LESSON ONE

VAGUE LANGUAGE

Vague means ‘ not clear or precise or exact’. For example, we can say:

I have a vague idea where it is .( = I know the general idea but I don’t know exactly where).

I have a vague memory of the game . (= I can remember bits of it but not very clearly).

In spoken English we often use words which are very vague.

A. Thing(s)

 To refer to actions, ideas and facts.

 To refer to countable objects (often the speaker and listener know what the object is, or what
the speaker has forgotten the name of it at the moment of speaking)
 To refer to a general situation

Hitting that young child was a terrible thing (= action) to do.

Put those things ( cups and saucers) in the cupboard.

Recently , things (= life in general) have been going really well.

B. Stuff

We generally use stuff (informal) to refer to uncountable nouns (or a group of countable nouns)
when it is not necessary to be precise and give the exact name. Often the listener knows exactly
what the speaker is talking about.

Just leave that stuff ( = different items of clothes) on the floor. I’ll clear it up.

C. (a) sort of...

This is used to describe something when you are not being very exact or precise. Sometimes it is
not possible to be exact, and sometimes you cannot find the exact word you want.

The walls are sort of yellow. (= not exactly yellow, but similar to yellow)

D. A bit

It often means ‘ a little’ , but it is very common in spoken English, and sometimes it may be used
more generally to mean a little or even quite a lot.

Could you speak up a bit (= a little), I can’t hear you very well.

I thought the hotel was a bit (= quite) expensive actually.

E. Approximately

These words have the same meaning but approximately is more formal than the other.

The train should arrive in approximately twenty minutes.

It’s about three miles to the house.

 There were roughly twenty people at the party.

We are expecting 100 guests, more or less.

Exercise:

What could thing(s) and stuff refer to in this sentences?

1. I never wear that stuff; it’s got such a strong smell.

2. This thing has got stuck in the lock.
3. I bought a couple of bottles when I was in Scotland. It’s great stuff.
4. We don’t need this things. We can eat the chicken with our fingers.
5. What’s that white stuff called that you mix with water to make bread?
6. There was a great thing on television last night about elephants.
7. I couldn’t get any more stuff in my suitcase.
8. It’s a wonderful thing and keeps my young children occupied for ages.
9. I don’t know why I bought that thing – it’s too heavy for me to carry even when it is
empty.
10. It’s good stuff. My hair feels really soft, and it didn’t cost a lot.

LESSON TWO

Learning to accept difficult words

A. The key word or phrase in each of the texts below has been left out.

Read the text and use the context to decide what is the missing word or phrase is.

Text 1

-------- make possible all life on earth. They furnish a supply of nourishment not only

for themselves but for all other organisms. All animals, including man, derive food,

directly or indirectly from. --------. --------- products are of indispesable value to man ,

contributing enormously to his welfare and comfort. A list would inlude vegetable foods

of all kinds, wood and wood products, cork, rubber,cloth and cordage made from -----

fibres, drugs and other medicinal products, oils, dyes and even coal and petroleum.

Text 2
------- has been described as one of the physiological needs. Most animals must -----

in order to stay alive as well as to retain their normal capacities for doing other things.

Many animals, including man, take one long period of ------ each day. Other animals,

such as rats, cats and human babies, -----more often, alternating a few hour of -----

with a few hours of waking.

Text 3

Vision is probably our most important asset in knowing and learning about our world,

but ------ runs a close second. Through ------ we understand and appreciate our

environment. Through ----- too we receive a great many signals and cues – the warning

automobile horn, the chime of the clock, the crowing of the cock and many other

common clues. Through ---- , many people also find a great source of enjoyment in

music.

Text 4

The trimming and arrangement of the ----- are not merely matters of decoration and

ornamentation; in culture after culture, such treatment serves to symbolize social

position.the most basic status represented in the treatment of the ---- is that of sex.

Males and females within given society; almost without exception, have different way

of fixing the ----. In many parts of South East Asia, the cultural pattern is still so strong

that short----- women are considered mannish and long ---- men effeminate. At one

time in these societies, young girls ofte wore their ---- down until after adolescence

(say, 16 or 17 years old), when they were allowed to put it up.

Text 5

The --- covers the rocks and waters of the earth. Its mass is less than one millionth

part of that of the whole earth, but its activities and influences are far-reaching. Its
presence, of course, is necessary to sustainthe varied life of the earth and that is why

astronouts when they travel in space, where there is no ----, they have to wear

breathing apparatus. It is one of the chief agents of rock weathering.

Text 6

Nearly everyone feels that he would be happier and more successful if he ---- ---- a

little better. The businessman must manage people, the salesman must sell to people,

and the doctor contends not only with physical illness but with the behaviour of the

people who have them. Even the man whose work has little to do with people, must

get along with his wife, his children, his relatives, his fellow workmen, his friends and

his neighbour.

B. Read the paragraphs below and choose the best words in bracket. Use the

context, do not open the dictionary.

1. If you have baby brothers or sisters, you have ( definitely, probably, never,

distinctly) seen many weird ( models, scenes, styles, shades) of creeping.

Some babies creep backwards, others sideways. Some do it on hands and

toes, others on hands and knees. Babies that never creep at all just sit around

until they learn to walk.

