BTCVE506C Development

Engineering
Teaching Scheme: (3 Lectures) hours / Week
 Course Objectives
• The main objectives of the course are:
1. To provide an overview to the students of the
various fields within planning, such as
community development, urban planning and
sustainability, challenges at rural level, rural
development.
2. To enable students to develop professional
capabilities through field and design work-in
real world problems in the field of planning
and development of urban and rural areas.
 Course Outcomes:
• The required course for emphasis in
development engineering will help students,

• 1. To develop multi scaled perspective about

decisions in the built environment.

• 2. To expose the students to the analysis and

evaluation of real world problems aiming to
bring desired change in the society.
 Syllabus
• Module1: (6 Lectures)
• Introduction to Development Engineering
• Module2: (6 Lectures)
• Design of Sustainable Communities
• Module3: (6 Lectures)
• Town / City Planning:
• Module4: (6 Lectures)
• Planning and Development of Rural Areas
• Module5: (6 Lectures)
• Geoinformatics for Planning and Development
• Module6: (6 Lectures)
• Development aspects
 Module1: (6 Lectures)
Introduction to Development Engineering:
• Need of development Engineering,
• Core disciplines and concept,
• Major issues in development;
• Urban development;
• Rural development;
• Scio-economic development;
• Scientific social research,
• Formulation of research problem,
• Field work and data collection,
• Report drafting
Need of development Engineering
• Water & Sanitation
• Education
• Health Care
• Energy
• Air, Climate & Forest Preservation
Sustainable Employment Creation
• Economic Infrastructure
 Major issues in development
1) Improve Governance:
• Governance problems increase inability to
deliver public services.
• Government should give responsibilities to
concerned people and create checks.
• There should be greater transparency and
information to ensure good governance.
• Citizens do not organize to demand better
services
2. Corruption:

• The most widely spread problem in India is

corruption, which must be handled quickly and
wisely.
• There is hardly any office, in both private and
public sector, that is untouched from this
disease.
• There is no telling how much loss has the
economy suffered because of this.
 3) Improve Infrastructure:

• Power, Oil, Gas, Aviation, Roads — all these

and more form the backbone of Indian
development.
• Currently, only 30% of India is urbanized.
• Government, by itself, will not be able to
build the infrastructure.
• It has therefore moved to models of public-
private partnerships in roads, water supply,
ports..etc.
• Education system:
• The education system of India is too
theoretical but not practical and skill-based.
• Students study to score marks, not to gain
knowledge.
• This education system was introduced by the
British rulers to create servants who could
serve but not lead, and we still have the
same education system.
• Rabindranath Tagore had written many
articles offering suggestions to change the
education system of India.
• 3) Raise Basic Educational Quality :

• Despite several bills like the RTE, Indian

education system has not reached up to each
one.
• The distribution of government funds is
major hindrance to the education system.
• 30% of the total educational funding goes
toward higher educational institutions.
• The percent of students enrolled in these
institutions are much lower.
• Lack of education has resulted in
unemployment, poverty and population.
• Initiatives like “Teach India”, provide a
platform to educated Indians to provide
assistance in basic education to the
unprivileged children have been launched.
• “Teach India” will connect educated
individuals with the specialist education
providers.
 Illiteracy :
• The percentage of illiteracy in India is alarming.
• Every five persons among ten in India are illiterate.
• The condition in villages is worse than in cities.
• Though a number of primary schools have been set
up in rural India, the problem persists.
• Also, providing education just to children won’t solve
the problem of illiteracy, as many adults in India are
also untouched by education.
 4) Women Empowerment:

• India needs to focus on the other half of

human being.
• There are several success stories about
women.
• They are growing up.
• Lend them a hand or stay out of their way.
• 5) Poverty and Population Explosion:

• Poverty remains as the root cause of many

• Poverty in India is widespread with the nation

estimated to have a third of the world’s poor.

• According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 42%

of India falls below the international poverty
line.
• Population and poverty are like the chicken
and the egg question. Which one caused the
other? It’s a closed loop.

• Include malnutrition, unemployment,

homelessness and several others too.

• There are 421 million poor living in 8 North

India states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkand,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal.
• Basic Hygiene :

• Sanitation is yet another problem, but one of

the biggest, in India.
• There are about 700 million people who have
no access to toilets at home. Slum areas do
not have toilets.
• People are thus forced to go in open, which
causes numerous diseases like diarhoea,
cholera, dehydration etc.
• Many rural schools also have no toilets,
because of which parents do not send their
kids, especially girls, to school.
• A growing population is the biggest challenge
causing these problems.
• For example, the sewage system in Delhi was
designed to meet the needs of a population
of three million people.
• But Delhi now has more than 14 million of
population.
• This is not just the case of Delhi; every state
and region in India is the same.
• 33% people in India have no access to toilets.
• Healthcare system:

• It is true that country cannot provide proper

healthcare facilities to its entire population.

