will facilitate
"orderly, safe and secure passage" to the enclave dwellers along with their
"personal belongings and movable property" to Bangladesh or India through proper
"travel documents", according to a letter exchanged by the two countries.

List of enclaves used to exist before the LBA ------

List of Enclaves in Bangladesh and India

Panchagar 36
Nilphamari 4
Bangladesh's within India Lalmonirhaat 59
Kurugram 12
Total = 111

Jalpaiguri 4
India's within Bangladesh Koch Bihar 47
Total = 51
Expected merits of LBA----

The implementation of the LBA will enable the two countries to exchange lands
known as enclaves or chhitmahal in each other’s territory. The bill will also help in
resolving the long-standing problem of land in adverse possession.

It is expected that the implementation of the LBA will help in improving the
quality of life of 51,584 people, who have been living in misery in the enclaves,
deprived of basic human rights. For all practical purposes, they have been stateless
people, living a hand-to-mouth existence, denied access to schools and hospitals as
well as other basic services. There are 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51
Bangladeshi enclaves inside India. All the inhabitants can now look forward to a
national identity and enjoying the same benefits and services as their neighbors
living outside the enclaves.

On the humanitarian side, the people living in the enclaves had no clear identity so
far. They enjoyed none of the basic amenities and facilities such as schools,
hospitals, electricity, pure drinking water, etc. With the implementation of the
LBA, these people will now have a proper nationality and access to state provided
benefits

The following are the ramifications of Land Boundary Agreement:

1) The people living in the enclaves will become citizens of either of the two
countries thereby paving the way for access to basic facilities like electricity,
education, and health services and more importantly a certain future and
dignified life as citizens of country.

2) It will surely stop infiltration as the road to enclaves is an open border for
now as verification of all the residents moving in and out of the two regions
is not possible for now. So a closed border would help in a better way to
keep a check on infiltration.

3) The reduced infiltration gives the border states a chance at peaceful

existence if the problem of those that have already settled in can be solved.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that India sees the agreement as an opportunity to improve its
regional image over the Asia-Pacific area. It is a gesture of goodwill and light
which will improve the bilateral relation and promote the stability. It will also
promote economic stability between India and Bangladesh.

Land Boundary Agreement has put the Bangladesh-India relations on a higher

trajectory. Now a long-pending major dispute is resolved. There are other issues
and problems too. But a friendly attitude can resolve those problems peacefully
and quickly.

5.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS OR

17 GOALS TO TRANSFORM OUR WORLD

Written By: (Md. Zakir Hossen )

INTRODUCTION:

Sustainable development has been defined as development that meets the needs of
the present without harming the resources of future generations to meet their own
needs. Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an
inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet. For sustainable
development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements:

- Economic growth,

-social inclusion and

-environmental protection.

These elements are interconnected and all are crucial for the well-being of
individuals and societies. On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development –adopted by world
leaders in September 2015 at and historic UN Summit –officially came into force.
Over the next 15 years, with these new goals that universally to all, countries will
mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate
change, while ensuring that no one is left behind.

BACKGROUND:

The current international development agenda is centered on the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) that were officially established following the
Millennium Summit of the United Nations (UN) in 2000. The target date for the
achievement of the MDGs is at the end of 2015. Discussion on the post 2015
framework for international development began well in advance. Formal debate
concerning the SDGs first occurred at the 2012 United Nations Conference in Rio
de Janeiro.

THE GOALS:

With the UN summit on the sustainable development goals looming, find out more
about the 17 initiatives that could transform the world by 2030. This included the
following goals-

[Mnemonic clue: PH Good Health Quality Gender SEGIIC Sustainable Climate

Forest এ peace partnership করল [copied from kawsar bro])

Goal 1.
Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
.
Goal 2.
Hunger and Food Security: End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
.
Goal 3.
Good Health and well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
at all ages
.
Goal 4.
Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
life-long learning opportunities for all
.
Goal 5.
Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: Achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls
.
Goal 6.
Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
.
Goal 7.
Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for
all.
.
Goal 8.
Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all
.
Goal 9.
Infrastructure, Industrialization: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
.
Goal 10.
Inequality : Reduce inequality within and among countries
.
Goal 11.
Cities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
.
Goal 12.
Sustainable Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
.
Goal 13.
Climate change: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
.
Goal 14.
Oceans: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
.
Goal 15.
Biodiversity, Forests, Deforestation: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use
of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and
halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
.
Goal 16.
Peace and Justice: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
.
Goal 17.
Partnership: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.

DIFFERENT FROM THE MDGS:

 The 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) with 169 targets are broader

in scope and go further than the MDGs by addressing the root causes of
poverty and the universal need for development that works for all people.
The goals cover the three dimentions of sustainable development: economic
growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.

 Building on the success and momentum of the MDGs, the new global goals
cover more ground.

 The new goals are universal and apply to all countries, whereas the MDGs
were intended for action in developing countries only.

 A core feature of the SDGs is their strong focus on means of implementation

the mobilization of financial resources-capacity building and technology, as
well as data and institution.

 The new goals recognize that tackling climate change is essential for
sustainable development and poverty eradication. Aim of the SDG’s 13 th
goal is to promote urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
HOW WILL THE GOALS BE FUNDED:

That’s the trillion- dollar question. Rough calculations from the inter-governmental
committee of experts on sustainable development financing have put the cost of
providing a Social Safety Net to eradicate extreme poverty at about $66 bn a year
while annual investments in improving infrastructure (water, agriculture, transport,
power) could be up to a total of $7 tr globally.

In its last year report, the committee said that public finance and aid would be
central to support the implementation of the SDGs.

THE SDGS FRAMEWORK:

The new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer major improvements on the
Millennium Development Goals. The SDGs framework addresses key systemic
barriers to sustainable development such as inequality, sustainable consumption
patterns, weak institutional capacity and environmental degradation that the MDGs
neglected. The SDGs framework would benefit from an overall narrative
articulation how the goals will lead to broader outcomes for people and the planet.
The current SDGs framework does not identify the wide range of social groups that
will need to be mobilized to deliver on the goals as agents of change alongside
governments.

THE SDGS TARGETS:

Out of 169 targets, 49 (29%) are considered well developed, 91 targets (54%)
could be strengthened by being more specific and 29(17%) require significant
work.

The success of the SDGs is partly dependent on aligning targets and goals with
existing international agreements and processes.

Many of the targets may also contribute to several goals and some goals and
targets may conflict. Action to meet one target could have unintended
consequences on others if they are pursued separately. Research suggests that most
goal areas are interlinked, that there are important trade-offs among several goals
and targets. By tackling targets in an integrated way the desired results can be
achieved for many targets.

MONITORING PROCESS:

The global indicator framework, to be developed by the Inter Agency and Expert
Group on SDG Indicators (IAEA-SDGs), will be agreed on by the UN Statistical
Commission by March 2016. The Economic and Social Council and the General
Assembly will then adopt these indicators.

● Governments will also develop their own national indicators to assist in

monitoring progress made on the goals and targets.

● Chief statisticians from Member States are working on the identification of the
targets with the aim to have 2 indicators for each target. There will be
approximately 300 indicators for all the targets. Where the targets cover cross-
cutting issues, however, the number of indicators may be reduced.

● The follow-up and review process will be informed by an annual SDG Progress
Report to be prepared by the Secretary-General.

● The annual meetings of the High-level Political Forum on sustainable

development will play a central role in reviewing progress towards the SDGs at the
global level. The means of implementation of the SDGs will be monitored and
reviewed as outlined in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the outcome document of
the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, to ensure that
financial resources are effectively mobilized to support the new sustainable
development agenda.

CHALLENGES AND ITS REMEDIES:

Four key challenges are

1. Involve the Whole of Government

It requires political leadership to ensure the SDGs are relevant and important to all
ministries, not just the ministry of development or environment. Powerful
ministries such as economy, finance or infrastructure must also adopt the goals as
“theirs.”

2. Engage All Sectors of Society

This agenda is not about development cooperation, but about structural economic
transformation. Organizing a consultative process with a wide range of
stakeholders outside national government is crucial for effective national policy
prioritization and for efficient, coherent delivery based on clear roles and
responsibilities. Transparency, participatory decision making and mobilizing the
strength and innovation of local governments, the private sector and civil society
are essential to implement the SDG agenda.

3. Buy-in by Financial Institutions

Even when made a national priority, implementation of the SDGs will require
significant resources: public and private, national and international, concessional
and non-concessional. Domestic resources will dominate the resource envelope for
implementation in all countries except LDCs, reinforcing the importance of getting
national policies right. Financial institutions such as the World Bank, regional
development banks and new development finance institutions such as the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank can play a key role by aligning their portfolios with
the SDGs and in stimulating private finance. But the onus is on national leaders to
ensure an enabling environment and good governance to encourage financial
resources to flow in the proper direction.

4. Make Stakeholders Accountable

Reaching the SDGs will require collaboration, coordination and coherence within
governments and engagement with a multitude of partners beyond national
governments. As an intergovernmental system, the UN is only able to track
progress of sovereign member states, based on voluntary progress reports.

At the national level, however, leaders can demand accountability. The private
sector must abide by laws and regulations in countries where they operate, so their
impact in part depends on governments establishing good policies, fair regulations
and an effective judiciary system to deliver such development impact.

SDGS AND BANGLADESH:

Bangladesh is a star performer in relation to the MDGs. According to the

Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh progress report 2012, Bangladesh has
already met or in on track to meet a significant number of key targets under
different MDGs by the end of 2015

Encouraged by its notable achievements in relation to the implementation of the

MDGs, Bangladesh is very active in the run up to the formulation of the Post-2015
Sustainable Development Agenda. Two major inputs forwarded to the UN from
Bangladesh are:”Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda: Bangladesh
proposal to UN” submitted by the Government of Bangladesh and “Post-2015
Sustainable Development Agenda: Perspectives and Recommendations from
Bangladesh Civil Society” submitted by the People’s Forum on MDGs, (PFM),
Bangladesh.

Both of the documents include goals and associated targets and indicators which
are very relevant to the countries like Bangladesh. Bangladesh is now working on
setting its own Post-2015 Sustainable Goals with associated targets and indicators.