2. Lobsters, shrimps, crabs, and other crustaceans turn red when they are boiled

because heat destroys all but one of the colour pigments in their shells – a violet

pigment. The ( wretching, pouting, boiling, sulking) water breaks down this

violet pigment to form a reddish pigment which will give the cooked lobsters its

( thigh, mirage, symtom, colour)

3. Despite your effort, you’ll never find the word “sardine” on a list of fish species,

since there is no such fish as a “sardine”. A can of sardines can be any (

armored, putrid, meddlesome, small), thin-boned fish, from herring to

pilchards, as long as it is (inflatable, haulable, suitable, crumpled) for

packing in oil.

4. A person who is telling a lie produces strange facial expressions. Unusually

rapid eye movements, called “micromomentaries,” are the most common (

ambition, distortion, foliage, occupation) . These occur at one sixtieth of a

second in someone who is lying, which is much faster than (nasal,

resounding, dental, normal) blinks which occur at one fifth of a second

5. People often ask, Why are there holes in Swiss cheese?” These holes are

produced by the liberation of gases by bacterial action during the process of

fermentation. The holes are half an inch in diameter. This type of cheese (

dissolved terminated, originated, sputtered) in the mountains of

Switzerland, but can also be ( expended, tracherous startled, produced) in

other part of the world.

6. What’s wrong with sleeping in a coffin? “Nothing” says Annette Brooks of

Cleveland, Ohio., who sleeps in one every night. Some neighbors of the woman

feel differently, though, and even picketed Annette ‘s house in protest over her

(sedentary, ascetic, sleeping, deadly) habits. Annette says she doesn’t

intend to ( change, pursue, defend, renounce).her habits for anyone.

7. Need a new pair of shoes? It’s the best to buy them in the late afternoon or

evening when your feet have expanded. Be sure the shoes are ( rigid, roomy,

tidy, noisy,) enough for bone (therapy movement, decay, mutation). When
 unlaced, you should be able to insert a finger behind your heel. The most

comfortable walking shoes have low heels.

8. During the years when the traditional color for mourning in China was purple,

some American trade suffered in a most unexpected way. It seemsthat one

American chewing gum manufacturer changed the color of its wrappers from

green to purpe and sales dropped! The Chinese only (chewed, swallowed,

consumed, enjoyed) the gum at ( funerals, theaters, churches, operas).

9. The world’s tallest mountain is not Mount everest near India. The tallest

mountain in the world belongs to the Unted States. It’s the Mount Kea in Hawaii-

-- some 30,000 feet high. Only the topmost 1,300 feet , hoever, are above the

surface of the ea. The rest (lies, sways, entices, struggles) below the (plateu,

surface, trees, volcano).

10. A pen is a device for writing with a fluid. The first pen were made from reeds;

by the seventh century, feathers were used. The quills of wing feathers of

various birds were cut at an angle, sharpened, and split. ( Fountain, Quill, Ball-

point, Cartridge) pens continued in use until the steel pen was ( exported,

imported, invented, sharpened) in 1780.

LESSON THREE

STARTING A NEW CIVILIZATION

READ

A nuclear war has just taken place! Soon,most of the world will be destroyed by

radiation. However, you, the delegates of the United Nations, have just learned that

due to unusual wind patterns one small, uninhabited island 300 miles off the coast of

Australia will not be completely destoyed. Scientists think that the plants on the island

will be damaged, but the soil will not be riuned.

Unfortunately, there is only time for one small airplane at an Australian airport to make

it to the island. Aside from the pilot, the plane can carry only six people. But there are

10 people at the aiport who want to get on the airplane. As delegates of the UN, you

have one hour to decide which six of the following will live, and which four must die.
CONSIDER

Remamber, as you decide on a basis for selecting people, that the six people you

choose will have to start a new civilization.

DECIDE

Possible Survivor 1: A man of religion (age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 2: A judge ( male, age 41)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 3: A university professor (female, age 34)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 4: A homosexual doctor (male, age 46)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 5: A female singer ( age 30)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 6: A policeman with a gun (age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 7: The chief of an African tribe (age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 8.: the chief’s pregnant wife (age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 9.: A warrior from a nearby South pasific island with a spear

( male,age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

Possible Survivor 10: An alcoholic agricultural scientist (female, age unknown)

Reason in favor of survival:............................................................................................

Reason against survival: ...............................................................................................

Conclusion of commitee: ...............................................................................................

LESSON FIVE

FORMAL AND INFORMAL ENGLISH

Most English that you learn can be used in a wide range of situation. But you will also hear or see
language that is formal or informal, and sometimes very formal or very informal. You need to be
more carefull with this language because it may not be suitable in certain situations,.

A. Formal English

Formal English is more common in writing than speaking. It is found in notices, business
letter, and legal English; but you will also hear examples in spoken English.

Cafe notices: Only food purchased (= bought) here may be eaten on the premises (= here).

Police statement in court : I apprehended (= stopped) the accused outside the

supermarket.

Theatre announcement : The play will commence ( = start) in two minutes.

Formal business situation : The meeting will resume ( = start again) this afternoon at 2 p.m

Lawyer : My client had a broken ankle. Thus (=so) he could not have driven the car.

Formal letter : I regret to inform you ( = I am sorry to say) that we are unable to (= can’t)
grant ( = give) you...

Announcement : If you require ( = need) further assistance ( = more help) please contact..

Outside a pub : Parking for patrons ( = customer ) only.

B. Informal English

In general, informal language is more common in spoken English that written English.

Certain types of language are often informal:

- Most uses of get are informal.

- Most phrasel verbs are informal
- Many idioms are informal.

