Types of Concentrating Solar Collectors

Solar power is a conversion of sunlight into electricity. The amount of solar energy reaching the earth’s surface is
huge – almost 6000 times more than the power consumed by humans throughout the world. There are two systems
of converting sunlight into electricity.

 Photovoltaic System (PV) and,

 Concentrated Solar Power System (CSP).

The concentrating solar power system (CSP) uses lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight into a sharp beam with the help
of concentrating solar collectors. This powerful beam is next focused on a small receiver to heat a fluid to a high
temperature.

The hot fluid is then used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine coupled to an electrical generator.

Types of Concentrating Solar Collectors

Various types of concentrating solar collectors are as under:

 Parabolic trough collector.

 Power tower receiver.
 Parabolic dish collector.
 Fresnel lens collector.

Parabolic Trough Collector

It is a line focusing type collector. In this type of collector, the solar radiations falling on the area of the parabolic
reflector are concentrated at the focus of the parabola.

When the reflector is manufactured in the form of a trough with the parabolic cross-section, the solar radiations gets
focused along a line. An absorber pipe is placed along this line and a working fluid (usually synthetic oil or water)
flows through it. When the focused solar radiations fall on the absorber pipe, it heats the fluid to a high temperature.
Then the heat absorbed by the working fluid is transferred to water for producing steam.

The focus of solar radiations changes with the change in sun’s elevation. In order to focus the solar radiations on the
absorber pipe, either the trough or the collector pipe is rotated continuously about the axis of the absorber pipe.
Solar Power Plant Using Parabolic Trough Collector

These power plants employ an array of parabolic trough collectors installed with sun tracing device to collect the
solar radiations which are used to heat a fluid (water). The general range of working temperature is between 250 oC
to 400oC.

This heat is transferred to a storage tank and finally to feed water where the steam is generated in the steam
generator.

This steam is used to drive a turbine coupled to an electric generator. The mechanical energy produced by the
turbine is converted into electrical power by the generator.

The exhaust of the steam turbine is condensed in the condenser with the help of circulating cold water. The
condensate is returned to the boiler with the help of a feed pump.

The parabolic trough collectors are generally preferred over dish collectors because of low cost and
requirement of sun tracking in one plane only.

The system works on the Rankine cycle. The block diagram of the power plant using parabolic trough collectors is
shown in Figure.

Power Tower Receiver

In this collector, the receiver is located at the top of the tower. It has a large number of independently-moving flat
mirrors (heliostats) spread over a large area of ground to focus the reflected solar radiations on the receiver. The
heliostats are installed all around the central tower.
Each heliostat is rotated into two directions so as to track the sun. The solar radiations reflected from heliostats are
absorbed by the receiver mounted on a tower of about 500 m height.

The tower supports a bundle of vertical tubes containing the working fluid. The working fluid in the absorber
receiver is converted into the high-temperature steam of about 600oC – 700oC. This steam is supplied to a
conventional steam power plant coupled to an electric generator to generate electric power.

Parabolic Dish Collector

In these collectors, the receiver is placed at the focal point of the concentrator. The solar beam radiations are focused
at a point where the receiver (absorber) is placed. The solar radiations are collected in the receiver.

A small volume of fluid is heated in the receiver to a high temperature. This heat is used to run a prime mover
coupled with a generator.

A typical parabolic dish collector has a dish of 6 m diameter. This collector requires two-axis tracking. It can yield
temperatures up to 3000oC.

Due to the limitations of size and the small quantity of fluid, dish type solar collectors are suitable for only small
power generation (up to few kW).

Fresnel Lens Concentrating Collector

In this collector, a Fresnel lens which consists of fine, linear grooves on the surface of refracting material of optical
quality on one side and flat on the other side is used.

The angle of each groove is so designed that the optical behavior of the Fresnel lens is similar to that of a common
lens.

The solar radiations which fall normally to the lens are refracted by the lens and are focused on a line where the
absorber tube (receiver) is placed to absorb solar radiations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Power

Advantages
  Solar power is silent, limitless and free.
 It is pollution free. It releases no CO2, SO2 and NO2 gases which are produced in coal-fired generating
stations.
 It does not contribute to global warming.
 Operating costs of solar power plants are very low.