• India is becoming a hub for medical

tourism but all these facilities are not
available to local residents, who are poor.

• Healthcare is a neglected issue in India, as

major attention drawers are agriculture,
infrastructure and IT.
• Lack of resources in rural India is a major
concern of the day, leading to most of the
problems.

• 50% of all villagers have no access to

healthcare providers; 10% of babies die
within a year of their birth; lack of nutrition
caused stunned growth in 50% of all the
babies.
 Pollution :

• Pollution and environmental issues are the

other challenges that India is facing at
present.
• Though India is working hard, there is a long
way to go.
• Degradation of land, depleting natural
resources, and loss of biodiversity are the
main issues of concern due to pollution.
• Untreated sewerage is the major cause of
water pollution.

• The Yamuna river is today one of the most

polluted rivers in India.

• Same is the condition of other rivers that

pass through populated cities.
• Women’s safety :
• Both men and women enjoy equal
opportunities, but as far as freedom and
safety of women is concerned, India lags
behind.

• Issues like domestic violence, rape cases,

portrayal of women in media, etc., must be
tackled immediately.
 Infrastructure:
• India needs to work swiftly on its
infrastructure towards better roads, and
services like water, sanitation, etc.

• Quite a long list! Which problem would you

like to add to the list?
Urban development;
 Rural development

• Rural development is the process of

improving the quality of life and
economic well-being of people living in rural
areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely
populated areas.
• Rural Development in India :
• Rural development is a topic which is
pretty easy to understand but hard to
implement.
• It focuses upon the upliftment and
development of the sections of rural
economies, that experience grave poverty
issues and effectively aims at developing
their productivity.
• It also emphasizes the need to address
various pressing issues of village
economies that hinder growth and
improve these areas.
 Some areas that need urgent attention for Rural
Development in India are:

• Public health and sanitation

• Literacy
• Female empowerment
• Enforcement of law and order
• Land reforms
• Infrastructure development like irrigation,
electricity etc.
• Availability of credit
• Eradication of poverty
• Need of Rural Development in
India:
• Farming and agriculture are one of the most
important primary activities, the problem lies
in the fact that the share in GDP of
agriculture sector is on a constant decline.

• About two-thirds of India’s population

depends on agriculture.
• As a result, the productivity is not up
to the mark, with conditions only
getting worse.

• The agricultural output is growing

slowly.

• Therefore there is a need to focus on

rural development and not just urban
development.
 Scio-economic Development

• What does socio-economic development

mean? In order to understand this concept,

let us begin by defining development.

• Generally, development is defined as a state
in which things are improving.

• But it is defined in different ways in various

contexts, social, political, biological, science
and technology, language and literature.
• In the socio-economic context,
development means the improvement
of people’s lifestyles through improved
education, incomes, skills development
and employment.

• It is the process of economic and social

transformation based on cultural and
environmental factors.
• Socio-economic development, therefore, is
the process of social and economic
development in a society.

• It is measured with indicators, such as gross

domestic product (GDP), life expectancy,
literacy and levels of employment.

• For better understanding of socioeconomic

development, we may understand the
meaning of social and economic
development separately.
• Social development is a process which

results in the transformation of social

institutions in a manner which improves

the capacity of the society to fulfill its

aspirations.
• It implies a qualitative change in the
way the society shapes itself and carries
out its activities, such as through more
progressive attitudes and behavior by
the population, the adoption of more
effective processes or more advanced
technology.
• Economic development is the development

of economic wealth of countries or regions

for the well-being of their inhabitants.

• Economic growth is often assumed to

indicate the level of economic

development.
• The term “economic growth” refers to the
increase (or growth) of a specific measures
such as real national income, gross domestic
product, or per capita income.

• It is the process by which a nation improves

the economic, political, and social wellbeing
of its people.
• Socio-economic development, thus, is a
process of improvement in a variety of ways.
• It has to influence all aspects of human life in
a country.
• But do you think the concept of socio-
economic development takes care of all
aspects of development?
• Its major indicator, the GDP is a specific
measure of economic welfare that does not
take into account important aspects such as
leisure time, environmental quality, freedom,
social justice, or gender equality.
• Another indicator, the per capita income
also does not indicate the level of
income equality among people.
• These indicators do not ensure that the
benefits of development have been
equally distributed and have reached
particularly to the disadvantaged groups
of society.
• Which is why, a new concept of human
development is being used.