Here are some examples using words from bove and other common informal words

I had to go and pick up (= collect) the kids (= children) from school.

My flat is very handy for the shops. (= near the shops and very convenient)

I managed to fix up ( = arrange/ make) an appointment for 7.30.

I thought the book was terrific (= marvellous)

What’s up ? (= what’s the matter?)

 I reckon (- think) we’ll get ( = obtain) the money pretty ( = quite) soon.

Most of the students are bright ( = intelligent) but one or two are really thick ( = stupid)

I offered him ten quid ( = pound) but the guy ( =man) wasn’t interested.

We must get in touch with them ( = contact them very soon).

Do you fancy going out? ( = would you like to go out? )

When you get ( = reach arrive ) there , have a word with ( = speak to ) someone at
reception.

I’m just going to the loo ( = toilet)

C. Slang

This is a form of very informal language. It includes words used by particular groups of
people ( e.g. young people may refer to ‘drugs’ as dope ), and also words which many
people think are impolite and unacceptable in most situations. You should probably not
use these words , but some of them are quite common. The word piss ( = urinate / go to
the toilet) for example, is often used metaphorically in this slang exprressions.

Piss of = go away he was pissed ( = drunk)

Pissing with rain ( = it is raining heavily)

Exercise

Rewrite these sentences in more informal English.

1. When are you going to collect your bicycle?

2. Most of these children are very clever.
3. I think it will commence soon.
4. I’m just going to the toilet.
5. They will never apprehend him.
6. What’s the matter?
7. My flat is five minutes from where i work. Thus it is vey convenient.
8. The man in the market wanted twenty pound for this ring.
9. Would you like t go out for a meal?
10. Where did you purchase that book ?
LESSON SIX

READING COMPREHENSION

1 Americans this year will swallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most
effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine in the world today, it is an
effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild, and it is cheap.
2 For millions of people suffering from arthritis, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in
short , is truly the 20th century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and
is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that although
relatively mild, are largely unrecognized among users.
3 Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around much
longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood that medical value of the
leaves and tree barks which today are known to contain salicylates, the chemical in
aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with
this chemical, and it led to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were
available in the United States.
4 A small quantity of aspirin ( two five-grain tablets) relieves pain and inflamation. It is also
reduces fever by interfering with some of the body’s reactions. Specifically, aspirin seems
to slow down the formation of the acids involved in pain dan the complex chemical
reaction that cause fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood. But the
slowing effect of aspirin is well known.
5 Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining and many aspirin takers complain about
upset stomach. There is a right way and a wrong way to take aspirin. The best way is to
chew the tablets before swallowing the with water, but a few people can stand the bitter
taste. Some people suggest crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that.

A. Analysis of ideas and relationships.

1. This article discusses......
2. Paragraph 1 discusses.....
3. The information in paragraph 3 shows that.....
4. Paragraph . 3 describe the ----- of aspirin.
5. In paragraph 3 , what are salicylates?
6. Paragraph 4 discusses....
7. Paragraph 5 discusses
8. A good title for this article would be....................

B. Interpretation fo words and phrases.

1. Aspirin interferes with some of the body’s functions.
2. Its side effect are relatively mild.
3. Aspirin has been around for many years.
4. There was a great deal of experimentation with aspirin.
5. The acids are involved in pain.
6. Aspirin gives me an upset stomach.

C. Synonyms: from this list , choose a synonym for the word in bold type in each sentence.

Amount includes result

Brought about obtainable tolerate

Development response usefulness

Exactly

1. What is the medical value of aspirin.?

2. Aspirin contains chemicals that reduce pain.
3. What is the effect of taking too much aspirin?
4. Some fruits are available only during the summers.
5. A small quantity of aspirin relieves pain.
6. If you have a bad reaction to that medicine, stop talking it.
7. What, specifically, do you mean?
8. The formation of a child’s character depends a lot on the parents.
9. His marriage caused a change in his life.
10. Sometimes the pain is so bad. I can’t stand it.
LESSON SEVEN

READING COMPREHENSION

TIPS ON DOING BUSINESS WITH THE ARABS

1. Arabs consider it extremely bad manners to start talking business immediately. Even the
busiest government official or executive always takes extra time to be polite and offer
refreshments. No matter how busy you are , you should make time for this hospitality.
2. The “conference visit” is a way of doing business throughout the Arab world. Frequently, you
will have to discuss your business in the presence of strangers, who may or may not have
anything to do with your business. Do not surprised if your meeting is interrupted several
times by people who come into the room unannounced, whisper, or speak softly to the person
with whom you are talking, and leave. Act as though you do not hear, and never show
displeasure at being interrupted.
3. Making decision quickly is not an Arab custom. There is a vagueness in doing business in the
Middle East which will puzzle a newcomer. Give yourself lots of time and ask lots of questions.
4. Patience is an important quality. You may have to wait two or three days to see high–level
government officials as they are very busy. Give yourself enough time.
5. Personal relationships are very important. They are the key to doing business in Arab
countries. Try to identify the decison –maker regarding your product or service immediately
and get to know him on a friendly basis. Do your homework. Be prepared to discuss details of
your product or proposal. Be ready to answer technical questions.
6. Familiarize yourself with the Moslem and national holidays avoid a visit during Ramadan, the
moslem month of fasting. Most Arab countries have a six-day workweek from Saturday to
Thursday. When matched with the Monday to Friday practice in most western countries, it
leaves only three and a half workdays shared. Remember this in planning your appointments.
Moslems do not eat pork. Some are strict about the religion’s prohibition against alcoholic
beverages. If you are not sure, wait for your host to suggest the proper thing to drink.
7. When an Arab says yes, he may mean “may be”. When he says maybe , he probably means
“no”. You will seldom get a direct ‘no” from an Arab because it is considered impolite. Also,
he does not want to close his options. Instead of “no” he will say “Insha Allah” which means
“if God is willing.” On the other hand, “yes” does not necessarily mean “yes”. A smile and a
slow nod might seem like an agreement, but in fact, your host is being polite. An Arab
considers it impolite to disagree with a guest.

