NAME: Roy Joe Pete L. Openiano
New tools, and
Subject: Organization and Management
Instructor: Dr. Blair Castillon
Industrial Revolution
1. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to
the 19th century where major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions. The Industrial revolution took place in Britain,
then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North
America, and eventually the world. The Industrial
Revolution marks a major turning point in human history
in almost every aspect of human life.
2. Industrial revolution can also be described in the
words of Nobel Prize winning Robert E. Lucas, Jr. as he
states, "For the first time in history, the living standards of
the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo
sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic
behavior has happened before."
3. Before Industrial revolution manufacturing took place
in homes or rural areas and it was done by hand. Some
products made in home (including clothing, furniture,
tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and
weapons) were even exchanged for food. But, people
lived in fear that the crops they grew might fail, as many
of them already suffered from malnutrition. In addition,
diseases and other epidemics were unfortunately
common. Hence machines were introduced to enhance
the effective production. Industrial revolution specifically
emerged from Britain because it had natural resources
like coal, iron ore and developed farmlands. It also had a
stable population growth due to the boosting agricultural
system
4. Collectively there were many major factors that
contributed to Industrial revolution. The urge to increase
the quality of human like, to make technological
advancement led to the causes of the Industrial
revolution. But there are three most important causes of
Industrial revolution were • Dependency on technology •
Impact of education • Protestant Reformation
5. Steam power was fuelled by coal, utilization of water
wheels and powered machinery. Development of all-
metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th
century facilitated the manufacture of production. Effects
spread throughout Western Europe and North America
during the 19th century, affecting most of the world, a
process that continues as industrialization.
6. James Watt Steam Engine Factory owners needed a
way to efficiently and cheaply produce the energy
needed to power industry. James Watt had the answer. A
more cost-effective engine was required to make its use
widespread.
7. Stephenson's locomotive The locomotive named
“Butcher” that dragged 30 tons of materials till four miles.
This successful presentation marked the first steam
locomotive journey made on railroad that was specifically
created for train use.
8. Fulton’s steamboat was the first to become a practical,
financial, and commercially successful steamboat.
Fulton’s steamboat was names as ‘Clermont’. Robert
Fulton's ‘Steamboat’
9. Agricultural Revolution began in the early 1700s with
an Englishman. Crop yields per acre were increased by
new knowledge about what techniques would allow
plants to grow and new agricultural techniques.
Fertilizers, minerals, and soil content were all factors that
started to be taken into account.
processes were developed. New plows, rakes, and other
implements began to be used.
10. Jethro Tull Jethro Tull invented a Seed Drill which
could be pulled behind a horse. A seed drill sowed seeds
that exactly positions the seeds in the soil and then
covers them. It would sow seeds in uniform rows
repeatedly instead of the wasteful method of scattering
seeds by hand.
11. Lord Townshend Townshend discovered-or merely
popularized, that if crops were grown in rotation, the land
could be kept in production with no loss of fertility.
Townshend's method became known as the Norfolk Crop
Rotation system.
12. Robert Bakewell Bakewell's great innovation included
random breeding called ‘in-an-in’, resulting in many
different breeds with their own unique, but random,
characteristics. This breeding included both plants and
animals.
13. The textile industry significantly grew during the
Industrial Revolution. Advancement was made in use of
machinery which was cheaper then products made by
hand (which took a long time to create), therefore
allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer. In
1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first American
textile factory.
14. Cotton gin made cotton processing less labor-
intensive, it helped planters earn greater profits,
prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn
required more people. Eli Whintey's Cotton gin
15. The Spinning Jenny James Hargreave’s ‘Spinning
Jenny’, revolutionized the process of cotton spinning.
The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread
was spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator
could now spin eight threads at once.
16. John Kay in 1733, formed the ‘Flying Shuttle’. The
flying shuttle also allowed the thread to be woven at a
faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving to
become faster. John Kay's 'Flying Shuttle'
17. The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on
the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods
over long distances. There were three main types of
transportation that increased during the Industrial
Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads.
Transportation was important because people were
starting to live in the West. During this time period,
transportation via water was the cheapest way to move
heavy products.
18. The Rocket was designed and built by George
Stephenson with the help of his son, Robert, and Henry
Booth. The Rocket reached speeds of 24mph during the
20 laps of the course. The Rocket can be seen at the
Science Museum, in London. Stephenson's 'Rocket'
19. The Wright Brothers Wright Brothers were successful
in flying the first plane. The plane flew for 59 seconds, at
852 feet, an extraordinary achievement.
20. Henry Ford Henry Ford invented the assembly line at
his automobile company. The assembly line reduced
production time. More cars were made available for a
lower cost, making the cars more common
21. There are many medical advances that occurred
during the Industrial Revolution. Some of these
advancement included small pox vaccination, discovery
of anesthetic, discovery of X-ray, invention of aspirin and
blood transfusion.