• It is focused on the overall quality of life

that people enjoy in a country, the
opportunities they have and the
freedoms they enjoy
 Scientific Social research

• Social Research is a method used by

social scientists and researchers to learn
about people and societies so that they
can design products/services that cater
to various needs of the people.
• Various aspects of human behavior

need to be addressed to understand

their thoughts and feedback about the

social world, which can be done using

Social Research.
• Any topic can trigger social research

– new feature, new market trend or

an upgrade in old technology.

• Social Research is conducted by

following a systematic plan of action

which includes observation methods,

• Social Research contains elements of both

these methods to analyze a range of social

occurrences such as an investigation of

historical sites, census of the country ,

detailed analysis of research conducted to

understand reasons for increased reports of

molestation in the country etc.

 Types of Social Research:

There are four main types of Social Research:

• Qualitative Research.

• Quantitative Research.

• Primary Research.

• Secondary Research.
• Qualitative research methods rely on direct

communication with members of a market,

observation, text analysis.

• Quantitative methods use statistical analysis

techniques to evaluate data collected via

surveys, polls or questionnaires.

 Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is defined as a method
to collect data via open-ended and
conversational discussions.
• There are five main qualitative research
methods-
• ethnographic research,
• focus groups,
• one-on-one online interview,
• content analysis and case study research.
 Quantitative Research

• Quantitative Research is an extremely

informative source of data collection
conducted via mediums such as surveys,
polls, and questionnaires.

• The gathered data can be analyzed to

conclude numerical or statistical results.
• This research is carried out on a sample

that is representative of the target

market usually using close-ended

questions and data is presented in

tables, charts, graphs etc.

 Primary Research
• Primary Research is conducted by the
researchers themselves.

• There are a list of questions that a

researcher intends to ask which need to
be customized according to the target
market.
• These questions are sent to the respondents
via surveys, polls or questionnaires so that
analyzing them becomes convenient for the
researcher.

• Since data is collected first-hand, it’s highly

accurate according to the requirement of
research.
 Secondary Research

• Secondary Research is a method where

information has already been collected by

research organizations or marketers.

• Newspapers, online communities, reports,

audio-visual evidence etc. fall under the

category of secondary data.

• After identifying the topic of research and

research sources, a researcher can collect

existing information available from the noted

sources.

• They can then combine all the information to

compare and analyze it to derive conclusions.

 Social Research Methods

• Surveys: A survey is conducted by sending a set

of pre-decided questions(Questionnaire) to
a sample of individuals from a target market.

• This will lead to a collection of information and

feedback from individuals that belong to various
backgrounds, ethnicities, age-groups etc.
• Surveys can be conducted via online and offline

mediums.

• Due to the improvement in technological

mediums and their reach, online mediums have

flourished and there is an increase in the

number of people depending on online survey

software to conduct regular surveys and polls.

• There are various types of social research

surveys:

• Longitudinal, Research

• Cross-sectional Research

• Correlation Research
• Longitudinal and Cross-sectional social research

surveys are observational methods.

• Longitudinal social research surveys are conducted

with the same sample over a course of time.

• Cross-sectional are conducted with different

samples.

• Correlational is a non-experimental research method.

 •
Another example for the use of surveys can be to gather
information on the awareness of disasters and disaster
management programs. A lot of institutions like the UN or
the local disaster management team try to keep their
communities prepared for disasters. Possessing knowledge
about this is crucial in disaster prone areas and is a good
type of knowledge that can help everyone. In such a case, a
survey can enable these institutions to understand what are
the areas that can be promoted more and what regions need
what kind of training. Hence a disaster management
survey can be conducted to understand public’s knowledge
about the impact of disasters on communities, and the
measures they undertake to respond to disasters and how
can the risk be reduced.
• Interviews:

• The technique of taking opinions and

feedback by asking selected questions face-

to-face, via telephone or online mediums is

called interview research.

• There are formal and informal interviews –
Formal interviews are the ones which are
organized by the researcher with
structured open-ended and closed-
ended questions and format.
• Informal interviews are the ones which are more
of conversations with the participants and are
extremely flexible to collect as much
information as possible.
• Observation:
• In observational research, a researcher is
expected to be involved in the daily life of all the
participants to understand their routine, their
decision-making skills, their capability to handle
pressure and their overall likes and dislikes.

• These factors are recorded and careful

observations are made to decide factors which
will impact their lifestyle.
Formulation of Research Problem
 What is a Research Problem?

• Any question that you want to answer or any

assumption or statement that you want to

challenge or investigate or examine can

become a research problem.