A. Word forms:

Choose the correct word form to fit into each sentence. Use appropriate verb tenses, singular
or plural form for nouns, and passive voice where necessary.

1. Politeness, polite, politely

a. Begin your conversation with a ..................... remark.
b. Be sure to speak ..........................
c. The ............. of her greeting made everyone fell relaxed and welcome.
2. Interruption, to interrupt
 a. It’s impolite.... someone when he is speaking.
b. There was an ------ of service when the buses broke down.
3. Announcer, announcement, to announce
a. This ------------- says that school will be closed tomorrow.
b. The --------- read the news in a loud voice.
c. ----------------- your reason for coming as soon as you arrive.
4. Person, personalty, to personalize, personal, personalized, personally
a. There is ----------------- information in this letter . Please don’t show it to anyone.
b. --------------------- , I disagree with you.
c. I like to use--------------- stationery with my initials on it.
d. Mr. Park has a very cheerful...........
e. Who was that ------ you ate lunch with?
f. You can ------------ a business letter by adding a handwritten note at the bottom.
5. Decision, to decide, decisive, decisively
a. I can’t ----------------- what to wear to the party.
b. Ella likes to act -----------------
c. Some people find it difficult to make a..................
d. The judge gave a ------------- answer, and the case was closed.
6. Importance, important, importantly
a. Most --------------- , you should study hard.
b. Do you realize the -------------------- of that decision?
c. Miss Santos has three ------------------ appointments tomorrow.
7. Appointment, to appoint, appointed
a. The club -------------------- a new secretary next week.
b. Be sure to come at the ---------------- time.
c. Arrive on time when you have an -----------
8. Meaning, to mean, meaningful, meaningfully
a. I don’t understand the -------------- at the word.
b. The professor spoke -------------- about current world problems.
c. Do you ---------------- “yes” or “no”?
d. Mr. Tanaka have a ---------------- explanation of some Japanese customs.
9. Direction, director, to direct, direct, directly
a. In which -------------- is the school?
b. Mr. Parkinson is the -------------- of the school.
c. The policeman ------------- traffic during the rush hour every night.
d. He looked at me --------------- while he was talking.
e. Please give me a ----------- answer. Don’t be vague.
10. Disagreement, to disagree, disagreable, disagreeably
a. A store clerk should never speak -------------- to a customer.
b. What is that-------- smell in the refrigerator?
c. Mr. And Mrs. Laurent always ---------------- about politics.
d. The children had a ----------- over who could play with the ball.
B. Synonyms.

From this list, choose a synonym for the words in bold type in each sentence.

Anger one essential point specific information

Behave prepared think about

 Confuse specialized very correct

1. Consider all the possibilities before you make a decision.

2. It gets extremely hot in the Middle East in the summer.
3. Do your children always act politely or are they sometimes naughthy?
4. Her eyes filled with displeasure when she heard that she couldn’t have the money.
5. All the different customs in the United States puzzle me.
6. They key to learning English is to practice as much as possible.
7. Can you tell me the details of how this machine works?
8. Mr. Abramov’s job in the computer company requires technical knowledge.
9. Mrs. Wong showed me the proper way to hold chopsticks.
10. Call me when you are ready to go.
C. Interpretation of words and phrases.

Circle the letter next to the best answer.

1. No matter how busy you are, take some time to be polite.

a. Donot talk about
b. It makes no difference
c. First of all tell them
2. Make time for some hospitality.
a. Sickness
b. Generosity to guest.
c. Serious business talk.
3. You might have a conference visit.
a. A meeting where many people take part in he discussion.
b. A meeting where strangers who have nothing to do with your business are in the
room.
c. A meeting with strangers
4. You will have to discuss business in the presence of strangers.
a. Without
b. By giving presents to
c. In front of
5. People may come inand speak softly to the person.
a. In a serious way
b. In a low voice
c. Hesitantly
6. Personal relationships are the key to doing business means that personal relationships
are:
a. The most important thing
b. Difficult to develop
c. One of many items to consider
7. He does not want to close his options.
a. Limit his choices
b. Change the topic
c. Get too close to you
LESSON EIGHT

READING COMPREHENSION

HOW TO GIVE A GOOD SPEECH

[We are called upon to make a speech at some point in life, but most of us don’t do a very good job.
This article gives some suggestions on how to give an effective speech.]

