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Run Away Speed
Run Away Speed
Run Away Speed
The run away speed of a turbine is the maximum speed attained by the runner under
maximum head at full gate opening, when the external load (generator) is disconnected from
the system. All rotating parts must be designed to withstand the runaway speed which varies
among the manufacturers with the design of turbine and generator.
The exact value of runaway speed of any turbine can be predicted from the model tests in
the laboratory.
1. The turbine may be placed above the tail race and hence turbine may be inspected
properly.
v2
2. The kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine is converted into
2g
useful pressure energy.
2
Runner
Outlet
Hs
Draft tube
Pa (Tail Race)
h2
h3
Draft tube
3
Outlet
h4
Datum Level
Hs = suction height.
Applying the Bernoulli’s theorem between (2) inlet and (3) outlet of the draft tube.
P2 V22 P3 V32
h2 h4 …(24)
g 2g g 2g
P2 P3 V 2 V32
= - ( h2- h4 )- 2
…(25)
g g 2 g
P3 Pa
= + h3
g g
P2 Pa V22 V32
= -( h2-h3 –h4)- …(26)
g g 2g
h2-h3 –h4 = Hs
P2 Pa V 2 V32
= - Hs 2 …(27)
g g 2 g
V22 V32
2 g = dyanamic suction head.
P2 Pa V 2 V32
So = - Hs 2 + hf
g g 2 g
P2 Pa V 2 V32
= - Hs 2 hf
g g 2g …(28)
Draft tube efficiency is defined as ratio of actual conversion of kinetic head into pressure head in
the draft tube to the kinetic head at the inlet of the draft tube. Hence
V22 V32
hf
Draft tube efficiency (ηd ) =
2g …(29)
V22
2g
CAVITATION
Cavitation definition and other basic theory explained in the Centrifugal pump unit. Turbine
parts should be properly designed in order to avoid Cavitation because damaging the metallic
surface, Cavitation also decrease the efficiency of the turbine. Cavitation depends upon:
H= Working head.
According to the Prof. Thoma, Cavitation can be avoided if the value of are not less
than the critical value given above. Prof. Rogger suggested the following empirical relation for
Francis turbine.
2
N
crit = 0.0317 S … (31)
100
crit Hb - Hs
Ns = 100 = 562 …(32)
0.0317 H
η
σ crit
σ
Fig. 2.24. Graph Efficiency vs Cavitation
factor.
P2 Pa V 2 V32
= - Hs 2 hf
g g 2g
Means outlet pressure of turbine is the function of suction head (Hs). if the Hs decrease than
the PQ pressure at the outlet of turbine increase and value will increase so that chance of
Cavitation minimize which means the turbine work in the safe zone so that suction heat
decrease to negative value means turbine installed below the tail race level. Other method of
avoid the cavitation explained in the centrifugal unit.
The important parameters which are varied during the test on turbine are :
Out of the above six parameters, three parameters namely speed (N), Head (H) and discharge
(Q) are independent parameters. Out of the three independent parameters (N,H,Q), one of the
parameter is kept constant (say H) and variation of other four parameters with respect to any one
of the remaining two independent variables (say N and Q ) are plotted and various curves are
obtained. These curves are called characteristic curves. The following are important.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig.2.46 Main Characteristic curves of Pelton turbine
Fig 2.47 Main Characteristic curves of Reaction turbine
Operating Characteristics Curves are plotted when the speed on turbine is constant. In case of
turbine, the head is generally constant. There are three independent parameters namely N, H and
Q. For operating characteristics N and H are constant and hence the variation of power and
efficiency with respect to discharge Q are plotted. The power and efficiency curves are slightly
away from the origin X-Axis, as to overcome initial friction certain amount of discharge will be
required. Fig. 8.10 shows the variation of power and efficiency with respect to discharge.
The procedure is repeated for different gate openings and the curves Q vs. N are plotted. The
points having the same efficiency are joined. The curves having same efficiency are called iso-
effeciency curves. These curves are helpful for determining the zone of constant efficiency and
for predicting of the turbine at various efficiencies.
Since the bulb set is completely submerged under pressure, water leakage into the
generator chamber and condensation are source of trouble. Although improvements in
water-proofing and sealing techniques have reduced this problem considerably, this can
still become maintenance problem due to high humidity inside the chamber resulting in
gradual deterioration of electrical insulation.
The electrical techniques also involve considerable amount of double handling of
equipments and it is doubtful whether any saving is the erection time can be effected as
compared to the conventional Kaplan type.
Field of Application of Bulb Set
On the higher head, it is limited to about 15m, beyond this head, bulb turbines have
little advantage over Kaplan type.
On the low head, bulb set can offer the greater benefits; the limit is economic in
character. The large unit discharge at low head resulting in very low rotational speed
and excessive plant cost. The higher rotational speed can be obtained by subdividing
the discharge in number of bulb set.
The profitability limit for bulb set is in the region of few hundred HP
For 2m head and10,000 to 30,000 HP for 5 to7 head.
Q = (п D B) Vm
Or B = K1 D
θ = п k1 D2 V m
and Vm α √ H
Q α п K1 D2 √H
Q α D2 √H ……………….(26)
Q = Qs D2 √H ……………(27)
If D=1 H=1
Qs = Q
So for unit head, unit dia. Of runner required flow rate is called specific flow rate.
Q α D2 √H
If D = Const.
Qα√H
Q = Qu √ H …………………(29)
Qu = Q / √ H
p α D2 √H H
p α D2 √H3/2 …………(30)
p = Ps D2 H2/3 …………(31)
P = Pu H3/2 …………(32)
Or F = ρ Q D Vu
Q α D2 √ H and Vu2 α √ H
F α d2 h ………..(33)
F = Fs D2 H ………..(34)
F α D2 H (If D = Const.)
Fαh
F = Fu H
Unit force Fu = F / H
or N α U /D
N = No √H
u α √H
D1 α √H
p α D2 H 3/2
N α √ (H5/2 / p)
N = Ns √H5/2 / √Pt
Specific speed of turbine is defined speed of turbine working under unit head and delivering unit
horse power output.
If H = 1 and p = 1 H.P.
Ns = N