CONCLUSION:

“This year we can make history by adopting and ambitious sustainable

development agenda and a universal climate agreement but without the right
financing and the right policies we cannot achieve our ambitions.” –Ban Ki-Moon,
UN Secretary General. Implementation and success will rely on countries’ own
sustainable development policies, plans and programmes. For a government to plan
and monitor the impact of its policies, it must be able to benchmark data and see
year on year progress. Comparing progress across countries is important –shared
indicators and statistical frameworks help the country see how they are doing in
comparison to others. Although the MDGs is over, around 1 billion people still live
on less than $1.25 a day and more than 800 million people do not have enough
food to eat. Women are still fighting hard for their right and millions of women
still be possible to tackle the above situation if the SDGs are met.
 6.SDG: The Global Goal

Written By: ( Mahidi Hasan Kawsar)

Preface:

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a new universal set of goals,
targets, and indications that will be expected to be used by UN member states to
frame their agenda and political policies over the next 15 years. The countdown
has begun to September’s summit on the Sustainable Development Goals with
national governments now discussing the 17 goals that could transform the world
by 2030.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) refer to an agreement of the United

Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June
2012 (Rio+20), to develop a set of future international development goals. SDG
took place of the MDG (Millennium Development Goals) which has 8 specific
goals to fill up by the period of 2000-2015. The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), officially known as “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development”.

How SDG Evolved:

 The current international development agenda is centered on the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) that were officially established following the
millennium summit of the UN in 2000. The target date for the achievement
of the MDGs is at the end of 2015.
  Discussion on the post 2015 framework for international development began
well in advance. Formal debate concerning the SDGs first occurred at the
2012 UN conference in Rio de Janeiro.

 On 19 July 2014, the UN General Assembly's Open Working Group on

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) forwarded a proposal for the SDGs
to the Assembly.

 With more than 40 contributing authors from 21 countries, the report brings
together a wide range of scientific expertise across the natural and social
sciences in the accessible and concise able manner.

 The proposal covering a broad range of sustainable development issues.

These included ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education,
making cities more sustainable, combating climate change, and protecting
oceans and forests.

 On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary-

General's Synthesis Report which stated that the agenda for the post-2015
SDG process.

 The Intergovernmental Negotiations on the Post 2015 Development Agenda

(IGN) began in January 2015 and ended in August 2015. Following the
negotiations, a final document was adopted at the UN Sustainable
Development Summit September 25–27, 2015 in New York, USA. The title
of the agenda is Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.

Sustainable Development Goals:

Following a rigorous consultation process and several international conferences

and working group discussions, the UN General Assembly approved Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015 to be achieved by 2030. Total 17
SDGs are as follows:

Total Goals- 17

Total targets- 169

 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture

 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong

learning opportunities for all

 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for

all

 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
 Reduce inequality within and among countries
 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership
for sustainable development

Financing as a Challenge of Achieving SDGs:

- How will the goals be funded is the trillion dollar question. Achieving the
SDGs in all countries will require additional global investment in the range
of USD 5 trillion to USD 7 trillion per year up to 2030.
- According to UNCTAD, Developing countries like Bangladesh will need
between USD 3.3 trillion to USD 5.5 trillion a year to finance basic
infrastructures, food security, climate change mitigation and adaptations as
well as health and education.
- At the current level of public and private investment, there will be an annual
financing gap of USD 2.5 trillion or 3.2 pc of the worlds GDP.
- Public finance and aid would be central to support the implementation of the
SDGs. A major conference on financing for SDGs held in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, where it is hoped that concrete financing will be agreed.
Importance of SDGs:

- Offer major improvements on the MDGs

- Addresses key systematic barriers to sustainable development such as
inequality, unsustainable consumption pattern, weak institutional capacity,
environmental degradation.
- SDGs clearly define the world we want- applying to all nations and leaving
no one behind.
- Goals of SDGs are more inclusive than ever, with Governments involving
business, civil society and citizens from the outset.

SDGs and Bangladesh:

 Bangladesh is a star performer in relation to the MDGs. According to the

Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Progress Report 2012,
Bangladesh has already met or is on track to meet a significant number of
key targets under different MDGs by the end of 2015.
 Out of 8 goals, Bangladesh achieved 4 goals and in other four goals it is
in tract. Bangladesh achieved the targets in

1. Improvement in mother health,

2. Reduction of child mortality,

3. Prevention of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases and

4. Universal education.

 Besides, significant improvement has been made in the areas of

1. Gender equity,

2. Poverty reduction

3. Sustainable climate change,

 4. Developing universal cooperation. In these four areas, Bangladesh is on track
to achieve to the targets.

 The agreed SDGs adopted during the 70th UNGA will succeed the
MDGs with effect from 1 January, 2016. Bangladesh, according to
Planning Commission Professor Shamsul Alam will be one of the “early
starters” for achieving the SDGs since we have incorporated most of the
proposed 17 goals of the SDGs in different sections of our 7th Five Year
Plan. It may be noted here that Bangladesh in its Post 2016 Development
Agenda has included 11 goals, 58 targets and 241 measurable indicators.

Challenges for Achieving SDGs in Bangladesh:

 some goals are so difficult where lot of investments will be required in

achieving those targets. For example, the end of poverty in all forms and
end of hunger will mean to eliminate the poverty in all areas of the
country.
 In addition, achievement of gender equality, as envisaged in goal 5, will
mean to ensure reforms to give women equal rights in economic
resources as well as ownership and control over land and forms of
property. This will mean major changes in the law of inheritance,
besides eliminating all harmful practices such as child, early and forced
marriage etc.
 The goal 6 is to ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all. This will surely need heavy investment with
infrastructure build up and technological innovations.
 Another challenge for Bangladesh is to make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable as highlighted in the
  The goal 16 is to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive intuitions at all levels. To achieve
this goal, there must be efforts and visible indications to significantly
reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and
return of stolen goods and combat all forms of organized crime. This
will very difficult task to achieve.
 In order to achieve these goals significant changes must be made in the
existing laws with major changes in the political systems. The political
leadership in the country must be committed and dedicated to attaining
these targets. The present political system in the country might not be
capable of achieving these goals where hartal and blockade are treated as
normal political course.

Conclusion:
Meanwhile we all are informed that MDSs is stipulated for developing countries to
lead towards a better worlds. It’ll be harder to achieve than it look in black &
white.
At present, around 1 billion people still live on less than USD 1.25 a day and more
than 800 million people do not have enough food to eat. Women are still fighting
for their right and millions of women still die during childbirth. In spite of all
challenges in Bangladesh, there must be efforts to achieve these goals of SDG by
2030 since the nations are committed to emerging as a developed country by 2041.
But lets hope that most if not all of the goals will be achieved by the stipulated
time & we’ll be able to gift a better livable planet to our next generation.
 7. IMMIGRANT CRISIS
Written By: (Sabekun Shirin)

Introduction

Immigrant Crisis in European countries is talk of the world now. It’s a crisis of
humanity & life, above race & nationality, probably the largest after 2nd world war.
The flood of migrants & refugees form civil war affected Middle East,African &
some asian countries to Europe through the Mediterranean Sea & other borders is
being called the “immigrants crisis of Europe “ . The migrants & refugees are
living inhumane life ,few European nations tried to help the migrants with shelter
,security & food ,most of them are now unwilling to accept anymore because they
are claiming to be out of their capacity ,which has been created the crisis .The
migrants are stuck up in between borders having no life supports . Numerous
migrants dying lacking food & in the process of journey. “Aylan quardi” made us
felt that we couldn’t give a space for him to live in this vast earth.

What is Migration?

Migration is not exclusive to humans. Animals migrate too, but in this lesson, we
shall look at Migration of people.

It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often

across a political or administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or
permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced.

What are the factors of migration?

People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may fall under these four
areas: Environmental, Economic, Cultural and Socio-political. Within that, the
reasons may also be ‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors.

Push Factors

Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many
cases, they are forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Push
factors may include conflict, drought, famine, or extreme religious activity.
Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors
for migration. Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures,
political intolerance and persecution of people who question the status quo.

Pull Factors

Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or
group to leave their home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the
desirability of a place that attracts people. Better economic opportunities, more
jobs, and the promise of a better life often pull people into new locations.

Very often, people consider and prefer opportunities closer to their location than
similar opportunities farther away. In the same vein, people often like to move to
places with better cultural, political, climatic and general terrain in closer locations
than locations farther away. It is rare to find people move over very long distances
to settle in places that they have little knowledge of.

Europe’s Migration Crisis

In 2015, over one million migrants and asylum seekers reached the EU via the
Mediterranean. More than 10000 people died or went missing in the same period
while making the journey. Over 130,000 have made the crossing since the start of
2016, while more than 410 have lost their lives in the attempt. Arrivals to Greece
via Turkey across the Aegean Sea now far outstrip crossings via Libya to Italy.
From Greece, a debt-stricken country unable to cope with the influx, many travel
overland through the Western Balkans to reach other EU countries. The land route
contains its own perils, including blocked border crossings, summary expulsions
and police abuse.

The EU should sustain robust search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean
and expand safe and legal channels into the EU. A more orderly and
coordinated process at Europe’s borders and increased direct resettlement from the
countries bordering Syria (or of first refuge) would benefit people seeking asylum
and allow for better screening and vetting thereby benefitting national security. EU
countries should ensure more equitable responsibility sharing for asylum seekers,
and implement common EU standards on reception conditions and asylum
procedures.

More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015, sparking a
crisis as countries struggled to cope with the influx, and creating division in the EU
over how best to deal with resettling people.

The vast majority arrived by sea but some migrants have made their way over land,
principally via Turkey and Albania.

Winter has not stemmed the flow of people - with 135,711 people reaching Europe
by sea since the start of 2016, according to the UNHCR.

So why is the crisis just hitting Europe now?

It’s due to a combination of factors. The developing countries who are currently
hosting the vast majority of refugees from Syria are reaching breaking point.
Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey, sheltering 3.6 million Syrian refugees between them,
are overwhelmed, and international humanitarian funding is falling far short of the
need. Many would rather attempt the dangerous journey to Europe than subsist in
impoverished, overcrowded refugee camps.

The increased numbers have also been encouraged by German Chancellor Angela
Merkel’s pledge to Syrians that if they could manage to reach Germany, they could
apply for asylum there – effectively suspending an E.U. law that requires the first
country an asylum seeker arrives in to be responsible for documenting and
processing his or her application, and resettling them. The rule has placed a
disproportionate burden on the southern countries of Italy, Greece and Malta, who
see the most arrivals from the Mediterranean.

There’s also a self-perpetuating element to the crisis; people who reach Europe
successfully encourage friends and families to join them, and several Facebook
pages in Arabic provide information for people making the same desperate bids to
reach the continent. Increased international media coverage may also be playing a
part in the surge of migrants as rumors of impending caps on refugee numbers, or
brief gaps in border control along various frontiers encourages people to try to
cross while they can.

But along with the waves of Syrian refugees are many people fleeing turmoil or
poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Lots of them would have previously found safety or
jobs in Libya but that country’s worsening instability has propelled even more
people to try their chances on the Mediterranean. This movement of people is
unlikely to slow until winter arrives, making that journey even more difficult and
dangerous than it already is.

