1.

Ultra Structure and Difference

2. Difference between Virulen and Antigenic Factor
Bacterial Virulence Factors are molecules synthesized by certain bacteria that increases their
capacity to infect or damage human tissues.

3. Diagnosis Diphteria
The current clinical case definition of diphtheria used by the United States' Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention is based on both laboratory and clinical criteria.

Laboratory criteria

 Isolation of C. diphtheriae from a Gram stain or throat culture from a clinical

specimen,[9]
 Histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria by Albert's stain
 Clinical criteria

 Upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat

 Low-grade fever (above 39 °C (102 °F) is rare)
 An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the
pharynx: in severe cases, it can extend to cover the entire tracheobronchial tree.

Case classification

 Probable: a clinically compatible case that is not laboratory-confirmed and is not

epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case
 Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is either laboratory-confirmed or
epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case

Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of

diphtheria is high.

4. Virulence Factor
 Staphylococcus
Enzyme :
1. Coagulase
2. Hyaluronidase
3. Staphylokinase
4. Lipases
5. -lactamase

Toxin

1. Cytolytic toxins
2. Exfoliative toxins
3. Toxic-shock-syndrome toxin
4. Enterotoxins
 Group A Strep- Virulence Factors
1. M protein of fimbriae
2. Toxins
o Streptolysin O and S - hemolysis
o Erythrogenic toxin - rash
o Pyrogenic toxin – fever
3. Enzymes
o Deoxynuclease
o Hyaluronidase
o Streptokinase – lyse platelets, WBC
 Virulence Factors:
1. Phosphorylcholine –
stimulates cells to phagocytize the bacteria
1. Polysaccharide capsule
protects the bacteria from digestion after endocytosis
1. Protein adhesin –
binds the cells to pharynx epithelial cells
1. Secretory IgA protease – destroys IgA
2. Pneumolysin – lyses epithelial cells and suppresses the digestion of the endocytized
bacteria

5. Gram Positive Bacteria that is pathogenic

I-Gram Positive Cocci
A-Streptococcus (e.g. streptococcus Pneumoniae)
B-Staphylococcus (e.g. Staph. aureus)
C-Enterococcus (Previously Group D Strep.)
II-Gram Positive Rods
A-Corynebacteria: Corynebacterium diphtheria
B-Listeria monocytogenes
C-Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
D-Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
III-Gram Positive Branching Organisms
A-Actinomycetes

B. COCCI
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus aureus
 More virulent strain
 Some people are “carriers” in nose and on skin
2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
 Normal microbiota of human skin
 Can cause opportunistic infections
Streptococcus
 Group A and B are pathogens
 Group A : Streptococcus pyogenes : strep throat
- Beta-hemolytic
- Infects the pharynx or skin
- Often causes disease when normal microbiota are depleted
- Spreads through respiratory droplets

Group A Streptococcal Diseases

Scarlet Fever Accompanies strep throat if strain releases erythrogenic toxins

 Group B Streptococcus beta hemolytic= Streptococcus agalactiae

Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci:
 Streptococcus pneumonia
The Viridans Group

Enterococcus : E. faecalis and E. faecium

C. BASIL
Bacillus

 B. cereus group

 B. anthracis

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium : C. diphtheria, C. jeikeium (JK), C. urealyticum

Erisipelothrix rhusopathiae

Nocardia : Opportunist (HIV, Malignancy)

Rhodococcus equi
Tropheryma whippeli