32 CHAPTER 2 BASIC COMPONENTS AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

23. A path around a certain electric circuit has discrete points labeled A, B, C, and
D. To move an electron from points A to C requires 5 pJ. To move an electron
from B to C requires 3 pJ. To move an electron from A to D requires 8 pJ.
(a) What is the potential difference (in volts) between points B and C,
assuming a “+” reference at C? (b) What is the potential difference (in volts)
between points B and D, assuming a “+” reference at D? (c) What is the
potential difference (in volts) between points A and B (again, in volts),
assuming a “+” reference at B?
24. Two metallic terminals protrude from a device. The terminal on the left is the
positive reference for a voltage called vx (the other terminal is the negative
reference). The terminal on the right is the positive reference for a voltage
called v y (the other terminal being the negative reference). If it takes 1 mJ of
energy to push a single electron into the left terminal, determine the voltages
vx and v y .
25. The convention for voltmeters is to use a black wire for the negative reference
terminal and a red wire for the positive reference terminal. (a) Explain why
two wires are required to measure a voltage. (b) If it is dark and the wires into
the voltmeter are swapped by accident, what will happen during the next
measurement?
26. Determine the power absorbed by each of the elements in Fig. 2.29.

+
1 pA + 1V –

+ 10 mA 2A 10 V
–
6V
–
2A
(a) (b) (c)
■ FIGURE 2.29 Elements for Exer. 26.

27. Determine the power absorbed by each of the elements in Fig. 2.30.

1A
– +
8e–t mA

2V + –16e–t V – 2V 10–3 i1
(t = 500 ms)
+ –

(i1 = 100 mA)

(a) (b) (c)
■ FIGURE 2.30 Elements for Exer. 27.

28. A constant current of 1 ampere is measured flowing into the positive reference
terminal of a pair of leads whose voltage we’ll call v p . Calculate the absorbed
power at t = 1 s if v p (t) equals (a) +1 V; (b) −1 V; (c) 2 + 5 cos(5t) V;
(d) 4e−2t V, (e) Explain the significance of a negative value for absorbed
power.
34 CHAPTER 2 BASIC COMPONENTS AND ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

34. Refer to the circuit represented in Fig. 2.33, while noting that the same current
flows through each element. The voltage-controlled dependent source provides
a current which is 5 times as large as the voltage Vx . (a) For VR = 100 V and
Vx = 92 V, determine the power supplied by each element. (b) Verify that the
algebraic sum of the supplied powers is equal to zero.
35. The circuit depicted in Fig. 2.34 contains a dependent current source; the
magnitude and direction of the current it supplies are directly determined by
the voltage labeled v1 . Note that therefore i 2 = −3v1 . Determine the voltage
v1 if v2 = 33i 2 and i 2 = 100 mA.

+ i2 +
vS +
– v1 3v1 v2
– –

■ FIGURE 2.34

36. To protect an expensive circuit component from being delivered too much
power, you decide to incorporate a fast-blowing fuse into the design.
Knowing that the circuit component is connected to 12 V, its minimum power
consumption is 12 W, and the maximum power it can safely dissipate is 100 W,
which of the three available fuse ratings should you select: 1 A, 4 A, or 10 A?
Explain your answer.
37. The dependent source in the circuit of Fig. 2.35 provides a voltage whose
value depends on the current i x . What value of i x is required for the dependent
source to be supplying 1 W?