1. So, you have to give a speech - and you’re terrified. You get nervous, you forget what you
want to say, you stumble over words, you talk too long, and you bore your audience. Later
you think, “ Thank goodness, it’s over. I’m just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have
to do that again.
2. Cheer up! It doen’t have to be that bad. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of
speech making. First of all, it is important to plan. Do your homework. Find out everything you
can about your subject. And, at the same time, find out as much as you can about your
audience. Who are they? What do they know about your subject? Do they have a common
interest? Why are they coming to hear you speak? Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare
your speech.
3. Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Are
you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion? Giving a lecture? Convincing
someone? There are many speaking roles, and each one has its own special characteristics.
Make sure you know into which category you fit. Don’t spoil your speech by confusing one
speaking role with another.
4. Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a conference. First,
find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker. Then, summarize this
information in a few remarks. It is all right to tell a joke or an anecdote if it is in good taste and
will not embarrass the speaker. And, most important, be brief. Remember, you are not the
main speaker, you are introducing the main speaker.
5. If you are a moderator, you should begin by giving a quick introduction of the people on the
panel. After that, you should try to keep the discussion running smoothly, and you should try
to focus on the connection between speakers. Keep yourself in the background. Don’t talk too
much , and don’t interrupt the panelists. Be careful and be considerate.
6. If you are giving a lecture or explaining an ideas, gather as many facts as you can on your
subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your
material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many example as possible, and
use pictures, charts, and graphs if they will help you to ake your points more clearly. Never
forget your audience. Don’t talk over they heads, and don’t talk down to them. Treat your
audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.
7. If you are trying to sell something, you will need to convince your audience. Do you want them
to vote for candidate A? Are you offering them a new improved toothbrush? This kind of
speech is usually dramatic, but here too, you must do your research and know your facts.
8. When you are making your speech, try to relax. Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in
your audience. Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible. Pause for a few
seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have said.
 Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you. If it is a large room or an auditorium, you
will probably have to us a microphone.
9. Just remember, be prepared. Know your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief.
Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through
so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.
10. If you follow these simple steps, you’ll see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking.
In fact, you may find the experience so enjoyable that you volunteer to make more speeches!
You’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.

A. Analysis of ideas and relationships:

Circle the letter next to the correct answer.

1. The main idea of this article is:

a. You can improve your speaking ability
b. A poor speaker can never change
c. Always make a short speech

2. Paragraph 1 implies, but does not directly say, that:

a. Many people are afraid of giving a speech.
b. Many people are happy to give a peech
c. Many people talk too long

3. Paragraph 3:
a. Gives some suggestion for how to make a better speech
b. Says it is difficult to improve
c. Does not give any suggestions for improvement.

4. In paragraph 3, what is the correct beginning for the phrases “moderating a discusion?
Giving a lecture? Convincing someone?”
a. Are you....
b. That occasion is ...
c. What is ....

5. Paragraph 3 explain that:

a. All speeches are similar
b. There are different kinds of speeches
c. A sucessful speaker is always dramatic.

6. In paragrapg 4, why are the words “you” and “ introducing” in italics?

a. Because they are not important
b. To make them easier to read
 c. For emphasis

7. Paragraph 5 suggests that if you are a moderator:

a. You should talk about yourself
b. You should act as a “bridge” between speaker
c. You should give a very long speech

8. According to paragraaph 7 which of the following would be a speech to convince you of

something? Why do you think so?
a. How to Bake Bread
b. An Evening to Honor General Gatot Bramantio ‘s Long Career
c. Why You Should Study at Sriwijya University

9. Paragraph 8:
a. Explains how hard it is to make a speech
b. Gives examples of a lecturer’s role
c. Summarize some basics for how to kake a good speech

10. If the author of this article were speaking to you instead of writing, what type of speaker
would he/she be? Why do you think so?
a. Moderator
b. Lecturer
c. Introducer

B. Interpretation of Words and Phrases:

Circle the letter next to the best answer.

1. We are all called upon to make a speech.

a. Afraid
b. Required
c. Asked

2. “they have a common interest.” In this sentence, common means:

a. Simple
b. Similar
c. Easy

3. Put yourself in their shoes.

a. Try to imagine how they think and feel.
b. Try on their shoes to see if they fit you
c. Be sure to wear nice clothing when you give a speech.

4. You may tell a joke if it is in good taste.

a. Short
b. Sweet tasting
c. Polite

5. A moderator should keep the discussion running smoothly.

a. Run around
b. Argue with everyone
c. Make the program work well

6. Use examples if they will help you make your points.

a. Point to pictures on the wall
b. Explain the important facts clearly and quickly
c. Add up a group of numbers

7. Don’t talk over their heads.

a. Use words and ideas that are too difficult
b. Look at the ceiling
c. Speak too loudly

8. Don’t talk down to them.

a. Speak too simply
b. Look at the floor
c. Speak in a quiet voice

9. Pause for a few seconds now and then.

a. Right away
b. Occasionally
c. When you are finished.

10. Let your personality come through.

a. Show
b. Hide
c. Run away

C. Synonyms:
 From this list, choose a synonym for the words in bold type in each sentence.

Concentrate not ready short

Decide reason specific information

Not interesting ruin thoughtful group

1. Jack’s speech was boring.

2. Before you make a speech, plan what you will say.
3. Your speech will be poor if you are unprepared.
4. Ask yourself the purpose for your speech.
5. Into which category do you fit?
6. Don’t spoil your speech by talking too long.
7. A brief speech is better than a long one.
8. Try to focus on the interests of the audience.
9. By considerate of the opinions of the other panelists.
10. Make sure you know all the facts.

D. Antonyms

Circle the word tht best complete the entence.