Which countries are migrants from?

The conflict in Syria continues to be by far the biggest driver of migration. But the
ongoing violence in Afghanistan and Iraq, abuses in Eritrea, as well as poverty in
Kosovo, are also leading people to look for new lives elsewhere.
Where are migrants going?

Although not all of those arriving in Europe choose to claim asylum, many do.
Germany received the highest number of new asylum applications in 2015, with
more than 476,000.

But far more people have arrived in the country - German officials said more than
a million had been counted in Germany's "EASY" system for counting and
distributing people before they make asylum claims.

Hungary moved into second place for asylum applications, as more migrants made
the journey overland through Greece and the Western Balkans. It had 177,130
applications by the end of December.

How do migrants get to Europe?

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that more than
1,011,700 migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and almost 34,900 by land.

This compares with 280,000 arrivals by land and sea for the whole of 2014. The
figures do not include those who got in undetected.

The EU's external border force, Frontex, monitors the different routes migrants use
and numbers arriving at Europe's borders and put the figure crossing into Europe in
2015 at more than 1,800,000.

Most of those heading for Greece take the relatively short voyage from Turkey to
the islands of Kos, Chios, Lesvos and Samos - often in flimsy rubber dinghies or
small wooden boats.

How dangerous is the journey?

According to the IOM, more than 3,770 migrants were reported to have died trying
to cross the Mediterranean in 2015.

Most died on the crossing from north Africa to Italy, and more than 800 died in the
Aegean crossing from Turkey to Greece.
The summer months are usually when most fatalities occur as it is the busiest time

for migrants attempting to reach Europe.But in 2015, the deadliest month for
migrants was April, which saw a boat carrying about 800 people capsize in the sea
off Libya. Overcrowding is thought to have been one of the reasons for the
disaster.

Which European countries are most affected?

Although Germany has had the most asylum applications in 2015, Hungary had the
highest in proportion to its population, despite having closed its border with
Croatia in an attempt to stop the flow in October. Nearly 1,800 refugees per
100,000 of Hungary's local population claimed asylum in 2015.

Sweden followed close behind with 1,667 per 100,000.

The figure for Germany was 587 and for the UK it was 60 applications for every
100,000 residents. The EU average was 260.

How has Europe responded?

Tensions in the EU have been rising because of the disproportionate burden faced
by some countries, particularly the countries where the majority of migrants have
been arriving: Greece, Italy and Hungary.
In September, EU ministers voted by a majority to relocate 160,000 refugees EU-
wide, but for now the plan will only apply to those who are in Italy and Greece.

Another 54,000 were to be moved from Hungary, but the Hungarian government
rejected this plan and will instead receive more migrants from Italy and Greece as
part of the relocation scheme.

The UK has opted out of any plans for a quota system but, according to Home
Office figures, 1,000 Syrian refugees were resettled under the Vulnerable Persons
Relocation scheme in 2015. Prime Minister David Cameron has said the UK will
accept up to 20,000 refugees from Syria over the next five year

How many asylum claims are approved?

Although huge numbers have been applying for asylum, the number of people
being given asylum is far lower.

In 2015, EU countries offered asylum to 292,540 refugees. In the same year, more
than a million migrants applied for asylum - although applying for asylum can be a
lengthy procedure so many of those given refugee status may have applied in

previous years.

Conclusion

write by your own ..Addressing..Gist, recommendation & hope

 8.Bangladesh War Crime Tribunal
Written By:( Samira Zaman )

Introduction:

Bangladesh war crime tribunal is a domestic war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set
up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in
1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr andAl-
Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War. The first indictments were issued in
2010. By 2012, nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami, the largest Islamist party in the
nation, and two of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, had been indicted as suspects
in war crimes. However, since the beginning of the trials several human rights
organisations and international legal figures have raised objections to the court
proceedings. Despite this Bangladesh war crime tribunal has international support
from its beginning.

Definition of war crime tribunal:

International war crimes tribunals are courts of law established to try individuals
accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Despite the often heinous
nature of the crimes that individuals commit during intractable conflicts, including
genocide, torture, and rape etc.

Backgroud:International Crimes Tribunal Act of 1973

International Crimes Tribunal Act of 1973 was formed in 20th july 1973. The
International Crimes Tribunal Act of 1973 was enacted by the sovereign
parliament of Bangladesh to provide for the detention, prosecution and punishment
of persons responsible for committing genocide, crimes against humanity, war
crimes and other crimes under international law . The Tribunal constituted under
the Act shall have the power to try and punish any individual or group of
individuals or organizations, or any member of any armed, defense or auxiliary
forces irrespective of his nationality, who commits or has committed, in the
territory of Bangladesh, whether before or after commencement of this Act.
Amendment of International Crimes Tribunal Act of 1973:
Some significant changes have been brought in the Act, by way of amendment, in
2009 and thereafter, to come out from the culture of impunity the government , for
the purpose of section 3 of the Act, by notification in official gazette has set up the
‘Tribunal’ on 25 March 2010. This is a Special Issue post addressing the 2013
Amendment of the ICT Act On 17 February 2013, the Bangladeshi Parliament
passed a bill amending the International Crimes (Tribunal) Act of 1973. The
amendments present three significant changes :

1. Trial of Organizations: The amendment enables the ICT to charge and place
on trial organizations for their role during the 1971 War of Liberation;
2. Prosecution Right to Appeal Sentencing: the amendment allows the
government, complainant, or informant to appeal an order of acquittal or
order of sentencing;
3. Disposal of Appeal within 60 days: the amendment imposes a statutory
obligation on the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court to dispose of any
appeal filed before it within 60 days.

Formation of Tribunal:

Tribunal 1:

Judges: Chairman - Mr. Justice Anwarul Haque

Member – 1. Justice Md. Shahinur Islam

2. Mr. Justice Md. Shohrowardi

Judgment:

Criminal Date of Sentence Execution

Pronouncement

Delowar Hossain Sayeedi 28.02.2013 Sentence to life Kept in Jail

Professor Golam Azam 15.07.2013 Sentence to life Kept in Jail

Salauddin Quader 01.10.2013 Sentence to 22.11.2015

Chowdhury death

Motiur Rahman Nijami 29.10.2014 Sentence to 11.05.2016

death

Tribunal 2:

Judges: Chairman - Mr. Justice Obaidul Hassan

Member - Mr. Justice Md. Mozibur Rahman Miah

Justice Md. Shahinur Islam

Judgement:

Criminal Date of Sentence Execution

Pronouncement

Forkan Mallik 16.07.2015 Sentence to Not executed

death

Moulana Abdus Sobhan 18.02.2015 Sentence to Not executed

death
 Mir Quasem Ali 02.11.2014 Sentence to Not executed
death

Ali Ahsan Muhammad 17.07.2013 Sentence to 22.11.2015

Mujahid death

Muammad 09.05.2013 Sentence to 11.04.2015

Kamaruzzaman death

Abdul Quader Molla 17.09.2013 Sentence to 12.12.2013

death

Moulana Abdul Kalam 21.01.2013 Sentence to Trial in

Azad death absentia

Conclusion:

Liberation war is our pride. Our freedom fighters are the greatest souls of the soil.
Crimes that are so brutal, so heinous and so shocking to the people in general that
no other punishment equals the gravity of it shall be punishable by death sentence.
The nation must remain united seeking punishment of criminals. The Government
has set the process and now it is up to the people to drive the trial process by the
tribunal to conclusion.

*advice: read bangla rochona..then convert them into English in exam . (not
satisfactory)
 9.ICT and Cyber Crime in Bangladesh
Written By:( Mahfuja Akter )

Introduction

In the era of globalization no country can think its existence without

telecommunication or digitalization system.ICT is the backbone of any digital
initiative.

Development of science and ICT depends on the expansion of telecommunication

and satellite telecommunication sector. For this, the demand for and the popularity
of the computer and the internet is growing rapidly.

But advent of technology not only widens scientific horizon but also poses
constant challenges for the jurisprudence, legal system and legal world as a whole.
A new strain of crime /challenge developed through the invention of computer and
internet is one of the severe and alarming issues in the cyber world, named cyber
crime.

Cyber crime is when a man use computer or networks as a tool, place or target for
criminal activity and behavior. The development of cyber crime has affected law
enforcement agencies and society. Law enforcement agencies must vigorously
fight and prevent cyber crime in order to help create a safer society.

ICT: The term ICT is the acronym for Information and Communication
Technology. It is defined a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to
communicate , create, disseminate ,store and manage information. It includes any
communication device or application like radio , television, cellular phones,
computer and networks, hardware and software, satellite system and so on, as well
as various services and applications. ICT covers the vast area of information
technology, communication technology and telecommunication technology.
Bangladesh has adopted ICT as a thrust sector as it represents potential quick wins
in reforms, job creation, industry growth, improving governance etc.

Cyber Crime: Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem
in the cyber world.

The term cyber crime has been evolved from two words, cyber and crime. ”cyber”
is related to internet and” crime” is related to criminal activity.

i.e. cyber crime is criminal activity done using computer and internet.

Wikipedia defines-“computer crime or cyber crime refers to any crime that

involves a computer or network. The computer may have been used in the
commission of a crime or it may be the target.”

Actually cyber crime is the unlawful acts where computer is either a tool or target
or both. The computer may be used as a tool in the following kinds of activity-
financial crimes, sale of illegal articles, pornography, online gambling ,intellectual
property crime, e-mail spoofing ,forgery, cyber staking. The computer may be
targets in the following cases-unauthorized access to computer or systems or
networks ,theft of information in the electronic form, email bombing, data diddling
,salami attacks, internet time thefts ,web jacking theft of computer system
,physically damaging the system.

Origin and history of cyber crime: The origin of cyber crime can be traced back
to the days without Microsoft windows,the internet or even the personal computer.
Over the years,cyber crime and all of its auxiliaries have grown in
complexity,danger and risk.The term hacking became popular and mainstream in
1970 with the creation of first PC,the Altair 8800. After that when BBS introduced
and grew,it attracted many complex gurus and hacker,gradually hacker began
sharing software.this isreferred to as ‘warez’ which means pirated software. During
the stages of BBS service, pornography began to be posted.

Accessing the internet in the early stage was a challenge and actually required
hacking and programming which later resulted in the influx of cyber crime.
Nature of cyber crime: A cyber crime can destroy websites and portals by
hacking and planting viruses,carryout outline frauds by transferring funds from one
corner of the globe to another,gain access to highly confidential and sensitive
information,cause harassment by email threats or obscene material, play tax frauds,
indulge in cyber pornography involving children and commit other crimes on the
internet. That’s why it is said that none is secure on the cyber world. With the
growing use of internet, cyber would affect us all,either directly or indirectly.

