Contents

Preface ix

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Function of a structure
1.2 Structural forms
1.3 Support systems
1.4 Statically determinate and indeterminate structures
1.5 Analysis and design
1.6 Structural idealization

Chapter 2 Principles of Statics 11

2.1 Force 11
2.2 Moment of a force 18
2.3 The resultant of a system of parallel forces 23
2.4 Equilibrium of force systems 24
2.5 Calculation of support reactions 25

Chapter 3 Normal Force, Shear Force, Bending Moment and Torsion 33

3.1 Types of load 33
3.2 Notation and sign convention 37
3.3 Normal force 38
3.4 Shear force and bending moment 42
3.5 Load, shear force and bending moment relationships 54
3.6 Torsion 60
3.7 Principle of superposition 64

Chapter 4 Analysis of Pin-jointed Trusses 71

4.1 Types of truss 71
4.2 Assumptions in truss analysis 72
4.3 Idealization of a truss 74
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4.4 Statical determinacy 75

4.5 Resistance of a truss to shear force and bending moment 78
4.6 Method of joints 81
4.7 Method of sections 84
4.8 Method of tension coefficients 86
4.9 Graphical method of solution 89
4.10 Compound trusses 91
4.1 1 Pin-jointed space frames 92

Chapter 5 Cables 101

5.1 Lightweight cables carrying concentrated loads 101
5.2 Heavy cables 105

Chapter 6 Arches 119

6.1 The linear arch 119
6.2 The three-pinned arch 122
6.3 A three-pinned parabolic arch carrying a uniform horizontally
distributed load 127
6.4 Bending moment diagram for a three-pinned arch 128

Chapter 7 Stress and Strain 134

7.1 Direct stress in tension and compression 134
7.2 Shear stress in shear and torsion 136
7.3 Complementary shear stress 137
7.4 Direct strain 138
7.5 Shear strain 139
7.6 Volumetric strain due to hydrostatic pressure 139
7.7 Stress-strain relationships 140
7.8 Poisson effect 142
7.9 Relationships between the elastic constants 144
7.10 Strain energy in simple tension or compression 147
7.1 1 Impact loads on structural members 152
7.12 Deflections of axially loaded structural members 154
7.13 Deflection of a simple truss 157
7.14 Statically indeterminate systems 158
7.15 Thin-walled shells under internal pressure 170

Chapter 8 Properties of Engineering Materials 181

8.1 Classification of engineering materials 182
8.2 Testing of engineering materials 183
8.3 Stress-strain curves 189
8.4 Strain hardening 193
8.5 Creep and relaxation 194
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8.6 Fatigue 195

8.7 Design methods 196
8.8 Material properties 198

Chapter 9 Bending of Beams 200

9.1 Symmetrical bending 200
9.2 Combined bending and axial load 209
9.3 Anticlastic bending 214
9.4 Strain energy in bending 215
9.5 Unsymmetrical bending 216
9.6 Calculation of section properties 220
9.7 Principal axes and principal second moments of area 230
9.8 Effect of shear forces on the theory of bending 232
9.9 Load, shear force and bending moment relationships 233
9.10 Plastic bending 234

Chapter 10 Shear of Beams 259

10.1 Shear stress distribution in a beam of unsymmetrical section 259
10.2 Shear stress distribution in symmetrical sections 26 1
10.3 Strain energy due to shear 267
10.4 Shear stress distribution in thin-walled open section beams 268
10.5 Shear stress distribution in thin-walled closed section beams 274

Chapter 11 Torsion of Beams 288

11.1 Torsion of solid and hollow circular-section bars 288
11.2 Strain energy due to torsion 293
11.3 Plastic torsion of circular-section bars 294
11.4 Torsion of a thin-walled closed section beam 296
11.5 Torsion of solid section beams 299
11.6 Warping of cross-sections under torsion 303

Chapter 12 Composite Beams 308

12.1 Steel reinforced timber beams 308
12.2 Reinforced concrete beams 313
12.3 Steel and concrete beams 326

Chapter 13 Deflection of Beams 331

13.1 Differential equation of symmetrical bending 33 1
13.2 Singularity functions 345
13.3 Moment-area method for symmetrical bending 35 1
13.4 Deflections due to unsymmetrical bending 358
13.5 Moment-area method for unsymmetrical bending 362
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13.6 Deflection due to shear 363

13.7 Statically indeterminate beams 366

Chapter 14 Complex Stress and Strain 383

14.1 Representation of stress at a point 383

14.2 Determination of stresses on inclined planes 384
14.3 Principal stresses 390
14.4 Mohr’s circle of stress 394
14.5 Stress trajectories 396
14.6 Determination of strains on inclined planes 397
14.7 Principal strains 399
14.8 Mohr’s circle of strain 400
14.9 Experimental measurement of surface strains and stresses 40 1
14.10 Theories of elastic failure 405

Chapter 15 Virtual Work and Energy Methods 421

15.1 Work 422
15.2 Principle of virtual work 423
15.3 Energy methods 442
15.4 Reciprocal theorems 459

Chapter 16 Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures 472

16.1 Flexibility and stiffness methods 473

16.2 Degree of statical indeterminacy 474
16.3 Kinematic indeterminacy 480
16.4 Statically indeterminate beams 483
16.5 Statically indeterminate trusses 490
16.6 Braced beams 498
16.7 Portal frames 50 1
16.8 Two-pinned arches 504
16.9 Slope-deflection method 510
16.10 Moment distribution 518
16.11 Introduction to matrix methods 540

Chapter 17 Influence Lines 565

17.1 Influence lines for beams in contact with the load 565
17.2 Mueller-Breslau principle 57 1
17.3 Systems of travelling loads 574
17.4 Influence lines for beams not in contact with the load 589
17.5 Forces in the members of a truss 592
17.6 Influence lines for continuous beams 596
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Chapter 18 Structural Instability 607

18.1 Euler theory for slender columns 608
18.2 Limitations of the Euler theory 616
18.3 Failure of columns of any length 616
18.4 Effect of cross-section on the buckling of columns 622
18.5 Stability of beams under transverse and axial loads 623
18.6 Energy method for the calculation of buckling loads 627
in columns (Rayleigh-Ritz method)

Index 635