1. Whenever I make a speech. I get (calm –nervous) and my hands shake.

2. Her speech was so (boring – interesting) that I wish she would talk to us again.
3. These instructions are so ( simple – complex) even a child could understand them.
4. Your speech will be good if you are (unprepared – ready).
5. In the united States, it is preferable to make a (brief – lengthy) speech.
6. I really appreciated your (thoughtful – inconsiderable) gift.
7. If your speech is too difficult, you will be (talking overtheir head – talking down to them).
8. Our whole family (distributes – gathers) at my mother’s house every Sunday.
9. If you go out the door first, everyone will (lead – follow) you.
10. Correct any (smooth – rough) spots in your speech when you are practicing
LESSON NINE

READING COMPREHENSION

Workaholism

• Most workers spend eight or nine hours on the job. They work because it’s unavoidable. They
need to make enough money for the necessities: food, rent, clothing, transportation, tuition,
and so on. They spend about one-third of their lives at work, but they hate it. They complain
and count the minutes until quitting time each day – or the days until their next vacation.

• By contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy wok – in fact, they love to work. They
spend many extra hours o the job each week and often take work home with them. These
workaholics are as addicted to their jobs as other people are to drugs or alcohol.

• In some urban centers, workaholism is so common that people do not consider it unsusual :
they acept the lifestyle as normal. Government workers in Washington D.C., for examle,
frequently work sixty to seventy hours a week. Hundreds of workaholics in New York city tried
to go to work even in the famous blackout in 1997. There was no electricity- no air
conditioning, elevators, or lights – but many people went to their offices, anyway. They sat
impatiently on the steps outside their office buildings and did paperwork or had business
meetings.

• Workaholism can be a serious proble. Because true workaholics would rather work than do
anything else, they probably don’t know how to relax; that is , they might not enjoy movies,
sports, or other types of entertainment. Most of all, they hate to sit and do nothing. This
inabiity to rest may cause health problem, such as heart attacks. In addition, typical
workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. They spend little time with their
children, and their marriages may end in divorce.

• Is workaholism always dangerous? Perhaps not. Some studies show that many workaholics
have great energy and interest in life. Their work is so pleasure that they are actually very
happy. For most workaholics , work and entertainment are the same thing. Their jobs provide
them with a challenge: this keeps them busy and creative. Other people retire from work at
age sixty –five, but workaholics usually prefer not to quit. They are still enthusiastic about
work- and life- in their eighties and nineties.

• Why do alcoholics enjoy their jobs so much? There are several advantages to work. Of course,
it provides people with many paychecks, and this is important. But it offers more than financial
security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction when
they’ve produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say , “I made that.” Psychologists
claim that work gives people an identity; through participation in work, they get a sense of
self and individualism. In additon, most jobs provide people with a socially acceptable way to
meet others. Perhaps some people are compulsive about their work, but their addiction
seems to be a safe - even an advantageous – one.

• Peole who are addicted to work are similar to one another in some ways. Here is a list of ten
characteristics of workaholics. Which ones apply to you? Check your answers.

• Do you get up early even if you go to bed late?

• Do you read or work while you eat?

 • Do you make a lists of things to do?

• Do you find it unpleasant to “do nothing”?

• Do you usually have a lot of energy?

• Do you work on weekends and on holidays?

• Can you work anytime and anywhere?

• Do you prefer not to take vacation?

• Do you think you probbly won’t want to retire?

• Do you really enjoy your work?

If you answer “yes” to eight or more questions, you might be a workaholic.

Getting the main ideas

Which statements are true about workaholics, according to the reading? Check them.

1. They spend no more than eight to nine hours on the job.

2. They complain a lot about their jobs and watch the clock.

3. They spend a lot of time working at their jobs and at home.

4. They work onl because tey have to

5. They would rather work than rest.

6. They may have health problems from their inability to relax.

7. They may be happy because their work propvides a lot of pleasure.

8. They retire from ther jobs before the age of sixty-five.

9. They probably have a feeling of satisfaction and a sense of identity.

10. They probably meet people through their work.

Guessing the meaning from the context

Circle the words that gives clues to the meanings of the underlined word(s). Then circle the letter of
the correct meaning of the underlined words.

i. Most people need to make enough money for necessities:

food, rent, clothing and transportation.
a. Things in the city
b. Things that they need
c. Things for work
d. Things that they don’t have
ii. Most peole comlain about their work and count the
minutes until quitting time – or the days until their next
vacation.
 Quitting time:

a. Retirement
b. The time for a rest
c. The hour to go home
d. More money for their work

Vacation:

a. The end of their job

b. Travel
c. A better job
d. Days when they don’t have to work
iii. In some urban centrers, workaholism is so common that
peoole accept the life style as normal.
a. Not unusual
b. Worse and worse
c. Unique
d. Not dangerous
iv. Hundreds of workaholics in new York City tried to goto
work even in teh fmous blackout 0f 1977. There was no
electricity.
a.

LESSON SEVEN

READING COMPREHENSION

Advertising : the Selling of a Product

A consumer walks into a store. He stands in front of hundreds of boxes of laundry detergent. He
chooses one brand, pays for it, and leaves. Why does he pick that specific kinds of soap? Is it truly
better than the others? Probably not. These days , many products are nearly identical to each other
in quality and price. If products are almost the same, what makes consumers buy one brand instead
 of another? Although we might not like to admit it, commercials on television and advertisements in
magazines probably influence us much more than we think they do.