• Formulation of research problem is very

important step of the research process.

• Or it is like journey without destination.

• The research problem serves as the

foundation of a research study.

 Field work and data collection,
• Field research is defined as a qualitative method

of data collection that aims to observe, interact

and understand people while they are in a

natural environment.
 Selection of Field Workers

• Select appropriate field workers.

 Data Collection

• The task of data collection begins after a

research problem has been defined and research
design/ plan chalked out.

• While deciding about the method of data

collection to be used for the study, the
researcher should keep in mind two types of
data viz., primary and secondary.
• The primary data are those which are
collected afresh and for the first time,
and thus happen to be original in
character.

• The secondary data, on the other hand,

are those which have already been
collected by someone else and which
have already been passed through the
statistical process.
 Methods of collecting primary data:

• (i) Observation method,

• (ii) interview method,
• (iii) through questionnaires,
• (iv) through schedules, and
• (v) using mechanical devices;
• (f) depth interviews,
 Observation Method
• The observation method is the most
commonly used method.

• The information is sought by way of

investigator’s own direct observation without
asking from the respondent.

• This method is independent of respondents’

willingness to respond.
• Observation method has various limitations.
Firstly, it is an expensive method.
• Secondly, the information provided by this
method is very limited.
• Thirdly, sometimes unforeseen factors may
interfere with the observational task.
• At times, the fact that some people are rarely
accessible to direct observation creates
obstacle for this method to collect data
effectively.
 Interview Method

• (a) Personal interviews

• (b) Telephone interviews
 Personal Interview
• Personal interview method requires a person known
as the interviewer asking questions generally in a
face-to-face contact to the other person or persons.
• This sort of interview may be in the form of direct
personal investigation or it may be indirect oral
investigation.
• In the case of direct personal investigation the
interviewer has to collect the information personally
from the sources concerned.
• He has to be on the spot and has to meet people from
whom data have to be collected.
• This method is particularly suitable for intensive
investigations.
 Telephone interviews:

• This method of collecting information

consists in contacting respondents on
telephone itself. It is not a very widely used
method, but plays important part in
industrial surveys, particularly in developed
regions.
• It is more flexible in comparison to mailing method.
• 2. It is faster than other methods i.e., a quick way of
obtaining information.
• 3. It is cheaper than personal interviewing method; here
the cost per response is relatively low.
• 4. Recall is easy; callbacks are simple and economical.
• 5. There is a higher rate of response than what we have in
mailing method; the non-response is generally very low.
• 6. Replies can be recorded without causing
embarrassment to respondents.
• 7. Interviewer can explain requirements more easily.
• 8. At times, access can be gained to respondents who
otherwise cannot be contacted for one reason or the
other.
• 9. No field staff is required. 10. Representative and wider
distribution of sample is possible
 COLLECTION OF DATA THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRES
• This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case
of big enquiries.
• It is being adopted by private individuals, research workers,
private and public organisations and even by governments.
• In this method a questionnaire is sent (usually by post) to the
persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and
return the questionnaire.
• A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or
typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms.
• The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to
read and understand the questions and write down the reply in
the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
• The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.
• The method of collecting data by mailing the questionnaires to
respondents is most extensively employed in various economic
and business surveys.
• Use of mechanical devices:
• The use of mechanical devices has been
widely made to collect information by way of
indirect means.
• Eye camera, Pupilometric camera,
Psychogalvanometer, Motion picture camera
and Audiometer are the principal devices so
far developed and commonly used by
modern big business houses, mostly in the
developed world for the purpose of collecting
the required information.
 Report drafting
• After collecting and analyzing the data, the
researcher has to accomplish the task of
drawing inferences followed by report
writing.
• This has to be done very carefully, otherwise
misleading conclusions may be drawn and
the whole purpose of doing research may get
vitiated.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF REPORT WRITING
• Research report is considered a major component of the
research study.

• Research remains incomplete till the report has been

presented or written.

• The purpose of research is not well served unless the

findings are made known to others.

• All this explains the significance of writing research report.

• There are people who do not consider
writing of report as an integral part of the
research process.