Types of cyber crime: Cyber crime can be basically divided into three catagories:

 Cyber crime against persons:cyber crime committed against persons

include various crimes like transmission of child pornography, harassment
of any one with the use of computer i.e. email.
 Crime against property: it include computer vandalism(destruction of
other property),transmission of harmful program.
 Crime against government: cyber terrorism is one distinct kind of crime in
this category.

Moods and Manners committing Cyber crime:

1. Unauthorized Access to Computer Systems or networks:This

lind of offence is normally referred as hacking
2. Theft of Information Contained in Electronic Form: This
includes information stored in computer hard disks, removable
storage media etc. Theft may be either by appropriating the data
physically or by tampering them through the virtual medium.
3. Email Bombing:This kind of activity refers to sending large
number of email to the victim, which may be an individual or a
company or even mail servers there by ultimatelyresulting into
crashing.
4. Data Diddling: This kinds of attack involves altering raw data
just before a computer process it and then changing it back after
the processing is completed.
5. Salami attack: This kind of crime is normally prevalent in the
financial institutions or for the purpose of committing financial
 crimes. An important feature of this type of offence is that the
alteration is so small that it normally would go unnoticed.
6. Denial of service attack: The computer of this victim is flooded
with more request than it can handle which cause it to crash.
Disributed denial of service attack is also a type of denial of
service attack.
7. Virus attack:Viruses are programs that attach themselves to a
computer or file and then circulate themselves to otherfiles and to
other computers on a networks. This usually affect the data on a
computer either by altering or deleting it.
8. Worm attack: Worms, unlike viruses do not need the host to
attach themselves to. They merely make functional copies of
themselves and do this repeatedly till they eat up all yhe available
space on a computer’s memory.
9. Logic Bombs: These are event dependent programs. i.e. these
programs are created todo something only when a certain event
occurs.
10.Trojan attacks:It means unauthorized program,which passively
gains control over another system by representing as authorized
program.
11.Internet Time theft: This is done by gaining access to the login
ID and password.
12.Web jacking

Bangladesh Bank Incidents : On February 5,2016 Bangladesh bank became the

victim of cyber hacking i.e tk 808 cr.of BB reserve was stolen by international
hackers. To commit the attack,the gang spent time studying the internal process of
Bangladesh’s central bankso they could convincingly pose as officials when
requesting the transfers.However the sheer number of transactions and aspelling
mistakes help alert bank staff to the theft. At the same time,The federal reserve
bank of Newyork had alerted the Bangladesh central bank to aseries of suspicious
requests to transfer money. The requests are believed to have been flagged because
they were to private private accounts rather than other banks and because there
were so many of them. The money that the hacker did steal ended up in accounts in
Sri Lankaand the Philippines. Part of the money was recovered from Sri Lanka,but
rest was laundered throughcasino in Philippines. The central bank said,it was
working with authorities to recover the remaining amount.

ATM fraud in Bangladesh: Four people including a foreigner allegedly involved

in ATm skimming scam have been arrested in Bangladesh capital Dhaka. 36
customer from 4 commercial banks was found their money was stolen from threr
bank accounts by the skimming card gang since January. The instance of ATM
card fraud in Bangladesh have forced almost all the 56 banks to take precautionary
measures including temporarily shutting down transactions through the national
payment swich to safeguard the interest of clients.

Cyber Law in Bangladesh: BD is planning stringent measures to fight cyber

crime and the rapid expansion of the information and communication technology
and tele communication networks in the south asian country.BD passed cyber laws
to deal with the cyber related matters.

 The information and Technology ACT,2006: section 66 of the act provides

the punishment for tampering with computer source documents, sec. 68
provides punishment for hackers.

Conclusion

Although digitalization of a country indicates advancement that ensure to cope

with global world, but at the same time use of internet with bad intension are the
threat for security of any country. That’s why it is the high time to work together
by national and international authorities to prevent the threats and ensure safer
cyber world.
 10.Good Governance
Written By: ( Sultana Jahan Islam )

Definition

Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a

country is exercised. This includes the process by which governments are selected,
monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate
and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the
institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them

The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local

governance [or to the interactions between other sectors of society.
The United Nations is playing an increasing role in Good Governance. According
to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, “Good governance is ensuring
respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting
transparency and capacity in public administration”. The International Monetary
Fund (IMF) declared in 1996 that "promoting good governance in all its aspects,
including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability
of the public sector.

Indicators

According to the UNDP Governance can be seen as the exercise of economic,

political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It
comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and
groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations
and mediate their differences. Good governance is, among other things,
participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable, and it
promotes the rule of law. It ensures that political, social and economic priorities are
based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most
vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development
resources. Here is the common indicators of good governance accepted world wide
.
 1. Participation
All men and women, inclusive of the physically challenged, should have a voice in
decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that
represent their interests. Participation is a process whereby policy-making,
prioritizing issues, accessibility to public goods and services and also allocating
resources is influenced by key stakeholders. Participatory processes in a poverty
reduction strategy promote information exchange and transparency in decision-
making processes.
2 .Rule of Law
Laws, regulations and codes of conduct should be fair and enforced impartially,
particularly the laws on hu man rights. One of the effective ways of tackling weak
governance is to look at the disconnection between institutions within the broader
governance environment including the scope of operation of the society in general.
3. Transparency
Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and
information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough
information is provided to understand and monitor them. It promotes openness of
government action, decision-making processes, and consultative processes among
public sector and all stakeholders. These processes are subject to scrutiny by other
government institutions, civil society and external institutions. Lack of
transparency, weak accountability, lack of responsiveness and inefficiency also
compromise good governance.
4. Responsiveness
Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
timeframe. Responding to people’s demand and needs.

5. Consensus Orientation
Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what
is in the best interest of the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures.
Underlying this characteristic is the theory of consensus and consensus decision-
making.
.
6. Equity
All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
7 .Effectiveness and efficiency
Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best
use of resources. This characteristic promotes efficient public delivery systems and
quality public outputs.
It deals with the amount of public respect the civil service has. One aspect of poor
service delivery is corruption. One of the ways of fighting corruption is through
competitive salaries and motivating staff through incentives.
8. Accountability
Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations
are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This
accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is
internal or external to an organization n. Central to the principle of accountability
is information sharing and transparency which should be promoted by governance
structures.

GG in Bangladesh aspects and possibilities

Good governance is not easy to achieve in Bangladesh. This is mainly because a

host of social, cultural, economic, administrative and legal variables affect the
nature and consequently determine the shape of governance in our country. In
Bangladesh, it is evident that the present condition of governance is not
satisfactory. Many issues and problems are the barriers to ensure good governance,
equity and social justice. Corruption, political interference in administration,
nepotism, misuse of power, absence of rule of law, non-accountable and non-
transparent government and administration etc. are the common features of our
governance
At present, Good governance in Bangladesh is far from the actual consonance of
the term. There are several factors and issues that are constraining the very process
of good governance. The major factors are corruption, inefficiency of bureaucracy,
politicization of administration, non-observance of the rule of law etc. The main
issues and problems for ensuring good governance in Bangladesh are bellows:

Corruption

Corruption is a big obstacle in the way of good governance in Bangladesh.

Corruption has become so rampant that Bangladesh currently belongs to the
world's leading corrupt nations. It promotes the interest of a few over many
rampant corruption slow down the investment and growth. It prevented a fair
distribution of national wealth and broadened the gap between rich and poor.
Which is most dangerous is that it is mainly responsible for the breakdown of law
and order in the country.
Inefficiency of Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is inevitable in any society or state, an inseparable part of an

organized society. But the bureaucracy of Bangladesh is not efficient in
management and administration. The capacity of policy implementation of our
bureaucracy is very poor. Bureaucrats are not accountable and transparent to the
people. Lack of bureaucratic accountability can be attributed inter-alia to
bureaucratic corruption. But there is no effective mechanism to make them
accountable and transparent.

Political interference in administration

In our country administration is always to work and the influence of party in

power. So, here nepotism is widespread and administration is always unfair. The
administration can not take any free and fair decision. Sometimes, political
influence breech factionalism in the administration which in turn result in
demoralization, utter negligence of work and often serious tension among the
bureaucrats. Ministers, especially those with greater political strength and
influence and initiative, tended to stress their overall supervisory role to dominate
and direct those in administration who versed under them, from secretaries
downwards. In such situations the ministers virtually inclined to act as executive
heads of their ministries, though they did not have to take the responsibilities either
of the executive head or the principal accounting officer responsibilities which still
technically and substantially remained with the secretaries.

Nepotism

Nepotism is another curse of our politics and administration. The rules in our
country pursue nepotism. They give privilege and under advantage to their family
members, kiths and kins on public resources. So the mass people remain after
regime.

Improper and non-observance of the rule of law

In true and real sense the application of rule of law in Bangladesh follows a course
of selective and discretionary application.18 It is said that laws are there but there
are applied only in favor of privilege people or class. As a result justices suffer and
denied to the common people. And this environment affects out right the basic
rights of the poor and the social place elides although that is an important aspect of
good governance.
Improper use of resources

The fund flow in Bangladesh is not smooth the local government, especially the
union parishad. Beside, this fund is not utilized properly and very often diverted to
other purposes. So, the ordinary people can not get efforts, if any, of ensuring good
governance.

Role of Parliament

Bangladesh opted to a parliamentary democracy following independence in 1971

in which establishment of a sovereign legislature was sought. The main thrust was
to ensure the sovereignty of the people exercised through a democratically elected
representative body called the legislature.19 In today's parliamentary system, most
of the works related branch of the government headed by a Prim minister, who is
accountable to the parliament. The parliament is supposed to exercise control over
the government through legislative business, for which the government has to rely
on parliamentary approval. Besides, ministers including the Prime Minister are
answerable to the parliament for their actions. Therefore, the parliament has
significant role to improve the quality of governance

Conclusion

In Bangladesh, above discussions clearly shows that the present condition of good
governance in Bangladesh is not satisfactory. Many issues and problems are the
barriers to ensure good governance. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, political
interference in administration, nepotism, misuse of power and resources, improper
and non-observance of the rule of law, non-accountable and non-transparent
administration etc. are the common features of our government. Although a lot of
measures need to be taken for ensuring good governance. Yet it I think utmost
importance need to be given to make the parliament efficient and strong by strong
leadership, building institutional capacity and strengthening parliamentary
oversight to the best interest of good governance. I hope, if sincere efforts can be
taken for implementing the above-mentioned steps to make the parliament
effective and the parliament play its role sincerely good governance will be
ensured.
 11. Garments Industry

Written By:(Tauhid Rahman)

Introduction:

Bangladesh, the southern Asian country has a population of approximately 164

million people. In terms of land area Bangladesh is 94th & in terms of population
its 8th largest country of the world & in terms of RMG exportation it has grabbed
2nd position just after the economic giant china; this stat refers how important
RMM sector for our economy . The economy of Bangladesh is significantly
dependent on agriculture. But it’s a great news for the country that
garments sector of Bangladesh has raised as the biggest earner of foreign currency.
Bangladesh’s garment sector has become one of its most important economic
pillars, with clothing products accounting for almost 80% of its exports and more
than 10% of its GDP. This thriving sector has contributed enormously to the
country’s development, creating jobs and generating foreign income, attracting
FDI, triggering infrastructure projects and providing a host of other related
business opportunities
History of RMG Sector in Bangladesh:

The foundation of textile sector was first established in the 60th decade of 19th
century. For the first time, the industry exported shirts (Mercury shirt) to the
European market in 1965-66, which was produced from Karachi. In the latter, 9
exporting industries were available in 1977-78. The three largest industries in that
time were Riaz Garments, Jewel Garments and Paris Garments. Among those, Riaz
Garments was the most famous and oldest industry in that time.