ix

+
+
–2ix – v2
–

■ FIGURE 2.35

2.4 Ohm’s Law

38. Determine the magnitude of the current flowing through a 4.7 k resistor if the
voltage across it is (a) 1 mV; (b) 10 V; (c) 4e−t V; (d) 100 cos(5t) V; (e) −7 V.
39. Real resistors can only be manufactured to a specific tolerance, so that in effect
the value of the resistance is uncertain. For example, a 1  resistor specified as
5% tolerance could in practice be found to have a value anywhere in the range
of 0.95 to 1.05 . Calculate the voltage across a 2.2 k 10% tolerance resistor
if the current flowing through the element is (a) 1 mA; (b) 4 sin 44t mA.
40. (a) Sketch the current-voltage relationship (current on the y-axis) of a 2 k
resistor over the voltage range of −10 V ≤ Vresistor ≤ +10 V. Be sure to label
both axes appropriately. (b) What is the numerical value of the slope (express
your answer in siemens)?
41. Sketch the voltage across a 33  resistor over the range 0 < t < 2π s, if the
current is given by 2.8 cos(t) A. Assume both the current and voltage are
defined according to the passive sign convention.
42. Figure 2.36 depicts the current-voltage characteristic of three different resistive
elements. Determine the resistance of each, assuming the voltage and current
are defined in accordance with the passive sign convention.
70 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

13. Determine the current labeled I3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.55.

1⍀ I3
+
2 mA 4.7 k⍀ Vx 5Vx 3⍀
–

■ FIGURE 3.55

14. Study the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.56, and explain (in terms of KCL) why the
voltage labeled Vx must be zero.

R + Vx –

R
Vs +
–
R

■ FIGURE 3.56

15. In many households, multiple electrical outlets within a given room are often
all part of the same circuit. Draw the circuit for a four-walled room which has
a single electrical outlet per wall, with a lamp (represented by a 1  resistor)
connected to each outlet.
3.3 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
16. For the circuit of Fig. 3.57:
(a) Determine the voltage v1 if v2 = 0 and v3 = ⫺17 V.
(b) Determine the voltage v1 if v 2 = ⫺2 V and v3 = ⫹2 V.
(c) Determine the voltage v2 if v1 = 7 V and v3 = 9 V.
(d) Determine the voltage v3 if v1 = ⫺2.33 V and v2 = ⫺1.70 V.

A 2 C

+ + v2 –
–
v1 1 3 v3
– +

B
■ FIGURE 3.57

17. For each of the circuits in Fig. 3.58, determine the voltage vx and the current ix.

4V –7 V
+ – + –
+ +
– –
9V + ix 7⍀ vx 2V + ix 8⍀ vx
– –

(a) (b)
■ FIGURE 3.58
72 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

24. The circuit shown in Fig. 3.64 includes a device known as an op amp. This
device has two unusual properties in the circuit shown: (1) Vd = 0 V, and
(2) no current can flow into either input terminal (marked “−” and “+” inside
the symbol), but it can flow through the output terminal (marked “OUT”).
This seemingly impossible situation—in direct conflict with KCL—is a result
of power leads to the device that are not included in the symbol. Based on this
information, calculate Vout . (Hint: two KVL equations are required, both
involving the 5 V source.)

470 ⍀

100 ⍀
OP AMP
+ –
Vd OUT
+ +
5V – – + Vout
–
■ FIGURE 3.64

3.4 The Single-Loop Circuit

25. The circuit of Fig. 3.12b is constructed with the following: vs1 = ⫺8 V,
R1 = 1 , vs2 = 16 V, and R2 = 4.7 . Calculate the power absorbed by each
element. Verify that the absorbed powers sum to zero.
26. Obtain a numerical value for the power absorbed by each element in the circuit
shown in Fig. 3.65.
2⍀
+ –
+ 8vA –
4.5 V 5⍀ vA
– +

■ FIGURE 3.65

27. Compute the power absorbed by each element of the circuit of Fig. 3.66.
28. Compute the power absorbed by each element in the circuit of Fig. 3.67 if the
mysterious element X is (a) a 13  resistor; (b) a dependent voltage source
labeled 4v1 , “⫹” reference on top; (c) a dependent voltage source labeled 4ix,
“⫹” reference on top.
+ v1 –

2V 1 k⍀ 33 ⍀
– + X
27 ⍀
+ +
3vx
500 ⍀ vx –
+ +
– 12 V – – 2V

2.2 k⍀
ix 19 ⍀
■ FIGURE 3.66
■ FIGURE 3.67

29. Kirchhoff’s laws apply whether or not Ohm’s law applies to a particular
element. The I-V characteristic of a diode, for example, is given by
 