Advertising informs consumers about new products available o the market. It gives us information
about everything from shampoo to toothpaste to computer and cars. But there is one serious problem
with this. The “information” is actually often “mis information”. It tells us the products’ benefits but
hide their disadvantages. Advertising not only leads us to buy things we don’t need and can’t afford,
but it also confuses our sense of reality. “Zoom toothpaste prevents cavities and gives you white
teeth!” the advertisement tells us. But it doesn’t tell us the complete truth: that a healthy diet and a
good toothbrush will have the same effect.

Advertisers use many methods to get us to buy their products. One of their most successful methods
is to make us feel dissatisfied with ourselves and our imperfect lives. Advertisement shows us who we
aren’t and what we don’t have. Our teeth aren’t white enough. Our hair isn’t shiny enough. Our
clothes aren’t clean enough. Advertisements make us afraid that people won’t like us if we don’t use
the advertised products. “Why don’t I have any dates?” a good-looking girl sadly asks in a commercial.
“Here,” replies her roommate, “try Zoom toothpaste!” Of course she tries it, and immediately thr
whole football team falls in love with her. “That’s stupid commercial,” we might say. But we still buy
Zoom toothpaste out of fear of being unpopular and having no friends.

If fear is the negative motive for buying a product, then wanting a good self-image is the positive
reason for choosing it. Each of us has a mental piccture of the kind of person we would like tobe. For
exmple, a modern young woman might like to think that she looks like a beautiful movie star. A
middled-aged man might want to see himself as a strong, attractive athlete. Advertisera know this.
They write specific ads to make certain groups of people choose their product. Two people may choose
different brands of toothpaste with the identcal price, amount, and quality; each person beleves that
he is expressing his personality by choosing that brand.

Advertisers get psychologists to study the way consumers think and their reasons for choosing one
brand isntead of another. These experts tell advertisers about the motives of fear and self-image. They
also inform them about recent studies with colors and words. Psychologists have found that certain
colors on the package of an attractiveproduct will cause people to reach out and take that package
instead of buying an identical product with different colors. Also, certain words attract our attention.
For example , the words “new” “improved” “natural” and “giant size” are very popular and seem to
pull our eyes and hands toward the products.

Many people believe that advertising does not affect them. They know that there is freedom to
choose, and they ike to think they mae wise choices. Unfortunately, they probably don’t realize the
powerful effect of advertising. They may not clearly understand that advertisers spend billions of
dollars each year in aggressive competition for our money, and they are extremely successful. Do you
believe that ads don’t influence your choice of products? Just look at the brands in your kitchen and
bathroom.

v. Getting the main ideas

According to the passage, are these statemtns true or false? Write T (True), F (False), or I (Impossible
to know) on the lines.

1. Advertising influences us to buy one kind of product instead of another. --------------

2. Advertisements always provide us with important information about the products. -----------
 3. Wanting a good self- image is our most powerful reason for choosing products. -----------
4. If you use Zoom toothpaste, there will be no more problems inyour life. ------------
5. The “Psychology of selling” is an important course in many business college. --------------
6. Stores have to advertise to sell products. --------------
vi. Understanding details

Sometimes a writer exagerates (make something seem more than it really is) or uses humor to
make a point. The reader knows that the information is not exactly true but understands the
author’s purpose in doing so.

Example: “Zoom toothpaste prevents cavities and gives you white teeth!” (There is no toothpaste
called Zoom; the author intends, humorously, for the name to sugget speed, modernity, and other
qualities of “wonderful” products.)

In each of the following sentences, circle the letter of the sentence that indicte the “real meaning”.

1. This product makes clothes whiter than white!

a. This product is only for clothes that are white.
b. This product will clean clothes well.
c. This product will change the color of clothes.
2. Our teeth aren’t white enough. Our hair isn’t shiny enough. Our clothes aren’t clean enough.
a. We should wash our clothes with toothpaste and shampoo.
b. We must immediately buy the products in the commercials.
c. Our lives aren’t perfect.
3. In the commercials, she tries Zoom toothpaste, and immediately the whole football team falls
in love with her.
a. According to commercials, people will like you better if you use their products.
b. Zoom toothpaste is the best in the world.
c. Football players often fall in love with actresses in commercials.
4. A modern, young woman might like to think that she looks like a beautiful movie star.
a. A modern , young woman wants to be as attractive as possble.
b. Every modern, young woman wants to act in movies.
c. Most modern women think that they are beautiful.
5. A middle-aged man might want to see himself as a strong, attractive athlete.
a. All middle-aged man are in good physical health.
b. Older men should all get exercise in the gym.
c. Men usually want to look as attractive as possible.

Circle the letters of all the correct phrases for each of the following blanks.

1. Advertising -----------------------
a. Informs us about many products
b. Does not influence us very much
c. Misinforms us
d. Doesn’t always tell us everything about the product.
2. A person often buys a product because ---------------
a. He or she is dissatisfied with himself or herself
b. Of a need for a good self- image
c. Of colors on the package
 d. Of certain words on the package
3. Advertisers ---------------- to make us buy products.
a. Offer very low prices
b. Get information from psychologists
c. Spend a lot of money
d. Need to use better detergent and shampoo.
4. Psychologists tell advertisers --------------
a. Which brands of toothpaste to produce
b. To stop influencing shoppers
c. About people’s motives for buying
d. How much money to spend on television commercials,.
5. The words --------------- on products are very popular and seem to attract our attention.
a. ‘really cheap”
b. “ natural”
c. “ improved”
d. “ discount”

Discussion:

What kind of advertising attracts your attention? Why ? Do you sometimes buy the products in the
ads or commercials?