• The writing of report is part and parcel of the

research project.
• Writing of report is the last step in a research
study.
• It requires a set of skills which are different from
those required in earlier stages of research.
• This task should be accomplished by the
researcher with utmost care; he may seek the
assistance and guidance of experts for the
purpose.
 DIFFERENT STEPS IN WRITING REPORT

• (a) logical analysis of the subject-matter;

• (b) preparation of the final outline;
• (c) preparation of the rough draft;
• (d) rewriting and polishing;
• (c) preparation of the final bibliography; and (f)
writing the final draft.
Logical analysis of the subject matter:
• It is the first step which is primarily concerned
with the development of a subject.
• There are two ways in which to develop a
subject, (a) logically and (b) chronologically.
• The logical development is made on the basis of
mental connections by associating one thing
with another.
• Chronological development is arranging things
in sequence as they occurred.
• The directions for doing or making something
usually follow the chronological order.
 Preparation of the final outline:

• It is the next step in writing the research report.

• “Outlines are the framework upon which further

work is dependent.

• They help to logically organize the material and

remind of important points to be stressed in the
report
 Preparation of the rough draft
• Researcher now write down what he has
done in the context of his research study.
• He will write down the procedure adopted by
him in collecting the material for his study
along with various limitations faced by him,
the technique of analysis adopted by him,
the broad findings and generalizations and
the various suggestions he wants to offer
regarding the problem concerned
 Rewriting and Polishing of the Rough Draft

• This step happens to be most difficult part of all formal writing.

• Usually this step requires more time than the writing of the rough draft.

• The careful revision makes the difference between a mediocre and a

good piece of writing.

• While rewriting and polishing, one should check the report for
weaknesses in logical development or presentation.

• The researcher should also “see whether or not the material, as it is

presented, has unity and cohesion; does the report stand upright and
firm and exhibit a definite pattern, like a marble arch?

• He should check the mechanics of writing—grammar, spelling and usage.

 LAYOUT OF THE RESEARCH REPORT
• The layout of the report means as to what the
research report should contain.

• A comprehensive layout of the research report

should comprise,

(A) preliminary pages;

(B) the main text; and
(C) the end matter.
 (A) Preliminary Pages
• In its preliminary pages the report should carry a
title and date, followed by acknowledgements in
the form of ‘Preface’ or ‘Foreword’.

• Then there should be a table of contents

followed by list of tables and illustrations so that
the decision-maker or anybody interested in
reading the report can easily locate the required
information in the report.
 (B) Main Text
• The main text provides the complete outline of the research
report along with all details.
• Title of the research study is repeated at the top of the first
page of the main text and then follows the other details on
pages numbered consecutively, beginning with the second
page.
Each main section of the report should begin on a new
page.
The main text of the report should have the following
sections:
• (i) Introduction;
• (ii) Statement of findings and recommendations;
• (iii) The results;
• (iv) Conclusions drawn from the results; and
• (v) The summary.
 (i) Introduction
• The purpose of introduction is to introduce the
research project to the readers.
• It should contain a clear statement of the objectives
of research i.e., enough background should be given
to make clear to the reader why the problem was
considered worth investigating.
• A brief summary of other relevant research may also
be stated so that the present study can be seen in
that context.
• The hypotheses of study, if any, and the definitions of
the major concepts employed in the study should be
explicitly stated in the introduction of the report.
 (ii) Statement of findings and
recommendations
• After introduction, the research report must
contain a statement of findings and
recommendations in non-technical language so
that it can be easily understood by all concerned.

• If the findings happen to be extensive, at this

point they should be put in the summarized form.
 (iii) Results
• A detailed presentation of the findings of the
study, with supporting data in the form of
tables and charts together is the next step in
writing the main text of the report.

• All the results should be presented in logical

sequence.
• All relevant results must find a place in the
report. But how one is to decide about what is
relevant is the basic question.
• But ultimately the researcher must rely on his
own judgement in deciding the outline of his
report.
• “Nevertheless, it is still necessary that he states
clearly the problem with which he was
concerned, the procedure by which he worked
on the problem, the conclusions at which he
arrived, and the bases for his conclusions.”
(v) Summary:

The research report should conclude

with a very brief summary, research
problem, methodology, major findings
and the major conclusions drawn from
the research results.
(C) End Matter:
• The end of the report consist of appendices,
questionnaires, sample information,
mathematical derivations and the like ones.
• Bibliography of sources consulted should also be
given.
• Index (an alphabetical listing of names, places and
topics along with the numbers of the pages in a
book or report on which they are mentioned or
discussed) should be given at the end of the
report.
• The index works as a guide to the reader for the
contents in the report.
 Question Bank (Module- I)
1. Discuss need of development Engineering.
2. Major issues in development. Throw light
3. What do you think about rural development.
Analyze in which areas rural development is
necessary.
4. Explain in detail socio-economic development.
5. What is social research. Describe in detail various
types of research.
6. What is a research problem. Explain various steps in
formulating research problem.
7. What is primary and secondary data. What are
various methods of data collection.
8. Enlist and describe various steps in report writing.