I D = I S e VD /VT − 1
 EXERCISES 73

where VT = 27 mV at room temperature and I S can vary from 10−12 to 100 ⍀

10−3 A. In the circuit of Fig. 3.68, use KVL/KCL to obtain VD if I S = 29 pA.
(Note: This problem results in a transcendental equation, requiring an iterative +
approach to obtaining a numerical solution. Most scientific calculators will 3V +
ID VD
–
perform such a function.)
–
3.5 The Single-Node-Pair Circuit
■ FIGURE 3.68
30. Referring to the circuit of Fig. 3.69, (a) determine the two currents i1 and i2;
(b) compute the power absorbed by each element.

3A v 4⍀ R1 7A 2⍀ R2
i1 i2
–

■ FIGURE 3.69

31. Determine a value for the voltage v as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 3.70, and
compute the power supplied by the two current sources.

–2 A v 10 ⍀ R1 3A 6⍀ R2
i1 i2
–

■ FIGURE 3.70

32. Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.71, determine the value of the voltage v.

+
1A 5⍀ v 5A 5⍀ 2A
–

■ FIGURE 3.71

33. Determine the voltage v as labeled in Fig. 3.72, and calculate the power
supplied by each current source.
34. Although drawn so that it may not appear obvious at first glance, the circuit
of Fig. 3.73 is in fact a single-node-pair circuit. (a) Determine the power
absorbed by each resistor. (b) Determine the power supplied by each current
source. (c) Show that the sum of the absorbed power calculated in (a) is equal
to the sum of the supplied power calculated in (c).

ix 1 k⍀ 3 mA

+
2.8 k⍀
1⍀ 3ix v 2A 3⍀
5 mA 4.7 k⍀

–
■ FIGURE 3.72 ■ FIGURE 3.73
74 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

3.6 Series and Parallel Connected Sources

v1 + 35. Determine the numerical value for v eq in Fig. 3.74a, if (a) v1 = 0, v2 = ⫺3 V,
– and v3 = ⫹3 V; (b) v1 = v2 = v3 = 1 V; (c) v1 = ⫺9 V, v2 = 4.5 V, v3 = 1 V.
36. Determine the numerical value for ieq in Fig. 3.74b, if (a) i1 = 0, i2 = ⫺3 A,
v2 +
– =
+
–
veq and i3 = ⫹3 A; (b) i1 = i2 = i3 = 1 A; (c) i1 = ⫺9 A, i2 = 4.5 A, i3 = 1 A.
37. For the circuit presented in Fig. 3.75, determine the current labeled i by first
– combining the four sources into a single equivalent source.
v3 + 38. Determine the value of v1 required to obtain a zero value for the current la-
beled i in the circuit of Fig. 3.76.
(a)
1 k⍀ 7⍀

– –
6V + 4V
i + i
–
2V +
i1 i2 i3 = ieq +
–
v1
+ –
12 V – 2V 2V + 1V
7⍀
– + – +

(b) ■ FIGURE 3.75 ■ FIGURE 3.76

■ FIGURE 3.74
39. (a) For the circuit of Fig. 3.77, determine the value for the voltage labeled v,
after first simplifying the circuit to a single current source in parallel with two
resistors. (b) Verify that the power supplied by your equivalent source is equal to
the sum of the supplied powers of the individual sources in the original circuit.

+
7A 2⍀ v 5A 3⍀ 8A
–

■ FIGURE 3.77

40. What value of I S in the circuit of Fig. 3.78 will result in a zero voltage v?

+
1.28 A 1⍀ v IS 1⍀ –2.57 A
–

■ FIGURE 3.78

41. (a) Determine the values for I X and VY in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.79.
(b) Are those values necessarily unique for that circuit? Explain. (c) Simplify
the circuit of Fig. 3.79 as much as possible and still maintain the values for v
and i. (Your circuit must contain the 1  resistor.)