In the earlier stage, Riaz Garments of Mohammad Reaz Uddin started its business
with some tailoring shop in the name of Riaz store. In the later, the name turned
into Riaz Garments from Riaz store in 1973 and from 1978 the company started
exporting products in the abroad by exporting 1 million pieces of shirts in the
South Korean Company named “Olanda”. “Desh Garments” is another pioneer of
Bangladesh RMG sector. In 1979, Desh Garments started a joint project with
South Korean company “Daiyuu”.

At the same time, several garments were introduced such as-Stylecraft limited by
Shamsur Rahman, Aristocraft Limitd by AM Subid Ali, Azim Group by Engineer
Mohammad Fazlul Azim and Sunman Group by Major (Retd) Abdul Mannan.
By following the beginners of RMG sector, some others discreet and hard-working
entrepreneurs started their RMG business in the country. From there, RMG sector
of Bangladesh was developing day by day and not needed to look back. Though
this sector had passed various critical stages through the path. In that time, we
learned about child labour 1994 and in 1995 we made our garments industry free
from child labour very successfully.

Bangladesh’s historic advantages as a production centre

Bangladesh had many advantages over other regional economies when it came to
positioning itself as a cost-competitive production base. With a population of more
than 150 million people, the country has a huge supply of young workers, with
most of the four million garment workers in the country being young women.
While Bangladesh remains primarily a low-cost supplier of simple RMG items,
there has been, over time, a steady increase in its production of more complex
clothing items.

Present Situation of RMG Sector in Bangladesh:

Quota system was a great blessing for establishing our garments industry. We were
strongly benefited by using that. As a result we can see a matured garments
industry today. But while quota system was approaching to an end in 2004, there’s
so many got upset about the RMG sector of Bangladesh. Though in the latter it
can’t be affected here as the experts were seemed. We conquered the post quota
challenges and made that a successful story.

In RMG sector of Bangladesh, there are more than 5000 garment factories (private
statistics) at the current time, employing more than 12 lack labours, where 85% of
the labour force is women. But, according to BGMEA the number of garment
factories in Bangladesh around 4000. Now, RMG industry is the countries largest
export earner with the value of over $24.49bn of exports in the last financial year.
Its a great news for us that, Bangladesh is clearly ahead from other South Asian
suppliers in terms of capacity of the ready made garments industry.

Though, there are various types of garments are manufactured in Bangladesh, but
all the ready made garments are classified into two broad categories, where one is
woven products and another one is knitted products. Woven products includes
Shirts, Pants and Trousers. On the other hand, knitted product includes T-Shirts,
Polo Shirts, Undergarments, Socks, Stockings and Sweaters. Woven garments still
dominates the export earnings of the country.From BGMEA website its seen that,
Day by day knitted items production is increasing in considerable rate and now
about 40% export earnings has achieved from knitted products.

Contribution of RMG Sector to the National Economy:

The role RMG sector in Bangladesh economy is remarkable. It’s seen that, from
the last decade, RMG sector contributes to the national economy in considerable
rate. About 76% of total export earnings come from RMG sector. From a statistics
it’s known that, in FY 2003-04 RMG sector of Bangladesh earned US$ 5,686.06
million, in FY 2004-05 the value was US$ 6,417.67.67 million, in FY 2005-06 the
value was US$ 7900.80 million, in FY 2006-07 the value was US$ 9,211.23
million, in FY 2007-08 the value was US$ 10,699.80 million, in FY 2008-09 the
value was US$ 12.35 billion and finally in FY 2013-14 the value stands at
$24.49billion.

TOTAL
EXPORT OF
EXPORT OF
RMG
YEAR BANGLADESH
(IN MILLION
(IN MILLION
US$)
US$)
 1983-84 31.57 811.00
1984-85 116.2 934.43
2011-12 19089.69 24287.66
2012-13 21515.73 27027.36
2013-14 24491.88 30186.62
2014-15 25491.40 31208.94
Data Source Export Promotion Bureau Compiled by BGMEA

Opportunity of RMG Sector in Bangladesh:

RMG sector of Bangladesh has some key factors which inspired for steady growth
of this sector. Though its a matter of great surprising for so many that how RMG
sector of Bangladesh continues to show its robust performance in the world.

The mian key fcactors which has great influence on RMG sector of Bangladesh
are in the following:

 Vast labor force,

 Skilled human resources,
 Technological upgrades,
 Government supports for textile and clothing,
 Special economic/export processing zones,
 Creation of textile and clothing villages,
 Incentive for use of local inputs,
 Duty reduction for the import of inputs/machines,
 Income tax reduction,
 And international supports like GSP, GSP+, duty free access etc
Challenges for RMG Sector of Bangladesh:

Though RMG sector of Bangladesh has achieved the second spot for the highest
number of garments exporter, but it has a lot of problems. The major problems
faced by RMG sector currently is the lack of safety in working place and working
conditions for the millions of garments workers. It’s become a great challenge for
the upcoming financial year of Bangladesh. Another important one is political
stability.

Two major incidents in RMG sector of Bangladesh are the Tazreen fire and
the Rana Plaza collapse, which have brought the issue of workplace safety to the
fore and led all stakeholders to act accordingly. But it’s good news for RMG sector
that, following the unfortunate incidents, various platforms such as the Bangladesh
Accord on Fire and Building Safety, the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety
and National Plan of Action have been formed to improve building and fire safety
of Bangladesh’s garment industry. Also BGMEA and BKMEA are working
together here to solve such kinds of problems. They have also taken necessary
actions and invested huge amount of money.

It’s a huge responsibility for the government of Bangladesh to ensure working

place safety in all the garments manufacturing factories. If we can’t do it, foreign
buyers will refuse to place order here, which will be a massive blow for RMG
sector of Bangladesh. We hope, the government of Bangladesh, BGMEA and
BKMEA, with the support of global brands and international development
partners, will be able to ensure the safety of the RMG industry and maintain the
momentum of socio-economic development in the country.

Political stability creates a negative impact on RMG sector of Bangladesh. If it

continues, it will be a massive blow to destroy our most valuable sector. So,
political leaders should come out immediately to solve such kinds of problems

Action needed to overcome Challenges

€ Authorities need to take steps of hiring inspectors to conduct preliminary

safety inspections and registering more labour unions
 € Explore the new Market

€ Take new approach to Law and order

€ There is no alternative to trade unions, so workers as well as employers need

to be trained in the proper ways of utilizing unions.

€ Our education system is not aligned with the job market. Even this issue needs
to be taken into account and effectively addressed, if we are to maximise all
our potentials in order for us to reach our goals

€ Ministry of trade has to take the helm in enacting the TFA (Trade Facilitation
Agreement )

€ We need to provide healthy work conditions. This should be a priority beyond

everything else.

€ The government of Bangladesh should implement an effective policy for

fulfilling the requirements of international buyers

€ The country also needs to look into impending challenges such as the
withdrawal of the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) from the US

Conclusion:

It’s a prime duty for us to provide a perfect working place for the readymade
garments sector of Bangladesh which has given our economy a strong footing,
created jobs for millions of people, especially for women, lifted them from the
abyss of chronic poverty and given them a magnificent life. Now what we have
needed to do is dealing with all the challenges facing our readymade garments
industry, paving the way for its further development.
 12. Earthquake
Written By: (Shahrin Munni )
Is it believable? Our fragile planet is felt one earthquake in every thirty seconds.
It’s proved, there is a hundred percent chance that somewhere today an earthquake
is shaking the ground. We have known way to predicting how and when an
earthquake will strike. We can only say that when it might.

An earthquake is the results of sudden release of energy in the earth crust that
seismic wave. The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency type and size
of earthquake experienced over a period of time. Earthquake are measured with a
seismometers, a device which is also record as a seismograph. The moment
magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reposted, with magnitude 3 or lower
earthquake is being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage
over larger areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
The depth of the earthquake also matters, the shallow the earthquake, the more
damage to structures.

Effects of earthquakes:

The effects of earthquakes are not limited, however some are following here,

Shaking and ground rupture :

Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes.
Principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid
structures.

Landslide and avalanches:

Earthquake along with severe storms, volcanic activity , coastal wave attack
,wildfires can produce slop instability leading to landslides a major geological
hazard.

Fires:

Earthquake can causes fires by damaging electrical power or gas pipes. In the
event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult
to stop the spread of fire once it has started. For example, more death in San
Francisco In 1906 is caused by fire than earthquake itself.

Soil liquefaction:

it occurs when ,because of shaking, water saturated granular material temporarily

loses its strength and transforms from a solid to liquid. It may causes rigid
structures like buildings and bridges to tilt into the liquefied deposits. For example,
earthquake in Alaska in 1964, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into
the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.

Tsunami:

Tsunami are long wavelength, long period sea waves produced by sudden or abrupt
movement of large volume of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave
crests surpass 100km and the wave periods can vary from 5 minutes to 1 hour.

Flood:

Flood is a result of water flows outsides of the normal perimeter of the body.
However flood may be secondly effects of earthquakes, if damages are damage are
damaged.

Tidal forces:

Research work has shown a robust correction between small tidally induced forces
and non volcanic tremor activity.

Preparedness :

Generally preparedness of earthquake is categorized in two broad-spectrums.

These are before the quake and during the earthquake,

Before the earthquake:

@ The key to effective disaster prevention is planning.

@know the earthquake hazards in your area.

@Follow structural design and engineering practices when constructing house or
building.

@Prepare your homes ,workplace or school.

