FULL DUPLEX TECHNOLOGY

Telecommunication Systems Engg(group-8)(2019-21)

Abstract— In this presentation we give a brief overview of the different transmission modes
namely simplex mode, half duplex mode and full duplex (FD) mode. Then we discuss about
the full duplex mode of communication in detail and its use in cooperative communication
and relaying modes i.e. AF relay and DF relay protocol. We then study about the multiple
access techniques used in full duplex communications i.e. TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, OFDMA
and NOMA. Then we see the technological challenges faced in implementing full duplex
techniques for 5G and lastly we see the problem of Self Interference (SI) in a full duplex
communication model and its mitigation techniques.
I.INTRODUCTION
Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It is also known as
communication mode. There are three types of transmission mode:- 1.Simplex mode 2.Half
duplex mode 3.Full duplex mode. In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as
on a one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can only
receive. In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. In full-duplex
mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously.
Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both direction is required all the time. The
capacity of the channel, however must be divided between the two directions.
Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by a
telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.
II.FULL DUPLEX COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION
In wireless communications signals travel through a wireless channel that is not physically
constraint to restrict the signal travel in a particular direction. Due to the nature of wireless
channel, transmitted signal actually broadcasts. This broadcast signal, because of reflection,
refraction, diffraction and scattering, follows several different paths to arrive at the final
destination. These effects are caused by many different objects present in the way of
transmitted signal. The solution of this problem is the concept of cooperative
communications, first introduced by Sendonaris. Cooperative communications is a way in
which each wireless user transmits not only its own information, but also act as an assisting
agent, called relay.
In cooperative communications setup, the other users’ receiver called its partner, will in some
way repeat this information to destination by using some suitable relaying protocol. Many
relaying protocols like, Amplify-and-Forward (AF), Decode-and-Forward (DF) and
Compress-and-Forward (CF), have been introduced, but all of them are somehow the
variations of simple AF and DF.
A. Amplify-and-Forward: In this relaying protocol, every cooperating user or partner, after
receiving the noisy version of the transmitted signal of its partner, amplifies and re-transmits
it to common destination, base station in our case.
B. Decode-and-Forward: With DF relaying protocol, every cooperating user, after receiving
the noisy version of the transmitted signal of its partner, decodes and then sends to base
station, the re-encoded version of it.
III.MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES AND 5G
In 1G, 2G, and 3G, frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple
access and code division multiple access were introduced, respectively. In Long-Term
Evolution (LTE), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)such an
orthogonal design has the benefit that there is no mutual interference among users, and
therefore good system-level performance can be achieved even with simplified receivers.
However, none of these techniques can meet the high demands of future radio access
systems such as 5G. The increasing demand of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things
possess challenging requirements for 5G wireless communications, such as high spectral
efficiency and massive connectivity. In this presentation, a promising technology, non-
orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is discussed, which can address some of these
challenges for 5G. NOMA uses the power domain to separate signals from each other.
NOMA gives a new dimension in which signals can be separated and given access to a base
station. In OFDMA, different UE signals are transmitter at different frequency resources, but
in case of NOMA, different UE signals are transmitted at same frequency but at different
power levels depending upon the position of UE in the cell. The performance gain of NOMA
compared to that of OFDMA increases when the difference in channel gain the path loss
between UEs is large. As a promising 5G technique, NOMA has been shown to be
compatible with other key enabling techniques for 5G communications. The NOMA is
beneficial for heterogeneous networks, as more users can be served in a small cell by
exploiting the NOMA principle. At the same time, the applications of NOMA to machine-to-
machine (M2M) communications, ultra-dense networks (UDN), and massive machine type
communications are being studied, respectively, where the use of NOMA can effectively
support massive connectivity of 5G.
IV.SELF INTERFERENCE AND ITS CANCELLATION
The main limitation impacting full-duplex transmission is managing the strong self-
interference (SI) signal imposed by the transmit antenna, on the receive antenna, within the
same transceiver. For a full-duplex system to achieve its maximum efficiency, the self-
interference signal has to be significantly suppressed to the receiver’s noise floor. In case the
SI cancellation does not reach the receivers noise floor, the residual SI destroys the
performance of the FD systems throughput.
PASSIVE CANCELLATION TECHNIQUE: In passive suppression techniques, the self-
interference signal is suppressed in the propagation domain before it is processed by the
receiver circuitry. This can be achieved by Antenna separation/isolation, Directional antennas
or multiple antennas with careful antenna placements. However in relay systems where the
antennas are not co-located significant suppression can be achieved. For a single pattern
directional antenna with antenna separation of 6m can achieve a suppression of about
85dB.When antenna directionality is utilized instead of small separation a suppression of
45dB can be achieved.
ACTIVE CANCELLATION TECHNIQUE: The self-interference signal is cancelled by the
fact that the transceiver knows the signal it is transmitting, such that the self-interference
signal is mitigated by subtracting a processed copy of the transmitted signal from the received
signal. Active cancellation techniques are divided into digital cancellation and analog
cancellation based on the signal domain.
By using all cancellation techniques we can get maximum throughput in full duplex
technology. Presented by
SOUMYA KANTI SAU
DHANANJAY TIWARI
DEBMALYA DAS