–3 A 3A

+
– – –
IX –4 A v 1⍀ + 4V + VY + 3V
– i

■ FIGURE 3.79
78 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

59. A common midfrequency model for a field effect–based amplifier circuit is

shown in Fig. 3.95. If the controlling parameter gm (known as the transconduc-
tance) is equal to 1.2 mS, employ current division to obtain the current through
the 1 k resistor, and then calculate the amplifier output voltage v out.
30 ⍀

+ +
+
12 cos 1000t mV 15 k⍀ v␲ gm v␲ 10 k⍀ 1 k⍀ vout
–
– –

■ FIGURE 3.95

60. The circuit depicted in Fig. 3.96 is routinely employed to model the midfre-
quency operation of a bipolar junction transistor–based amplifier. Calculate the
amplifier output v out if the transconductance gm is equal to 322 mS.

1 k⍀

+ +
+
6 cos 2300t ␮V – 15 k⍀ 3 k⍀ v␲ gm v␲ 3.3 k⍀ vout
– –

■ FIGURE 3.96

61. With regard to the circuit shown in Fig. 3.97, compute (a) the voltage across
the two 10  resistors, assuming the top terminal is the positive reference;
(b) the power dissipated by the 4  resistor.

20 ⍀ 40 ⍀ 20 ⍀

+
2V – 10 ⍀ 10 ⍀ 50 ⍀ 4⍀

■ FIGURE 3.97

62. Delete the leftmost 10  resistor in the circuit of Fig. 3.97, and compute
(a) the current flowing into the left-hand terminal of the 40  resistor; (b) the
power supplied by the 2 V source; (c) the power dissipated by the 4 
resistor.
63. Consider the seven-element circuit depicted in Fig. 3.98. (a) How many nodes,
loops, and branches does it contain? (b) Calculate the current flowing through
each resistor. (c) Determine the voltage across the current source, assuming the
top terminal is the positive reference terminal.

1⍀

2⍀

2⍀
2⍀

2A 5⍀

5⍀

■ FIGURE 3.98
112 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

15. Determine a numerical value for each nodal voltage in the circuit of Fig. 4.41.

v3 v7

6⍀ 2⍀ 5⍀ 4⍀ 2⍀ 10 ⍀
2A 2A
10 ⍀ 4⍀
v1 v4 1A v5 v8 6A
v2 v6

2⍀ 5⍀ 5⍀ 1⍀ 4⍀ 1⍀

■ FIGURE 4.41

16. Determine the current i2 as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.42, with the
assistance of nodal analysis.

i2 5⍀

– v3 +
3⍀ 2⍀
5⍀ i1 2⍀
– v1 +
3⍀ 0.02v1 0.2v3
10 V
1A
– vx +
vx ■ FIGURE 4.42

17. Using nodal analysis as appropriate, determine the current labeled i1 in the
■ FIGURE 4.43 circuit of Fig. 4.43.

4.2 The Supernode

1⍀ 18. Determine the nodal voltages as labeled in Fig. 4.44, making use of the
5A
supernode technique as appropriate.
4V 19. For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.45, determine a numerical value for the voltage
v1
v2
+ – v3 labeled v1 .
5⍀ 20. For the circuit of Fig. 4.46, determine all four nodal voltages.
2⍀
3⍀
3A
10 ⍀
8A 1⍀
Ref. + +
– 6V 4⍀ 5V –
■ FIGURE 4.44
v1
+ –

9V 2A
3A 5⍀ 9⍀ 5A 1⍀ 2⍀

■ FIGURE 4.45 ■ FIGURE 4.46

 EXERCISES 113

21. Employing supernode/nodal analysis techniques as appropriate, determine the

power dissipated by the 1  resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.47.