@strap heavy furniture or objects to the walls.

@Check the stability of hanging object.

@harmful chemical and materials should be stored properly.

@Conduct and practice and participate in regular earthquake drills.

@Know where fire existing ,first aid kits, alarms and common location facilities
are located and learn how to use then in need.

@Collecting canned food, water, clothing, blank

et, battery operated radio, flash light and extra battery.

During earthquake:

first and foremost working during quake is “stay calm” and when you are

Inside in a structurally sound building or home:

@stay there

@if possible quickly open the door for exit.

@duck under a study desk or table and hold on to it and protect your heads with
arms.

@Stay away from glass windows, shelves and other heavy objects.

@Be alert and keep your eyes open.

If you in outside:
@Move to an open area.

@Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concentrate structures.

@Move away from steep slops which may be affected by landslides.

@If you are near the sea shore, quickly move away from there.

@If you are in a moving vehicle, stop and get out.

@do not attempt to cross bridges ,overpass and flyovers which may have been
damaged.

Human impacts of earthquake:;

Earthquake may lead to,

@disease lack of basic necessities

@Loss of life in higher insurances premiums.

@Damaging property both natural and structural

@Collapse buildings and potentially leading to future damage

@It precede volcanic eruption that causes further problems ,likes substantial crop
damage.

Measures against the earthquake:

Personal measures:

@After an earthquake, check gas, water and electricity pipes and lines for
damages.

@Listen to the radio and follow the instructions issued by the authorities.

Organizational measures:

@Adequate preparedness and assistance in catastrophes is extremely important in

areas affected by earthquakes.
@After the experience of an earthquake a range of anxiety reaction may occur and
therefore in the following weeks, many people usually need psychological support
to reduce emotional stress.

Conclusion:

These days’ earthquakes and natural disaster are increasing the world over due to
global warming and destruction of the environment. The alarm of earthquake are
not signed before that might, so it is impossible to deny its impacts. But preventive
measure help to reduce the damage that can be caused by earthquake. Learn some
self-protection guidelines in case of emergencies, that will help you make decision
about your safety and that of you.

13.EARTHQUAKE: EFFECTS, PREPAREDNESS, &

MEASURES
Written By:(Md. Zakir Hossen )

INTRODUCTION:

An earthquake is a geological event inside the earth that generates strong

vibrations. When the vibrations reach the surface, the earth shakes, often causing
damage to natural and manmade objects, and sometimes killing and injuring
people and destroying their property. Earthquakes can occur for a variety of
reasons; however, the most common source of earthquakes is movement along a
fault. ‘Sheer luck’ does not walk on same way as earthquake cannot be prevented.
But certainly it is the high time to be much more concerned about the probable
impending earthquake in order to minimize the loss of lives and property for
national interest. Pre-disaster preparedness through a post-earthquake response
plan, including training of the concerned personnel in various roles, is considered
essential for immediate and effective response after an earthquake occurrence.

Bangladesh, the country of more than 160 million people and the highest in the
population density chart, is located on the world’s largest river delta. The country
is close to sea level, which exposes it to tsunamis and the possibility of rivers
jumping their banks in the event of earthquake.

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES:

Some earthquakes occur when tectonic plates, large sections of Earth's crust and
upper mantle, move past each other. Earthquakes also occur if one plate overruns
another, as on the western coast of South America, the northwest coast of North
America , and in Japan. If plates collide but neither is overrun, as they do crossing
Europe and Asia from Spain to Vietnam, earthquakes result as the rocks at the
abutting plates compress into high mountain ranges. In all three of these settings,
earthquakes result from movement along faults.

Any one of the following fault types can generate an earthquake:

 Normal fault—a vertical fault in which the hanging wall moves down
compared to the foot wall.
 Reverse fault—a vertical fault in which the hanging wall moves up in
elevation relative to the foot wall.
 Thrust fault—a low-angle (less than 30°) reverse fault, similar to an inclined
floor or ramp. The lower fault block is the ramp itself, and the upper fault
block is gradually shoved up the ramp. The "ramp" may be shallow, steep,
or even curved, but the motion of the upper fault block is always in an
upward direction. A thrust fault caused the January 1994 Northridge
earthquake near Los Angeles, California.
 Strike-slip (or transform) fault—A fault along which one fault block moves
horizontally (sideways), past another fault block, like opposing lanes of
traffic. The San Andreas Fault in Northern California is one of the best
known of this type.

Molten rock called magma moves beneath but relatively close to the earth's
surface in volcanically active regions. Earthquakes sometimes accompany volcanic
eruptions as huge masses of magma move underground.

Nuclear bombs exploding underground cause small local earthquakes, which can
be felt by people standing within a few miles of the test site. The earthquakes
caused by nuclear bombs are tiny compared to natural earthquakes; but they have a
distinctive "sound," and their location can be pinpointed. This is how nuclear
weapons testing in one country can be monitored by other countries around the
world.

MEASURING SCALE:

The relative size of earthquakes is measured by the Richter scale, which measures
the energy an earthquake releases. Each whole number increase in value on the
Richter scale indicates a 10-fold increase in the energy released and a thirty-fold
increase in ground motion. An earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter scale is ten
times more powerful, therefore, than an earthquake with a Richter Magnitude of 7,
which is ten times more powerful than an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.
Another scale—the Modified Mercalli Scale uses observations of damage (like
fallen chimneys) or people's assessments of effects (like mild or severe ground
shakin) to describe the intensity of a quake.

RECENT EARTHQUAKES:

An earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale at its epicentre in Myanmar

jolted Bangladesh on April 2016.
0n 04 January 2016, a pre-dawn moderate 6.7 magnitude earthquake originating in
the Indian state of Manipur has shaken Bangladesh, northeast India, and Myanmar
- making sleeping people jump out of their bed and rush out of their home.

The massive 7.9 magnitude earthquake in Nepal and its climbing death toll have
raised the heavyweight cautionary signal for Bangladesh about colossal
earthquake.

After the massive quake that killed more than 3,000 people in Nepal, two tremors
have hit Bangladesh on two consecutive day. The country was jolted by a massive
7.5 quake on 25 April 2015, causing panic among the people in the capital and
parts of the country.
EFFECTS:

Primary effects are the immediate damage caused by the quake, such as
collapsing buildings, roads and bridges, which may kill many people. Those lucky
enough to survive can suffer badly from shock and panic. Secondary effects are
the after-effects of the earthquake, such as fires, tsunami, landslides and disease.
Earthquakes destroy gas pipes and electric cables, causing fires to spread. Fires
spread very quickly in cities, especially in poor-quality housing areas where
wooden buildings are common. An earthquake on the sea floor or close to the coast
may cause huge waves or Tsunami. Fresh water supplies are often cut off causing
typhoid and cholera. Lack of shelter and food causes much suffering. Many
tourists were put off from visiting areas.

One of the major lessons learned from the earthquake was that failures of
infrastructure systems can cause the most disruption to the social and economic
system. Recently, it has become increasingly concerned with infrastructure
systems, particularly transportation facilities, water supply and distribution
systems, gas and electric distribution, and telephone and other communications. A
type of infrastructure that is often not considered is that of port facilities even
though they may play major roles in providing supplies for and exporting the
product of the regional economy. Ports are particularly vulnerable by their nature
because they have to be located next to harbors, often on soft soils and fill. The
impact of such loss can be serious because major ports are centers of commerce,
handle not only regional but international trade, and are linked with other sectors
such as land transport, finance, banking, insurance, and sophisticated business and
professional services. The economic cost of earthquakes and other natural disasters
is continually rising and the potential future losses are staggering.

PREDICTION:

Almost every time a large earthquake strikes an inhabited area questions are raised
in the media about why the event was not predicted. The argument is that a
successful prediction would greatly reduce the loss of life, if not necessarily the
economic damage, by permitting dangerous buildings to be evacuated, tsunami-
prone areas to be cleared, and hospitals and rescue teams to be prepared and on
standby.

Given that this vision sounds so appealing, it is perhaps surprising that most
specialists working on natural hazards argue that work on prediction is at best a
red herring, and at worst has adverse impacts on our ability to manage disasters.

we should be clear about what is meant by prediction. In this context we mean that
in advance of an earthquake a correct estimate is made of its magnitude, location
and time of occurrence. To be useful an earthquake prediction needs to include all
three.

MEASURES FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION:

For better understanding of all the possibilities of earthquake risk reduction, it is

important to classify them in terms of the role that each one of them could play.
Therefore, in the pre-earthquake phase, preparedness, mitigation and prevention
are concepts to work on. Post-disaster, immediate rescue and relief measures
including temporary sheltering soon after an earthquake until about 3 months later
and reconstruction and re-habilitation measures for a period of about six months to
three years need to follow. To encapsulate, the most effective measures of risk
reduction are pre-disaster mitigation, preparedness and preventive measures to
reduce vulnerability and expeditious, effective rescue and relief actions
immediately after the occurrence of the earthquake. Depending upon the calamity
and its consequences, strategies can also be divided into long term (five to fifteen
years), medium term (one to five years) and short term (to be taken up immediately
in high risk areas). Since it has been realized that earthquakes don't kill people but
faulty constructed buildings do, the task of reducing vulnerability of structures and
buildings will be the key to earthquake risk reduction. The major action points are
highlighted in the following paragraphs.

PRE-DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Long-term measures

• Re-framing buildings' codes, guidelines, manuals and byelaws and their strict
implementation. Tougher legislation for highly seismic areas.

• Incorporating earthquake resistant features in all buildings at high-risk areas.

• Making all public utilities like water supply systems, communication networks,
electricity lines etc. earthquake-proof. Creating alternative arrangements to reduce
damages to infrastructure facilities.

• Constructing earthquake-resistant community buildings and buildings (used to

gather large groups during or after an earthquake) like schools, Sacred Places,
hospitals, prayer halls, etc., especially in seismic zones of moderate to higher
intensities.

• Supporting R&D in various aspects of disaster mitigation, preparedness and

prevention and post-disaster management.

• Evolving educational curricula in architecture and engineering institutions and

technical training in polytechnics and schools to include disaster related topics.

Medium term measures

• Retrofitting of weak structures in highly seismic zones.

• Preparation of disaster related literature in local languages.

• Getting communities involved in the process of disaster mitigation through

education and awareness.

• Networking of local NGOs working in the area of disaster management.