Disadvantages

 Solar electricity is not produced at night. Hence, a complimentary power system is required.
 Solar power is much reduced in cloudy conditions.
 It is very location dependent, only suitable for favorable sun-shine sites.
 Solar power plants require very large ground area.
 At present, solar power is very costly.
 Low thermal efficiency.
 Needs a thermal storage system.

What is MPPT?
MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that included in charge controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under
certain conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called �maximum power point� (or peak power voltage). Maximum power
varies with solar radiation, ambient temperature and solar cell temperature.

Typical PV module produces power with maximum power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C, it can drop to around 15 V on a
very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a very cold day.

How MPPT works?

The major principle of MPPT is to extract the maximum available power from PV module by making them operate at the most efficient voltage (maximum
power point). That is to say:
MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what is the best power that PV module can produce to charge the battery and
converts it to the best voltage to get maximum current into battery. It can also supply power to a DC load, which is connected directly to the battery.

MPPT is most effective under these conditions:

� Cold weather, cloudy or hazy days: Normally, PV module works better at cold temperatures and MPPT is utilized to extract maximum power available
from them.
� When battery is deeply discharged: MPPT can extract more current and charge the battery if the state of charge in the battery is lowers.

MPPT solar charge controller

A MPPT solar charge controller is the charge controller embedded with MPPT
algorithm to maximize the amount of current going into the battery from PV module.

MPPT is DC to DC converter which operates by taking DC input from PV module,

changing it to AC and converting it back to a different DC voltage and current to exactly
match the PV module to the battery.
 Examples of DC to DC converter are

� Boost converter is power converter which DC input voltage is less than DC output voltage. That means PV input voltage is less than the battery voltage
in system.
� Buck converter is power converter which DC input voltage is greater than DC output voltage. That means PV input voltage is greater than the battery
voltage in system.

MPPT algorithm can be applied to both of them depending on system design. Normally, for battery system voltage is equal or less than 48 V, buck converter is
useful. On the other hand, if battery system voltage is greater than 48 V, boost converter should be chosen.

MPPT solar charge controllers are useful for off-grid solar power systems such as stand-alone solar power system, solar home system and solar water
pump system, etc.

Main features of MPPT solar charge controller

� In any applications which PV module is energy source, MPPT solar charge controller is used to correct for detecting the variations in the current-voltage
characteristics of solar cell and shown by I-V curve.
� MPPT solar charge controller is necessary for any solar power systems need to extract maximum power from PV module; it forces PV module to
operate at voltage close to maximum power point to draw maximum available power.
� MPPT solar charge controller allows users to use PV module with a higher voltage output than operating voltage of battery system.
For example, if PV module has to be placed far away from charge controller and battery, its wire size must be very large to reduce voltage drop. With a
MPPT solar charge controller, users can wire PV module for 24 or 48 V (depending on charge controller and PV modules) and bring power into 12 or 24 V
battery system. This means it reduces the wire size needed while retaining full output of PV module.
� MPPT solar charge controller reduces complexity of system while output of system is high efficiency. Additionally, it can be applied to use with more
energy sources. Since PV output power is used to control DC-DC converter directly.
� MPPT solar charge controller can be applied to other renewable energy sources such as small water turbines, wind-power turbines, etc.

What are the characteristics of batteries used in a solar

application?
The idea battery has the following characteristics:

 low cost
 long life (20 to 50 years)
 deep discharge
 non toxic
 low environmental impact
  intrinsically safe (will not explode or catch fire)
 100% recyclable
 lightweight (for use in cars)
 high power density (small physical size)
 operation independent of temperature
 good round trip efficiency
This is a tall order. To date, no battery even comes close in even a few categories let alone all categories.

Battery Characteristics
The use of batteries in photovoltaic systems differs from the use of batteries in other common
battery applications. For photovoltaic systems, the key technical considerations are that the
battery experience a long lifetime under nearly full discharge conditions. Common rechargeable
battery applications do not experience both deep cycling and being left at low states of charge for
extended periods of time. For example, in batteries for starting cars or other engines, the battery
experiences a large, short current drain, but is at full charge for most of its life. Similarly,
batteries in uninterruptible power supplies are kept at full charge for most of their life. For
batteries in consumer electronics, the weight or size is often the most important consideration.
This section provides an overview of the critical battery characteristics or specifications,
including battery voltage, capacity, charging/discharging regimes, efficiency, etc.

 Battery Capacity
 Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters
 Battery Efficiency
 Battery Lifetime and Maintenance
 Battery Voltage
 Other Electrical Battery Parameters