2A
1⍀
– + + –
3⍀
4V 4V
+
3A – 7V

2⍀
■ FIGURE 4.47

22. Referring to the circuit of Fig. 4.48, obtain a numerical value for the power
supplied by the 1 V source.

6A

4V
14 ⍀ 7⍀ 7⍀
+ – – +

3V
2⍀
4A 3⍀
+
– 1V +
1A 10 ⍀
2⍀
v 2⍀
–
■ FIGURE 4.48
+ –
23. Determine the voltage labeled v in the circuit of Fig. 4.49. 20 ⍀
5V
24. Determine the voltage vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.50, and the power supplied by –
the 1 A source. +
12 ⍀
5A 10 V
2vx

– + ■ FIGURE 4.49
8⍀ 8A

+
1A 5⍀ vx 2⍀
–

■ FIGURE 4.50

25. Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.51. Determine the current labeled i1.

0.5i1
2⍀
– +

3 V +– 2A
+
–
4V
4⍀ i1

■ FIGURE 4.51
 EXERCISES 115

30. Obtain numerical values for the two mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit
shown in Fig. 4.56.

7⍀ 3⍀
– –
5V i2 i1 12 V
+ +
14 ⍀

■ FIGURE 4.56

31. Use mesh analysis as appropriate to determine the two mesh currents labeled in
Fig. 4.57.

9⍀ 9⍀

1⍀
+ –
15 V – + 21 V
i1 – i2
+
11 V

■ FIGURE 4.57

32. Determine numerical values for each of the three mesh currents as labeled in
the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.58.

i2
1⍀ 6⍀
9⍀
+ i1
2V – –
+ 3V

i3 7⍀
5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.58

33. Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.58.
34. Employing mesh analysis as appropriate, obtain (a) a value for the current iy
and (b) the power dissipated by the 220  resistor in the circuit of Fig. 4.59.
35. Choose nonzero values for the three voltage sources of Fig. 4.60 so that no
current flows through any resistor in the circuit.

+ –

220 ⍀ 5⍀
iy 2⍀ 3⍀
2.2 k⍀

1 k⍀ 4.7 k⍀
+
+ 7⍀ –
5V – 4.7 k⍀ 1 k⍀
5.7 k⍀
+ –

■ FIGURE 4.59 ■ FIGURE 4.60

116 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

36. Calculate the current ix in the circuit of Fig. 4.61.

10 A

8⍀ 12 ⍀ 20 ⍀

ix
+
3V – 4⍀ 8⍀ 5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.61

37. Employing mesh analysis procedures, obtain a value for the current labeled i in
the circuit represented by Fig. 4.62.

3⍀

4⍀ 1⍀

i
+
2V –

1⍀ 4⍀

■ FIGURE 4.62

38. Determine the power dissipated in the 4  resistor of the circuit shown in
Fig. 4.63.
2i1
5⍀
– +

– +
4V + 3⍀ –
1V
4⍀ i1

■ FIGURE 4.63

39. (a) Employ mesh analysis to determine the power dissipated by the 1 
resistor in the circuit represented schematically by Fig. 4.64. (b) Check your
answer using nodal analysis.
40. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.65, and employ
mesh analysis to obtain a value for each.

10 ⍀
0.5vx
1⍀ 5⍀ 2⍀ 9⍀

ix + vx – 10 ⍀
+ + –
4A 2⍀ 5ix 2⍀ 1A 2V – – 1V + 5V
3⍀

■ FIGURE 4.64 ■ FIGURE 4.65

 EXERCISES 117

41. Employ mesh analysis to obtain values for ix and va in the circuit of Fig. 4.66.

0.2ix

+
–
+
7⍀ va 7⍀
– 9V
+
–

4⍀
1⍀
ix
+
–

4⍀
0.1va
■ FIGURE 4.66

4.4 The Supermesh

42. Determine values for the three mesh currents of Fig. 4.67.

i2
7⍀ 1⍀
3⍀
+
1V – 2A
i1
2⍀
3⍀ i3
10 ⍀ 5⍀
■ FIGURE 4.67 1⍀
+ i1
3V –
43. Through appropriate application of the supermesh technique, obtain a numerical
value for the mesh current i 3 in the circuit of Fig. 4.68, and calculate the power 5A i3 4⍀
dissipated by the 1  resistor.
17 ⍀
44. For the circuit of Fig. 4.69, determine the mesh current i 1 and the power
dissipated by the 1  resistor.
■ FIGURE 4.68
45. Calculate the three mesh currents labeled in the circuit diagram of Fig. 4.70.
2A