POST-DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND CONTINGENCY

ACTION PLANS:

Health actors (WHO in close coordination with other health cluster members)
 Preparedness planning for Hospitals
 Arrangements for Medicare for injured and sick
 Mobilization of doctors and medical teams from other areas
 Activation of control room at affected areas for disseminating information to
the National Health Crisis Management Centre & Control Room of DGHS
 Disease surveillance and outbreak / Epidemic control
 Resume Immunization

Food Security actors (WFP, FAO, UNICEF)

 Needs analysis survey (to identify needs for victims)
  Supply and distribution of food items

Shelter actors (UNDP, IOM)

 Pre-identification of safe areas and establishment of temporary shelters
 Collection and distribution of emergency shelter items (tents, tarpaulins etc.
and assistance to people for erecting such emergency shelters)
 Identification of open spaces
 Shelter Management (coordination)

WASH actors (UNICEF)

 Hygiene promotion
 Restoration of water supply and drainage
 Sanitation
 Waste disposal
 Cholera –control operations

Logistics actors (WFP)

 Vulnerability assessment
 Damage assessment and planning for restoration of transportation facilities
connected with Road, Rail, Sea and Air transportation
 Contingency stock of food
 GIS / GPS equipment and technical services
 Accommodation facilities for humanitarian workers (tents)

Nutrition actors (UNICEF)

 Nutrition assessment (rapid or full survey) to ascertain the severity and
verify needs for a response
 Management of acute malnutrition
 Promotion and support for optimal maternal and child nutrition through the
promotion and support for optimal Infant and Young Child Feeding
Practices (IYCF)

Child Protection actors (UNICEF, Red Cross / Social Affairs)

 Child Protection needs assessment (CPNA)
 Coordination with other clusters (Food / Wash / Shelter / Education)

Early recovery actors (ERF, UNDP, Government)

 Governance
 Debris Management
EARTHQUAKE RISK IN BANGLADESH:

Only recently have scientists come to recognize that Bangladesh is positioned at

the juncture of several active tectonic plate boundaries. Moreover, it sits atop the
world’s largest river delta at close to sea level, facing both the risk posed by a
quake and secondary risks of tsunamis and flooding in the quake’s aftermath.

Over the past decades, urbanization in Bangladesh has been rapidly taking place
without proper guidance. As a result, many of the urban centers have developed
haphazardly. These urban centers are fast growing and influence the economic
developments of the country. It is therefore essential to have a realistic
understanding of the nature, severity and consequences of likely damage/loss that a
possible earthquake event could cause. A strong earthquake affecting a major
urban center like Dhaka, Chittagong, or Sylhet may result in damage and
destructions of massive proportions and may have disastrous consequences for the
entire nation.

The rapid increase in vulnerability of the Dhaka city is evident from the rapid
urbanization, population growth, population migration and development of major
economic zones in and around Dhaka. Major causes that lead to a very high
seriousness of the risk analysis related to earthquakes, include the haphazard
urbanization and sub-standard construction of buildings.

COORDINATION OF GOVERNMENT:

The Government of Bangladesh has made a strong commitment to the protection

of life and property of the people and the environment of Bangladesh from the
consequences of disasters. The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief shall
undertake the leadership responsibility for implementation of the National
Earthquake Contingency Plan endorsed by the National Disaster Management
Council (NDMC).

Inform the Government to:

1. Review national capacity to deal with the emergency.

2. Clarify its intent to declare a state of emergency

.
3. Clarify its intent to request, welcome or decline international assistance:
-If welcomes assistance, outline support options available, request approval for
additional humanitarian staff's entry into the country and the need for UNDAC
team.
-If declines, but assistance is nonetheless required.

4. Request logistical assistance for site visits if required.

CONCLUSION:

Earthquake is undisputed deadliest natural calamities .Since it’s not yet possible
any premonition regarding this, evermore pre preparedness & prompt after event
action can lessen the loss of property & lives .after few remarkable shocks near
around us , it high time we to take possible best awareness & action for us .

As more is discovered about how and why earthquakes occur, that knowledge can
be used to prevent the conditions that allow earthquakes to cause harm. The most
effective way to minimize the hazards of earthquakes is to build new buildings or
retrofit old ones to withstand the short, high-speed acceleration of earthquake
shocks. Disaster management experts of Indian Union Home Ministry have warned
that a bigger catastrophe – earthquakes with a magnitude of 8.2 or greater on the
Richter scale – may hit the already ruptured Himalayan region. To mitigate the
impact of a major earthquake in Bangladesh, we have to ensure that effective and
timely humanitarian assistance is provided to people in need. All activities will be
conducted in coordination with and in support of the Government of Bangladesh.
 14. E-governance
Written By: ( Sultana Jahan Islam )

The term e-governance is the effective and efficient use of modern information and
technologies such as computer, internet, LAN and mobile phones to improve the
activities of public sector organization with a view to establish good and
transparent governance and to promote democracy for any country. Most of the
developed countries have introduced the e-governance .It increases the
transparency of the government and strengthens the relationship between the mass
people and the government. E-governance gives the access to the government
activities for the peoples. People can know the activities of the government by
pressing one button simply. It reduces the bureaucratic complicacy too. We have
heard several times about the introduction of the e-governance in our country. Still
it has not been materialized

The final objective of e-governance is to create good governance.

E- Governance:

Governance is a broader notion than government, state and regime, and is the
interaction between formal institutions and civil society. Therefore e-governance,
meaning ‘electronic governance’ is using information and communication
technologies (ICTs) at various levels of the government and the public sector and
beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.

The UNESCO definition (www.unesco.org) is:

“E-governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication

technologies with the aim of improving information and service delivery,
encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and making
government more accountable, transparent and effective.
Goals of E- Governance:

1. Provide citizen’s access to information: E-governance opens the door to get

information 24 hours and 7 days which is helpful to ensure and implement
citizen’s right to information, transparencyand accountability.
2. Increase people’s participation with governance:E-governance has the potential
to increase levels of citizen participation in public discussion on the
development of government policies. The Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development has developed a three stage maturity model for
government engagement with citizens using Information and Communication
Technology (ICT).

It involves:

Stage 1: Information stage: Simple one way relationship

Government Citizen
Stage 2: Consultation stage: two way relationship

Government Citizen
Stage 3: Active participation stage: More effective & efficient
participation

Government Citizen

3. Simplifying the service delivery: It simplifies the service delivery process

by removing rigid, conventional process. For instance, long process of
tender and passport issuing now replaced in place of traditional process by
the blessing of e-governance.
4. Strengthening good governance: E-governance ensures horizontal
governance system which empowers every stakeholder of the governance,
provides citizen oriented service more effectively, efficiently and
economically-all these are the pillars of good governance.
5. Transparency and anti-corruption: We already come to know that e-
governance plays important role in transparency implementation which
also depicts that information dissemination is helpful to prevent
corruption. Klitgaard (1988) in his Principle-Agent Theory, suggested
three tools including Incentives, Institutions and Information in short
‘three I’s to eradicate corruption from the organization and society. So
when information will be disseminated between legislative power and
 regulatory agency; regulatory agency and regulated firms; users/civil
society/media and regulator/government/firms; within the regulatory
agency between experts and non-experts and among competing regulated
firms, corruption will be reduced. As its consequence citizen’s trust on
government will increase.

Main Components of E-Governance:

E-Governance is composed of three major components, these are:

1. G2C (Government-to-Citizen) involves interaction of individual citizens with

the government. Examples include payment of utility bills or downloading
government forms from the Internet. The e-Citizen Portal of Singapore is one of
the most highly acclaimed G2C sites. The portal has relevant information
organized according to topics and has specific entry points for teenagers,
working adults, senior citizens and foreigners. It also has scope for citizen
feedback and questions.
2. G2B (Government-to-Business) involves interaction of business entities with
the government. Examples include corporate tax filing or government
procurement process through the Internet. One primary success story of online
government procurement is Malaysia’s e-Prohelan web-site which has about
3,500 government procurement centers and about 30,000 suppliers.
3. G2G (Government-to-Government) involves interaction among government
officials, whether within a government office or within government offices.
Examples include using e-mail for internal government communication or
customized software for tracking progress of government projects.
4. It is G2G which is generally referred to as being e-Government. Therefore, e-
Government may be perceived as being a sub-component of overall e-
Governance. Although it needs to be kept in mind that in some literature, the
terms ‘e-Government’ and ‘e-Governance’ are used interchangeably. But there
are some basic differences these two, which has been stated in following
section. However, interaction among these components has been shown in
following figure:

The interaction among different components of e-governance occurs at a two way

communication approach.
 Problems of E-Governance in Bangladesh

Social and cultural constraints

Social and cultural factors such as gender, poverty, level of education, class, caste,
age, and social exclusion can all directly impede the use of computers in
developing dialogue with government using ICTs. One of the key problems is the
attitude of “change agents”—some people are uneasy about using computers and
the internet. In bureaucracies, the possibilities inherent in flattering hierarchies and
decentralizing access to information on to the desks of all employees and in
promoting associated changes in power within organizations, are seen as a direct
threat to many senior staff, who then block adoption ( Jackson, 2000, p. 89 ).

Example: In Bangladesh 16.7% ministries are currently active on launching their

e-governance project while 44.4%have responded negatively in respect of owing
any e-governance related project.

Political consensus constraints

Bangladesh e-Government program receives strong political support from the

present government. In fact, it is widely believed that the people voted AL into
power to digitize Bangladesh for development. Immediately after the AL took over
the office in January2009, the opposition political parties are showing non-
cooperation and abstaining from joining the Parliamentary sessions. The AL
government has taken no effective initiative so far to bring them back in the
governing process. This ongoing political impasse further weakens the spirit of
revitalizing the multi-party democratic governance in Bangladesh. A political
consensus between party in power and the opposition is needed to implement
capital- intensive -Government projects for the purpose of its uninterrupted future
journey.

Human resources constraints

UN/ASPA (2002) has identified in adequate supply of quality human resources and
lack of good training infrastructure as one of the key impediments to the smooth
development of e-governance in developing countries. The quality of e-governance
largely depends on the performance of human resources. Bangladesh public
administration suffers from an acute shortage of trained personnel, which limits its
efficient operation. A recent study ( Babu, 2009) estimates that, among the
manpower engaged in ICT- related jobs in various ministries and divisions, only
25% of them are system analysts, 2%web developers, 2% web administrators, and
11% IT trainers. System analysts and web developers, among others, are needed
the most as the country wants to implement e-governance based service provision
system. To fill the gap between demand and supply of IT professionals, almost all
public and private universities offer degree programs in computer science and
engineering. There are also local and foreign institutes engaged in providing IT-
related education and training. The general tendency of such graduates is to work
in private and multinational companies than joining the public sector, largely
because the former pays a more attractive compensation and benefits package than
the latter. Therefore, the perceived shortage of IT professionals in public sector can
perhaps never be overcome unless there is a major overhaul in the public sector
pay and salary structure, so as to make it more competitive with the offerings of
the private sector.

