Odontología

Matemáticas

Trabajo: Conjuntos traducción

Integrantes:
Nicolas Álvarez Castaño
Andrés Mauricio Gómez Berrio
Víctor González Cardona.

Grupo:103
Aula:D703

Profesor:
José Doney Duque Ocampo

Fecha 19/02/2019

Areandina Pereira
SETS

The whole concept is fundamental in all branches of mathematics. Intuitively, a set is a

list, collection or class of well-defined objects, objects that, as will be seen in the
examples, can be any: numbers, people, letters, rivers, etc. These objects are called
elements or members of the set.

NOTATION

It is usual to denote the sets by uppercase letters

A, B, X, Y, ...

The elements of the sets are represented by lowercase letters

a, b, x, y, ...

When defining a set by the effective enumeration of its elements, for example, the A,
which consists of the numbers 1, 3, 7 and 10, is written

A = {1, 3, 7, 10}

separating the elements by commas and enclosing them between curly braces. This is
the so-called tabular form of a set. But if a set is defined by stating properties that its
elements must have, such as B, the set of all even numbers, then a letter, usually x, is
used to represent any element and is written

B = {x is even}

what is read «B is the set of numbers x such that x is even». It is said that this is the
form of understanding or constructive definition of a set. Note that the vertical bar «|»
reads «such that».
If an object x is an element of a set A, that is, if A contains x as one of its elements, it is
written

X=A
which can also be read "x belongs to A" or "x is in A". If, on the contrary, an object x is
not an element of a set A, that is, if A does not contain x among its elements, it is
written

XA

It is customary in mathematical writings to put a vertical line «|» or oblique «/» by

crossing a symbol to indicate the opposite or the negation of the meaning of the symbol.

Example 1: If A = {a, e, i, o, u, }then a A, b A, e A, f A.

Example 2: If B = {x is even }then 3 B, 6 B, 11 B, 14 B.

FINITE AND INFINITE SETS

The sets can be finite or infinite. Intuitively, a set is finite if it consists of a certain
number of different elements, that is, if counting the different elements of the whole the
counting process can end. If not, the set is infinite.

Example 1: If M is the set of days of the week, then M is finite.

Example 2: If N = {2, 4, 6, 8,,} N is infinite.

Example 3: If P = x {is a river of the Earth} , P is also finite, although it is difficult to

count the rivers of the world.

EQUALITY OF SETS

The set A is equal to the set B if both have the same elements, that is, if each element
belonging to A also belongs to B and if each element belonging to B also belongs to A.
The equality of the sets A is denoted and B by

A=B
VACUUM SET

It is convenient to introduce the concept of empty set, that is, of a set that lacks
elements. This set is usually called a null set. Here we will say of a similar set that is
empty and will be denoted by the symbol ∅.

Example 1: If A is the set of living persons older than 200 years, A is empty according
to known statistics.

SUBCONJUNDS

If every element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then it is said that A is a subset
of B. Lighter: A is a subset of B if x A implies x B. This relationship is denoted by
A⊂B
that you can also read "A is contained in B".

UNIVERSAL SET

In every application of set theory, all the sets that are considered will most likely be
subsets of the same given set. This set will be called universal referential set or universe
of discourse and will be denoted by U.

Example 1: In plane geometry the universal set is that of all the points of the plane.
Example 2: In the studies on human population the universal set is that of all the people
of the world.

DIAGRAMS OF VENN-EULER

It is possible to illustrate in a simple and instructive way the relations between sets by
means of the so-called Venn-Euler or Venn diagrams, simply, that represent a set with a
flat area, usually delimited by a circle.
Example 1: Assume A ⊂ B and A ≠ B. Then A and B are described with one of the
diagrams:

Example 2: If A and B are not comparable, they can be represented by the diagram on
the right if they are disjoint or by the one on the left if they are not.