Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine,[2] is the peer-reviewed academic journal of

the American Association for the Advancement of Science[3][4] (AAAS) and one of the world's top
academic journals.[5] It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a
subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a
larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people.[6]
The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research
reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other
matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science
and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science and its
rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the Journal Citation
Reports, Science's 2015 impact factor was 34.661.[7]
Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in Science.
Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in Science is very
intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career
advancement for the authors. Fewer than 7% of articles submitted are accepted for publication.
Science is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, UK.

Contents

 1History
 2Family of journals
 3Availability
 4See also
 5References
 6External links

History[edit]

Cover of the first volume of the resurrected journal (February–June 1883)

Science was founded by New York journalist John Michels in 1880 with financial support
from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell.[8][9] (Edison received favorable editorial
treatment in return, without disclosure of the financial relationship, at a time when his reputation was
suffering due to delays producing the promised commercially viable light bulb.[10]) However, the
journal never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882.
Entomologist Samuel H. Scudder resurrected the journal one year later and had some success while
covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS.[11] However, by
1894, Science was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen
Cattell for $500.[citation needed]
In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, Science became the
journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900.[12] During the early part
of the 20th century important articles published in Science included papers on fruit
fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral
nebulae by Edwin Hubble.[13] After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred
to the AAAS.[14]
After Cattell's death in 1944, the journal lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham
DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, Science absorbed The
Scientific Monthly, thus increasing the journal's circulation by over 60% from 38,000 to more than
61,000.[15] Physicist Philip Abelson, a co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to
1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication
practices were brought up to date.[15] During this time, papers on the Apollo program missions and
some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.[16]
Biochemist Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000,
neuroscientist Floyd E. Bloom held that position.[16] Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor
of Science in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008.[17] Geophysicist Marcia
McNutt became editor-in-chief in June 2013.[18] During her tenure the family of journals expanded to
include Science Robotics and Science Immunology,[19] and open access publishing with Science
Advances.[20] Jeremy M. Berg became editor-in-chief on July 1, 2016.[21]
In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published
by Nature and Science with Science publishing the Celera Genomics paper and Nature publishing
the publicly funded Human Genome Project. In 2007 Science (together with Nature) received
the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.[22] In 2015 Rush D. Holt, Jr., chief
executive officer of the AAAS and executive publisher of Science, stated that the journal was
becoming increasingly international: "[I]nternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they
represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent."[23]
Former Washington University in St. Louis Provost Holden Thorp was named editor-in-chief on
Monday, August 19th, 2019.[24][25]

Family of journals[edit]
The Science family of journals includes Science, Science Translational Medicine, Science Signaling,
and Science Advances. In 2015, Holt announced another expansion: Science Robotics and Science
Immunology would begin publication in mid-2016.[26]

Availability[edit]
The latest editions of the journal are available online, through the main journal website, only to
subscribers, AAAS members, and for delivery to IP addresses at institutions that subscribe;
students, K–12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced fee. However, research
articles published after 1997 are available for free (with online registration) one year after they are
 published i.e. delayed open access.[1] Significant public-health related articles are also available for
free, sometimes immediately after publication. AAAS members may also access the pre-1997
Science archives at the Science website, where it is called "Science Classic". Institutions can opt to
add Science Classic to their subscriptions for an additional fee. Some older articles can also be
accessed via JSTOR and ProQuest.
The journal also participates in initiatives that provide free or low-cost access to readers in
developing countries, including HINARI, OARE, AGORA, and Scidev.net.
Other features of the Science website include the free "ScienceNow" section with "up to the minute
news from science",[27] and "ScienceCareers", which provides free career resources for scientists
and engineers. Science Express (Sciencexpress) provides advance electronic publication of
selected Science papers.[28]
See also: Nova ScienceNow

See also[edit]

 Science portal

 Breakthrough of the Year

 List of scientific journals

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Science Journals: editorial policies". Science. American Association for the
Advancement of Science. January 31, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018. Original research papers are
freely accessible with registration on the Science Journal's website 12 months after publication
2. ^ "Science Magazine". Aaas.org. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
3. ^ "AAAS – AAAS News Release". Aaas.org. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
4. ^ "AAAS Annual Report-Science". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.
Retrieved May 15, 2010.
5. ^ Lemonick, Michael D. (March 7, 2011). "Alien Life Discovered in a Meteorite! Or Maybe No" (online
web page). Time magazine online. Retrieved October 3, 2011. The paper, meanwhile, had been
published in Science, one of the world's top scientific journals, which gave it even more apparent
gravitas.
6. ^ AAAS, "2014 Science Media Kit"
7. ^ "Science". 2015 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2016.
8. ^ "Thomas A. Edison and the Founding of Science: 1880". Science. 105 (2719): 142–148. February 7,
1947. doi:10.1126/science.105.2719.142. PMID 17813458. a weekly journal devoted mainly to
physical science and invention, entitled Science, and Mr. [A. Graham] Bell purchased from Mr. John
Michels for $5,000 the title and good will of this journal. Continuity of the publication was not, however,
maintained, and the present journal [Science] dates from 1883. Mr. Thomas A. Edison had been
responsible for the foundation of the earlier Science
9. ^ Grosvenor, Edwin S; Wesson, Morgan (May 13, 2016). Alexander Graham Bell. New Word
City. ISBN 978-1612309842. In 1881, the old rivalry between Bell and Thomas Edison spilled over
into the field of publishing. Science Magazine had been founded the year before with funding from
Edison, but the frugal inventor soon tired of the deficits and withheld support. Bell had written for the
magazine and respected its editorial quality. He felt that Science, like the British Nature, appealed to a
broad audience interested in current research. In 1882, he and Gardiner Hubbard acquired the rights
to Science and hired as editor a respected young entomologist and riter named Sam Scudder, who
happened to be a Hubbard cousin.
10. ^ David Baron (2017). American Eclipse. Liveright. p. 224. ISBN 9781631490163.
 11. ^ AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. Origins: 1848–1899", 2004
12. ^ AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and Science: 1900–1940",
2004
13. ^ "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and Science: 1900–1940". American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
14. ^ "Online Exhibits". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved August
27, 2006.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and the Maturing of
American Science: 1941–1970". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Retrieved October 3, 2013.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. Change and Continuity: 1971
to the Present". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
17. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (December 17, 2007). "Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of
Science". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
18. ^ Gramling, Carolyn (April 2, 2013). "Marcia McNutt Bringing Her 'Intellectual Energy' to
Science". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved September
21, 2013.
19. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (October 20, 2015). "AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by
Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology" (Press release). American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
20. ^ Van Noorden, Richard (February 12, 2014). "AAAS announces open-access journal". Nature.
Retrieved February 12, 2015.
21. ^ Kaiser, Jocelyn (May 25, 2016). "Jeremy Berg named Science editor-in-chief". Science. American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved July 1,2016.
22. ^ Journal Science. Fundacionprincipedeasturias.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-20.
23. ^ Holt, Rush (June 29, 2015). "Scientific Drivers for Diplomacy". Science and Diplomacy.
24. ^ "Thorp named editor-in-chief of Science | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis". The
Source. August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
25. ^ "AAAS names chemist Holden Thorp as editor-in-chief of Science". Science | AAAS. August 19,
2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
26. ^ Pinholster, Ginger (October 20, 2015). "AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by
Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology" (Press release). American
Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
27. ^ "ScienceNow". Science. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
28. ^ "Science Express". AAAS / Phys.org. Retrieved April 25, 2019.

External links