Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Looking at LTE in Practice
Looking at LTE in Practice
IMAGE LICENSED
T
BY INGRAM PUBLISHING
6.0
5.0
For the Average LTE CQI For the Average HSPA + CQI
4.0 Measured, Efficiency = 2.4 Measured, Efficiency = 2.4
Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
3.0
2.0
1.0
LTE Efficiency
HSPA+ Efficiency
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
CQI
0. 606
24 61
−3 45
−0 75
13 57
13 22
18 93
21 14
23 33
23 59
25 03
13 92
19 58
22 11
14 32
16 62
21 2
6. 6
8. 3
4. 1
5. 3
−1 4
2. 7
8. 1
9. 3
12 5
8
10 2
9. 8
2
20
.5
27
24
12
.9
.6
.3
79
.0
49
05
.5
.0
.4
.5
.4
.9
.2
.0
.9
.6
70
.5
.5
83
.9
.1
.2
−6
14
130
12
120
10
110
90
4
2 80
0 70
−10
−9
−8
−7
−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
−11
11
FIGURE 3 The measured SINR versus path loss and the reported CQI from the field measurements with trend lines.
0.5 0.5
channels contribute to the UE Tx
0.4 0.4
power: the physical UL shared chan-
0.3 0.3 nel (PUSCH), which carries the UL
0.2 0.2 user data, the sounding reference
0.1 0.1 signal (SRS), which provides the UL
channel quality estimation feedback,
0 0
<7,200 7,200– 14,000– 21,000– 28,000– >42,000 and the physical UL control channel
14,000 21,000 28,000 42,000 (PUCCH), which carries control in-
DL Throughput (kb/s) formation. The total average UL Tx
power observed in the test route is
DC-HSDPA Throughput PDF DC-HSDPA Throughput CDF
about 9.9 dBm for a UE with a power
LTE Throughput PDF LTE Throughput CDF
amplifier (PA) capable of 23 dBm,
as shown in Figure 7.
FIGURE 6 DL throughputs for DC-HSDPA and LTE.
The main contributor to the ad-
justments of the PUSCH power is
the OLPC component. The UE’s mea-
15 25 sured DL path loss and the configura-
20 tion parameters mainly drive the UL
15 power. This occurs because a typical
UL Tx Power (dBm)
121
123
127
129
113
115
117
119
111
CDF
PDF
0.5 SRS CDF 0.5
usage can be one of the seven avail-
0.4 PUCCH CDF 0.4
able transmission modes [5]. This
0.3 0.3
study considers transmission mode 3 0.2 0.2
(TM3), which supports SU-MIMO that 0.1 0.1
does not need the UE to report a pre- 0 0
coding matrix indicator (PMI) and . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0
. 5 . 5 5 5 5
55 5
−4 to −3 to −2
5
−1
5 − to 1 o2
allows support of two code words and <− to to 0t
0 to
0 0 0 0 0 0 to . 00 5 .00 . 00 . 0
5. 0 . 5 . 5. 5 − 5 5
peak throughput in most suitable −5 −4
5 −3 −2 −1 1
channel conditions. This technique UL Tx Power per Channel (dBm)
suits high-mobility scenarios, where
the overhead of the reporting PMI FIGURE 8 LTE UL Tx power per channels.
adds no value. However, this mode
requires the UE to report the RI. With
MIMO TM3 operation, either one or two code words of
information can be sent. With MIMO Rank 1 (i.e., RI = 1), 1 1
0.9 PDF 0.9
only a single code word of information is sent, whereas
CDF
with Rank 2 (i.e., RI = 2), two code words are sent. The 0.8 0.8
UE sends the preferred option through the RI, which can 0.7 0.7
take the value of 1 or 2. 0.6 0.6
CDF
PDF
13
lation, based on the reported CQI, 12
40 11
the eNB scheduler selects the MCS
10
assigned to the user. The 3GPP stan- 30 9
8
dard allows MCS indices of 0–31 7
[5]. The MCS range of 0–9 allows 20 6
QPSK
5
QPSK modulation, MCS 10–16 allows 4
10 3
16-QAM modulation, MCS 17–28 al- 2
lows 64-QAM modulation usage, and 1
0 0
the range of MCS 29–31 allows for 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
special operation during retransmis- CQI [-]
sions [3]. The UE derives the trans-
port block size (TBS) in bits for each FIGURE 10 LTE MIMO, 64-QAM usage, and BLER as a function of CQI.
CDF
PDF
Figure 15 demonstrates the data in- 0.5 Handover Time CDF 0.5
terruption time of the HSPA+ network 0.4 Data Interruption CDF 0.4
in the same mobility route. The aver- 0.3 0.3
age interruption time is about 128 ms, 0.2 0.2
which is also calculated at the RLC 0.1 0.1
layer from the last and first packets 0 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 >100
received by the UE from the source
Handover Time/Data Interruption Time (ms)
and the target serving HSPA+ cells,
respectively. As a result, the LTE X2- FIGURE 14 LTE handover delay and data interruption time.
based handover offers a reduction of
about 60% in terms of data interrup-
tion time. This gain directly improves 1 1
the user experience in terms of the 0.9 0.9
DL throughput during mobility condi-
0.8 0.8
tions. This reduction comes mainly
from the lower processing and lower 0.7 0.7
round trip times (RTT) of the packets 0.6 0.6
in LTE system. It is important to note
CDF
PDF
0.5 0.5
that the HSPA+ system uses an unsyn-
chronized serving cell change (USCC) 0.4 0.4
procedure and does not implement 0.3 0.3
the 3GPP Release 8 enhanced serving
0.2 0.2
cell change (E-SCC), which should
reduce the data interruption time of 0.1 0.1
the HSPA+ network. Note that some 0 0
10
50
90
130
170
210
250
290
330
370
410
450
490
530
570
610
650
690
730
770
810
850
890
930
970