Methods of education : East versus West

A teacher from a western country recently visited an elementary school in an Asian country. In one
class , she watched sixty young children as they learned to draw a cat. The teacher drew a big circle
on the blackboard, and sixty children copied it on their papers. The teacher drew a smaller circle on
top of the first and then put two triangles on top of it. The children drew in the same way. The lesson
continued until there were sixty-one identical cats in the classroom. Each student’s cat lokked exactly
like the one on the board.

The visiting teacher watched the lesson and was surprised. The teaching methods were very much
different from the way of teaching in her own country. A children’s art lesson in her own country
 produced a roomful of unique pictures, each one completely different from the others. Why? What
causes this difference in educational methods? In a classroom in any country, the instructor teaches
more than art or history or language. He or she also teaches culture ( the ideas and beliefs of that
society). Each educational system is a mirror that reflects the culture of the society.

In a society such as the United States or Canada, which has many national, religious, and cultural
differences, people highly value individualism – the differences betrween people. Teachers place a
lot of importance on the qualities that make each student special. The educational systems in these
countries show these values. Students do not memorize information. Instead, they work individualy
and find answers themselves. There is often discussion in the classroom. At an early age, students
learn to form their own ideas and opinions.

In most Asian countries, by contrast, the people have the same language, history and culture. Perhaps,
for this reason, the educational system in much of the Orient reflects society’s belief in group goals
and purposes rather than individualism. Children in China, Japan and Korea often work together and
help eachp other on assignments. In the clasroom, the teaching methods are often very formal. The
teacher lectures, and the students listen. There is not much discussion. Instead, the students recite
rules or information that they have memorized.

There are advantages and disadvantages to both of these sytems of education. For example, one
advantages to the system in Japan is that students there learn much more math and science than
American students learn by the end of high school. They also study more hours each day and more
days each year than North Americans do. The system is difficult, but it prepares students for a society
that values discipline and self-control. There is, however, a disadvantage. Memorization is an
important learning method in Japanese scholl, yet many students say that after an exam, they forget
much of the information that they have memorized.

The advantage to the educational system in North America, on the other hand, is that the students
learn to think for themselves. The system prepares them for a society that values creative ideas. There
is, however, a disadvantage. When students graduate from high school, they haven’t memorized as
many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have.

The psychology of Money

i. Are you a compulsive spender, or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you
a bargain hunter? Would you rather use a charge account than pay cash? Your answers to
these questions will reflect your personality. According to psychologists, our individual money
habits not only show our beliefs and values, but can also stem from past problem.
ii. Experts in psychology believe that for many people, money is an important symbol of strength
and influence. Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that
they are losing power in their marriage. Wives, on the other hand., may waste huge amount
of money because they are angry at their husbands. In addition, many people consider money
 a symbol of love. They spend it on their family and friends to express love, or they buy
themselves expensive presents because they need love.
iii. People can be addicted to different things – e.g., alcohol, drugs,certain foods, or even
television. They are compulsive in their addictions – i.e. they must satisfy these need to feel
comfortable. In the same way, according to psychologists, compulsive spenders must spend
money. For people who buy on credit, furthermore, charge accounts are even more exciting
than money; in other words, they feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure
at spending enormous amounts is actually greater that the pleasure that they get from the
thing they buy.
iv. There is even special physhology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people
look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunter, however, often buy
things that they don’t need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are
helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game: when they can buy
something for less than other people, they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two
reasons for their behaviour: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.
v. It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also
business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use physchology to increase business;
they consider people’s needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs and
opinions, etc. In their advertising and sales methods.
vi. Psychologists often use a method called “ behavior therapy” to help individuals solve their
personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problem
with money: they give them “assignments”. If a person buys something in every store that he
enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way: on the first day of
his therapy, he must go into a store, stay five minutes and then leave. On the second day, he
should stay for ten minutes, try something on and then leave. On the third day, he stays for
fifteen minues, asks the salesclerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn
that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’t buy anything, and he can solve the problem
of his compulsive buying.

Understanding reading structure

Match the paragraph with their topics.

a. Money as a symbol of other things

b. Money habits as an expression of personality
c. The use of the psychology of money in business
d. Therapy for spending problems
e. Psychological reasons for bargain hunting
f. Addiction to spending money

What is the main idea of the article?

a. People who buy on creit are more exciting than people who keep to their business.
b. People who are compulsive spenders probably didn’t get much love when they were children.
c. Spending habits which reflect personality , are a form of behavior that people can change.
d. Behavior therapy will help scientists, advertisers, and business people.

Discussing th reading

1. Do you believe that there is a “psychology of money”? Why or why not?

2. Describe your spending habits. What, in your opinion, do they show about your personality?
 3. Do you believe that behaviour therapy for problems with money is a good idea? Why or why
not? Describe some typical problems that people might have. Suggest some solutions.

CARD GAME

Everyone says exercise is good

for your health.
But I really don’t like doing
exercise.

No matter it is football or
basketball.

All types of ball sports are just

running around a field
Think about it, after every time
you run and jump, don’t you
feed up?
 I also don’t understand why so
many people like watching
sports.

Besides does it really matter

who wins and who losses?

There’s also swimming

Of course, you won’t get hot
from swimming
But as soon as you’re not
careful then you could swallow
water.

The condition aren’t good and

you could die

Perhaps it’s only dancing that’s

good
You can listen to good song
and dance at the same time
If you want to go past then go
fast

If you want to go slow then go

slow

It’s so much better.