Digital divide constraints

The digital divide implies a widening of the gap between the “haves” and “have-
nots” with respect to ICT across the world ( Ashrafet al., 2009 ). In developing
countries, the digital divide occurs where there is a lack of infrastructure (for
example, power supply) or access to modern technology: the internet, computers,
or mobile phones (James, 2007). It is further compounded by low literacy rates,
high poverty rates, slow adoption of technology, and the lack of initiative for
infrastructural development, and high corruption. Bangladesh is a carrier of all
these symptoms that result in the acceleration of digital divide. A survey(2005) on
household income and expenditure conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics (BBS) collected data on the use of computer, e-mail, internet, and fixed
and mobile phone in both rural and urban households. The survey results indicate
that a gap exists between rural and urban households in terms of the access to
modern technology. It demonstrates that the rate of use of ICT facilities by urban
households is much higher than that of rural households.

Infrastructural development constraints

The operation of e-governance requires construction of strong technological
infrastructure of telecommunications. A significant financial investment is required
to develop this infrastructure. Bangladesh's poor telecommunication infrastructure
is a barrier for quality electronic service delivery. Plans to improve the structure
are underway, but it is unclear whether Bangladesh has the fiscal capability to
bear the cost burden of this public investment. A recent report emphasizes that the
impact of the global recession on the IT services and telecommunications sectors is
still emerging. As a result, worldwide IT spending will decline 6 % compared with
2008, with total spend dropping from 3.4 trillion US dollars to 3.2 trillion US
dollars (Robinson, 2009). However, the poor infrastructural readiness was also
reflected in the e-Government Readiness Survey 2008 prepared by the United
Nations where it scored 0.0246 on infrastructure index ( UN, 2008, p. 178).

Central database problem

Bangladesh government did not design any central database for citizen’s access
using through internet. Even there is no available information of any citizen in
government offices to use any emergency situation. For this reason government
officers have to face many difficulties to identify any person for any special
reason.

Public awareness about government portal The majority of the government

officials and public are unaware about the e-Citizens Service application portal.
Very few percent of the government officials and general people of the country are
aware about the portal. Only few portions of the people are using the e-governance
portal.

All these problems indicate that compared to the past, Bangladesh has made
progress in the United Nations overall e-governance readiness ranking. Among 192
member states, Bangladesh uplifted its position from 162 to 142. But it does not
implies that Bangladesh is now at a good stage in e-government practice since it
lags behind from the effective exercise of e-governance. For example, According
to the Global Information Technology Report 2002, Bangladesh ranked 77 among
84 countries because of less professional on ICT.
The content and intensity of the advanced feature of the e-government websites in
Bangladesh suggest that they subsist generally to the category of informative phase
with in a thin flavor of interactive attribute; where features of ‘transaction’ and
‘networked’ stages are almost invisible. In addition, only 19(42.2%) ministries
offer public forms in their websites, on top of that many of these ministries do not
offer useful forms.

These weaknesses of e-governance implementation are the results of challenges

already mentioned on the top, the government faces. Having these hurdles, another
acute problem, and cybercrime is now more visible, which makes our social life
more complicated and threatens our civilization. Next part of the report details on
this issue.

SWOT Analysis of e-Governance: Bangladesh Perspective

The SWOT is kept at a high level. Going into detail would be a problem because
situation is very far each country, for each governance solution. Going through
some journals here is given SWOT analysis with a focus on the following aspects
of e governance in Bangladesh

1. political
2. social
3. economical
4. technological
 15.E-Government
Written By: ( Shakhaoat Hossain )

Introduction: This is the era of Information Technology (IT). IT plays a vital role
in daily life. To make transparent and effective the government works, to increase
government efficiency, accountability and to improve the service delivery and
participating the public in all aspects of government activities e-Governance is
obligatory. Bangladesh government took the initiative to implement e-governance
in 2001, but the implementation of e-Governance in Bangladesh is not up to the
mark and the government is not getting the full benefits of e-Governance yet for
many reasons.

eGovernment is the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to

improve the activities of public sector organizations. E-government (short
for electronic government - 'EG', is also known as e-gov, Internet government,
digital government, online government, connected government).

Defining E-Government:

According to United Nations-"The employment of the Internet and the world-wide-

web for delivering government information and services to the citizens." (United
Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005)

According to World Bank's E-government Handbook (2002, p.1): "The use of

information and communications technologies (ICT) to transform government by
making it more accessible, effective and accountable.

Electronic government (or e-government) essentially refers to "The utilization of

Information Technology (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT
s), and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or
enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector
Delivery models of e-government

The primary delivery models of e-government can be divided into:

 Government-to-citizen or government-to-consumer (G2C)

 In this model, the G2C model apply the strategy of customer
relationship management (CRM) with business concept.
 By managing their customer (citizen) relationship, the business
(government) can provide the needed products and services fulfill the
needs from customer (citizen).
 In United States, the NPR (National Partnership for Reinventing
Government) has been implemented from 1993.
 Government-to-business (G2B)
 Government-to-government (G2G)
 Government-to-employees (G2E)
Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:

 pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general

holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.
 two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or
another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue
with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency.
 conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and
grants.
 governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information
access to active citizen participation by:
1. Informing the citizen
2. Representing the citizen
3. Encouraging the citizen to vote
4. Consulting the citizen
5. Involving the citizen
 E government model

Non-internet e-government

While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based

government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used
in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text
messaging, MMS, wireless networks and services, Bluetooth, CCTV, tracking
systems, RFID, biometricidentification, road traffic management and regulatory
enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other near field
communication applications; polling station technology (where non-online e-
voting is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government services
(e.g., CSMW), email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic
mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies.
Bangladesh in global ranking

Country Index
Republic of Korea 0.9462
Australia 0.9103
Singapore 0.9076
France 0.8938
Netherlands 0.8897
Japan 0.8874
United States of
0.8748
America
United Kingdom
of Great Britain
0.8695
and Northern
Ireland
New Zealand 0.8644
Finland 0.844

According to the UN survey report of 2014, Bangladesh (EGDI score 0.2757) is

ranked 148th among 193 countries of the world. However, Bangladesh moved two
steps forward from its previous position of 150 according to 2012 survey. In the
SAARC region, Bangladesh is fifth after Sri Lanka (score 0.5418), Maldives (score
0.4813), India (score 0.3834) and Bhutan (score 0.2829). Bhutan, with score of
0.2829, made a mentionable progress in e-government by moving forward by 9
steps from its previous positions (152 in 2012)

The 2014 report is based on the survey, when Bangladesh was included in the list
of low-income group. It is to be noted that Bangladesh, with GNI of over USD
1300, is now listed in the lower middle-income group and the 2014 report does not
reflect our achievements and progress up until now.
Advantages of e-government

The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio

of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. E-
government allows for government transparency. Government transparency is
important because it allows the public to be informed about what the government is
working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement.

E-government helps simplify processes and makes government information more

easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example,
the Indiana Bureau of Motor Vehicles simplified the process of certifying driver
records to be admitted in county court proceedings. Indiana became the first state
to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered
electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In addition to its
simplicity, e-democracy services can reduce costs. AlabamaDepartment of
Conservation & Natural Resources, Wal-Mart and NIC developed an online
hunting and fishing license service utilizing an existing computer to automate the
licensing process. More than 140,000 licenses were purchased at Wal-Mart stores
during the first hunting season and the agency estimates it will save $200,000
annually from service.

1. Democratization

One goal of e-government will be greater citizen participation. Through the

internet, people from all over the country can interact with politicians or public
servants and make their voices heard. Blogging and interactive surveys will allow
politicians or public servants to see the views of the people they represent on any
given issue. Chat rooms can place citizens in real-time contact with elected
officials, their offices or provide them with the means to replace them by
interacting directly with public servants, allowing voters to have a direct impact
and influence in their government. These technologies can create a more
transparent government, allowing voters to immediately see how and why their
representation in the capital is voting the way they are. This helps voters better
decide who to vote for in the future or how to help the public servants become
more productive. A government could theoretically move more towards a
true democracy with the proper application of e-government. Government
transparency will give insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold
elected officials or public servants accountable for their actions. The public could
become a direct and prominent influence in government legislature to some degree.

2. Environmental bonuses
Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen
the need for hard copy forms. Due to recent pressures
from environmentalist groups, the media, and the public, some governments and
organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce this paper use. The United
States government utilizes the website http://www.forms.gov.bd to provide
“internal government forms for Bangladeshis” and thus “produce significant
savings in paper.

3. Speed, efficiency, and convenience

E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at

any time and any location, and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to
government agents sitting behind desks and windows. Improved accounting and
record keeping can be noted through computerization, and information and forms
can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. On the administrative
side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can now be stored
in databases versus hardcopies stored in various locations. Individuals with
disabilities or conditions no longer have to be mobile to be active in government
and can be in the comfort of their own homes.

4. Public approval

Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from
the public. Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with
increasing frequency, and young people, who traditionally display minimal interest
in government affairs, are drawn to electronic voting procedures.

Although internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of

reliable privacy policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of
offenders over personal confidentiality. Ninety percent of United States adults
approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and 57% are willing to forgo
some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or
terrorists.

Disadvantages of e-government

The main disadvantages concerning e-government is the lack of equality in public

access to the internet, reliability of information on the web, and hidden agendas of
government groups that could influence and bias public opinions.

There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and

designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its
citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to cyber
attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.

1. Hyper-surveillance
Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-
government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be
forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could
potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more
and more information on them. In a worst-case scenario, with so much information
being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like
system could develop. When the government has easy access to countless
information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost.
2. Cost
Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent"[18] on the development
and implementation of e-government, some say[who?] it has yielded only a
mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based governments
are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.[19] According to Gartner, Worldwide
IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from
the year 2010 ($3.4 trillion).

3. Inaccessibility
An e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the
"potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are
homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes.
 4. False sense of transparency and accountability
Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is
dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can
be added or removed from the public eye. To this day, very few organizations
monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those that do so, like
the United States’ OMBWatchand Government Accountability Project, are often
nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track
of the information they insert and delete.

Conclusion: We have remarkable progress in ICT considering our previous status.

But keeping in mind our current rank and status in comparison with other countries
and the rapid development of ICT, the journey ahead for improving our status of e-
services and e-governance will not be smooth. Each new technology requires new
skills and training. Human capital is a key factor to develop and adapt innovative
ideas and technologies. Quality ICT education as well as ICT-based education
from the primary to tertiary level along with the orientation of general mass in ICT
and e-services should receive top priority.

Elimination of the digital divide between rural and urban areas and between other
sections of society is essential to implement and expand e-governance and to
improve global status.