4.7 k⍀ 8.1 k⍀ i1
3⍀ 3.1 k⍀

1A
5⍀ i1 10 ⍀ i2 +
3.5 k⍀ 7V
1.7 k⍀ –

– 5.7 k⍀
7V +
11 ⍀
3A
9A 1⍀ 3A
2.2 k⍀
i3 6.2 k⍀
5⍀

■ FIGURE 4.69 ■ FIGURE 4.70

118 CHAPTER 4 BASIC NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS

46. Employing the supermesh technique to best advantage, obtain numerical val-
ues for each of the mesh currents identified in the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.71.

+
–
8V
i1
1A –2 A
1⍀ 4⍀

5⍀
–
3A 3⍀ i2 3⍀ i3 + 2V
2⍀

+
–
6⍀
3V
■ FIGURE 4.71

47. Through careful application of the supermesh technique, obtain values for all
three mesh currents as labeled in Fig. 4.72.

12 ⍀ + vx –
i1 4⍀
13 ⍀
i2 i3
11 ⍀ 3⍀ – 8V
12 ⍀ +
5i1
13 ⍀ 1–
v +
3 x 1V –
i1

1⍀ 2⍀

5A
■ FIGURE 4.72 ■ FIGURE 4.73

48. Determine the power supplied by the 1 V source in Fig. 4.73.

49. Define three clockwise mesh currents for the circuit of Fig. 4.74, and employ
the supermesh technique to obtain a numerical value for each.
50. Determine the power absorbed by the 10  resistor in Fig. 4.75.

1⍀

ia 10 ⍀
4⍀ – 5V
+
1.8v3 5A
3⍀ 4⍀
+
3V –
1⍀ + +
–
v3 4V 2ia 5⍀ 6A
2⍀ – +
–

■ FIGURE 4.74 ■ FIGURE 4.75

 EXERCISES 119

4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison

51. For the circuit represented schematically in Fig. 4.76: (a) How many nodal
equations would be required to determine i5? (b) Alternatively, how many
mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your preferred analysis method
change if only the voltage across the 7  resistor were needed? Explain.

1⍀ 3⍀ 4⍀
3A
7⍀
2A

2⍀ 5⍀ 6⍀
i5

■ FIGURE 4.76

52. The circuit of Fig. 4.76 is modified such that the 3 A source is replaced by a
3 V source whose positive reference terminal is connected to the 7  resistor.
(a) Determine the number of nodal equations required to determine i 5 . (b) Al-
ternatively, how many mesh equations would be required? (c) Would your pre-
ferred analysis method change if only the voltage across the 7  resistor were
needed? Explain.
53. The circuit of Fig. 4.77 contains three sources. (a) As presently drawn, would
nodal or mesh analysis result in fewer equations to determine the voltages v1
and v2 ? Explain. (b) If the voltage source were replaced with current sources,
and the current source replaced with a voltage source, would your answer to
part (a) change? Explain?

10 A

3⍀ 6⍀ 12 ⍀

+ v1 – + v2 –
+ +
240 V – 30 ⍀ – 60 V

■ FIGURE 4.77

54. Solve for the voltage vx as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 4.78 using (a) mesh
analysis. (b) Repeat using nodal analysis. (c) Which approach was easier,
and why?