22. Louis Pasteur's main contributions to microbiology
and medicine were: • Instituting changes in
hospital/medical practices to minimize the spread of
disease by microbes or germs. • Discovering that weak
forms of disease could be used as an immunization
against stronger forms and that rabies was transmitted
by viruses too small to be seen under the microscopes of
the time. • Introducing the medical world to the concept
of viruses.
23. Louis Pasteur ‘Germ theory’ Germ theory that was
proposed by Louis Pasteur.
24. Edward Jenner Edward Jenner confronted small pox.
He performed an experiment by deliberately infecting a
young boy with the dose of cow pox. His experiment
wouldn't be approved by ethics committees today, but
Jenner's discovery of immunization has saved more lives
than perhaps any other single discovery in medical
science.
25. Not only did the transport or medial sector evolve
during the period of Industrial revolution but also
improvements were made in communication. Example:-
In 1700 it took four days to contact from London to
Manchester, but in 1880 it took four hours. By 1902, the
whole British Empire was linked together by a network of
telegraph cables called the 'All Red Line'. New invention
were introduced by Samuel F.B. and Alexander Graham
Bell.
26. Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph was patented in
1837. This telegraph cables reached from London to
Australia; massages could be flashed halfway around the
globe in a matter of minutes, speeding commercial
transactions Samuel F.B. Telegraph
27. Alexander Graham Bell The telephone and other
innovations like the microphone were reportedly
developed By Alexander Graham Bell in part to assist
people with hearing loss. Telephone
28. Industrial Revolution consisted of both positive and
negative aspects that impacted Great Britain, its
economy, and its people. Positively, inventions such as
the steam engine, pushed Britain and other nations
towards manufacturing and engineering prowess. Britain
was by far the wealthiest nation, as it began producing
more efficiently. This led to set new standards to form an
industrial economy. However with Industrial revolution,
came many negative impacts too.
29. • Infrastructure • Modern inventions • Class structure
• Erosion of gender inequality • Improvement in
Education system
30. • Work conditions • Child labor • Rural - Urban
migration • Increase in Population • Pollution
31. Child labor during Industrial Revolution In coal mines
children had to crawl through narrow underground
passages as low as 16 to 18 inhes in height.
32. Child Labor during Industrial Revolution
33. Pollution The smog in 1873 killed over 700 people in
London. However, the largest air pollution disaster in
Britain was the Great London Smog of December 1952
which killed approximately 4,000 people.
34. Even in today’s time we’re experiencing Industrial
Revolution. Weather its war machines, modern medicine
or infrastructure, the effect of Industrial revolution can be
greatly seen. Every technological advancement made is
a sign of Industrial revolution. One such example of
Industrial revolution is the Social Media or Internet. The
Internet is bringing a revolution along with it.
DEVELOPMET OF MODERN MANAGEMENT
1. Development of management thought
Management thought refers to the theories that
guide management of people in the
organizations
2. Initially, these theories developed out of
practical experience of managers in the
industrial enterprises. Later on, they borrowed
ideas from other fields of study like science,
anthropology, sociology etc.
Modern management theories
These theories are responsive to environment changes.
They view organizations as dynamic open systems
having multiple objectives Management is multi-
disciplinary and draws knowledge from various fields to
solve complex business problems They forecast
environment changes through scientific techniques and
discount them to the present business situations These
theories include: - Quantitative theory - Systems theory -
Contingency theory - Operational theory
Quantitative theory
It uses the services of quantitative specialists to apply
inter-disciplinary techniques to solve business
problemsIt includes: - Management science: it uses
mathematical models like PERT, CPM, Simulation etc. to
solve business problems. - Operations management: It
applies quantitative techniques of inventory
management, statistical quality control etc. to manage
the production and delivery of goods and services
Management information system: It uses computer
based information to make business decisions
Evaluation of Quantitative theory- It uses quantifiable
data to frame mathematical models and handles complex
decision- making problemsIt uses comprehensive
information through computers which could not otherwise
have been available
Limitations- It cannot be applied to study human
behaviour as it cannot be predicted through
mathematical equations- The models may be used more
for analysing the results than used for making decisions
All the variables affecting the business decisions cannot
be quantified in numeric terms- It may land up making
satisfying decisions rather than optimum decisions
because of constraints of time and cost to collect the
relevant data.
Systems Approach
As per this approach organisation is viewed from a
systems point of view.
The main elements of systems approach are as
follows: Organisation as a purposeful system consisting
of several interconnected and interdependent parts.
The parts or components of a system are called sub-
systems. The position and function of each subsystem
can be analyzed and understood only in relation to the
other sub-systems and to the organisation as a whole.
Synergy effect. Every system has a boundary that
separates it from its environment.
Feedback is useful in evaluating and improving the
functioning of the system.