22 V
+ –

+
2⍀ 11 A 9⍀ vx
–

■ FIGURE 4.78
 EXERCISES 163

14. For the circuit of Fig. 5.59, plot i L versus v L corresponding to the range of 5 k⍀ iL
0 ≤ R ≤ ∞.
+
15. Determine the current labeled I in the circuit of Fig. 5.60 by first performing
source transformations and parallel-series combinations as required to reduce 3V + vL
– R
the circuit to only two elements.
–
7⍀ 4⍀
■ FIGURE 5.59

+
3A I 5⍀ – 9V

■ FIGURE 5.60

16. Verify that the power absorbed by the 7  resistor in Fig. 5.22a remains the
same after the source transformation illustrated in Fig. 5.22c.
17. (a) Determine the current labeled i in the circuit of Fig. 5.61 after first trans-
forming the circuit such that it contains only resistors and voltage sources.
(b) Simulate each circuit to verify the same current flows in both cases.

3 M⍀ 13 M⍀

i
+ +
12 V – 5 ␮A 2 M⍀ – 7V

■ FIGURE 5.61

18. (a) Using repeated source transformations, reduce the circuit of Fig. 5.62 to a
voltage source in series with a resistor, both of which are in series with the
6 M resistor. (b) Calculate the power dissipated by the 6 M resistor using
your simplified circuit.

3.5 M⍀

1.2 M⍀
27 mA 750 k⍀ 7 M⍀ 6 M⍀
–
+ 15 V

■ FIGURE 5.62

19. (a) Using as many source transformations and element combination techniques
as required, simplify the circuit of Fig. 5.63 so that it contains only the 7 V
source, a single resistor, and one other voltage source. (b) Verify that the 7 V
source delivers the same amount of power in both circuits.
3⍀

–
7V +
1⍀ 2A 3⍀ 5A

■ FIGURE 5.63
164 CHAPTER 5 HANDY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

20. (a) Making use of repeated source transformations, reduce the circuit of Fig. 5.64
such that it contains a single voltage source, the 17  resistor, and one other resis-
tor. (b) Calculate the power dissipated by the 17  resistor. (c) Verify your results
by simulating both circuits with PSpice or another suitable CAD tool.

47 ⍀ 10 ⍀ 7⍀ 2⍀
IX
+
12 V – 22 ⍀ 7⍀ 9⍀ 17 ⍀

■ FIGURE 5.64

21. Make use of source transformations to first convert all three sources in
Fig. 5.65 to voltage sources, then simplify the circuit as much as possible and
calculate the voltage Vx which appears across the 4  resistor. Be sure to draw
and label your simplified circuit.

10 ⍀

10 ⍀

2⍀ 4⍀

+ Vx –
5Vx
3A 1⍀ 7⍀ 9⍀ 9A

■ FIGURE 5.65

22. (a) With the assistance of source transformations, alter the circuit of Fig. 5.66
such that it contains only current sources. (b) Simplify your new circuit as
much as possible, and calculate the power dissipated in the 7  resistor.
(c) Verify your solution by simulating both circuits with PSpice or another
appropriate CAD tool.

11 ⍀ 7⍀
+ –

+ 4I1 I1
9V – 10 ⍀ 2A

■ FIGURE 5.66

23. Transform the dependent source in Fig. 5.67 to a voltage source, then calculate V0.
2⍀
– +
+ +
0.7 V
12V1 6⍀ 7⍀ V1 V0
– –

6⍀

■ FIGURE 5.67
 EXERCISES 171

59. For the network of Fig. 5.98, select a value of R such that the network has an
equivalent resistance of 70.6 .

100 ⍀ R
200 ⍀

42 ⍀ 68 ⍀

■ FIGURE 5.98

60. Determine the effective resistance Rin of the network exhibited in Fig. 5.99.

Rin

Each R is 2.2 k⍀
■ FIGURE 5.99

61. Calculate Rin as indicated in Fig. 5.100.

61 ⍀

46 ⍀ 55 ⍀ 25 ⍀

110 ⍀ 23 ⍀ 11 ⍀

63 ⍀ Rin
31 ⍀ 31 ⍀

■ FIGURE 5.100

62. Employ /Y conversion techniques as appropriate to determine Rin as labeled

in Fig. 5.101.
7⍀ 6⍀

5⍀ 4⍀
10 ⍀
6⍀
Rin 20 ⍀
12 ⍀

9⍀ 3⍀

■ FIGURE 5.101