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Arheološka Istraživanja Na Lokalitetu Banjače, Miloglav, Ina Ožanić Roguljić, Ivana
Arheološka Istraživanja Na Lokalitetu Banjače, Miloglav, Ina Ožanić Roguljić, Ivana
Dugopolje, 2018.
SADRŽAJ / CONTENTS
5 Zemljopisni položaj
Geographical position
9 Suhozidno graditeljstvo
Dry-stone building
10 Materijalni ostaci
Material remains
30 literatura
bibliography
ARHEOLOŠKA ISTRAŽIVANJA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS
NA NALAZIŠTU BANJAČE OF THE BANJAČE SITE
sonda je dodatno podijeljena na sjeverni i južni trenches were widened within the zone of expro-
dio. Dužina istraženih sondi varirala je između priation. In cases where the configuration of the
13,00 – 22,00 m, a širina između 3,00 – 5,00 m. terrain required it, the trenches were split into
northern and southern parts. The length of the
ZEMLJOPISNI POLOŽAJ excavated trenches varied between 13.00 – 22.00
and the width between 3.00–5.00 m.
Položaj Banjače nalazi se na području pro-
strane i razgranate krške dugopoljske zaravni, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
koja je od jadranske obale odijeljena Mosorom.
Osim obronaka Mosora na jugu, zaravan na sje- The location of Banjače is in a vast and
veru omeđuju brda Orgus i Osoje, na zapadu branched-out karstic plateau that is separated
Kočinje brdo, a na istoku Mali Mosor. Prema from the Adriatic coast by the Mosor Mountain.
prirodnim svojstvima dugopoljska je zaravan Apart from the slopes of the Mosor in the south,
podijeljena na nekoliko dijelova. Konkretno, the plateau is bordered by the Orgus and Osoje
na kameniti predio Podi na zapadu, te tri krška hills in the north, the Kočinje hill in the west, and
polja: Dugopolje na jugu, Vučipolje na sjeveru i the Mali Mosor hill in the east. Based on its natu-
Prapatnjik na sjeveroistoku. Dugopoljska zara- ral characteristics, the Dugopolje plateau is divid-
van prometno je dobro povezana s jadranskom ed into several parts: the rocky area of Podi in the
obalom i unutrašnjošću. Prema Splitskom polju west and three karstic fields – Dugopolje in the
i obali vodi Klis, prijevoj između Mosora i Kozja- south, Vučipolje in the north, and Prapatnjik in
ka, a prema unutrašnjosti prijevoj između brda the northeast. The Dugopolje plateau is well-con-
Orgus i Osoje. Položaj Banjače nalazi se na sa- nected with the Adriatic coast and its hinterland.
mom sjevernom rubu dugopoljske zaravni, od- Klis, a mountain pass between the Mosor and
nosno Vučipolja, točnije na južnim obroncima Kozjak Mountains, leads towards Splitsko polje,
brda Osoje, s orijentacijom prema jugu, dok na- and a mountain pass between the Orgus and Oso-
lazište ima orijentaciju prema jugoistoku. je hills leads towards the heartland. The Banjače
position is on the northern edge of the Dugopolje
plateau, i.e. of Vučipolje, on the southern slopes
of the Osoje hill that spans towards the south.
The site is oriented towards the southeast.
BANJAČE U ANTICI – SVE CESTE BANJAČE IN ANTIQUITY – ALL
VODE PORED BANJAČA ROADS PASS NEAR BANJAČE
pravac preko Prosika izbijao na Dicmo. that this direction, through Prosik, also led to
Dicmo.
NAJBLIŽI ANTIČKI LOKALITETI
THE CLOSEST ANCIENT SITES
Od zabilježenih i istraženih antičkih lokali-
teta u okolici dokumentirani su ostaci cisterne Documented in the recorded and researched
koja je u 5./6. st. prenamijenjena u skladište te ancient sites, in the vicinity were the remains of a
ostaci grobnice s ukopima 2. pol. 4. st. i 1. pol. 6. cistern which was converted into a warehouse in
st. Na osnovi nalaza pretpostavlja se da je riječ o the 5/6 CE and the remains of another tomb with
kompleksu s kontinuiranim razvojem od objek- stones from the second half of the 4th CE and the
ta tipa villa rustica prema ranokršćanskom sre- first half of the 6th CE. On the basis of these find-
dištu, za što postoje paralele u ruralnim sredi- ings, it is assumed that this was a continuously
nama 5. i 6. st. developing complex as was villa rustica towards
Banjače se nalaze oko 500 m istočnije od na- the early Christian center, for which there are par-
lazišta na Vučipolju i po svome se karakteru razli- allels in rural areas of the 5th and 6th centuries.
kuju od njega. Nalazi upućuju na ruralni karakter The site of Banjače is located about 500 m
naselja, koje je na ovom mjestu osnovano počet- east of the Vučipolje site and is different in char-
kom 5. stoljeća. Čini se da najbližu analogiju za acter. The findings suggest a rural settlement,
sada predstavlja nalazište u Konjskom. Rezultati which was established at the beginning of the
istraživanja pokazali su da se na tom mjestu na- 5th century. The closest analogy seems to be the
lazilo naselje u 5. i 6. st. sa stambenom arhitektu- site in Konjsko. The research results showed that
rom, štalama i torovima za stoku, a nalazi upuću- there was a settlement in the 5th and 6th centu-
ju na zemljoradnju i stočarstvo te keramičarsku i ries with housing, shelters and pens for cattle,
kovačku djelatnost. Svakako je zanimljivo da se i and suggest farming and cattle breeding, as well
naselje u Konjskom, poput onoga na Banjačama, as ceramics and blacksmith work. It is certainly
nalazilo uz jednu važnu prometnicu, uz već spo- interesting that the settlement in Konjsko, like
menutu cestu ab Salonis Andetrium. the one in Banjače, was built along the import-
ant, aforementioned road ab Salonis Andetrium.
REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA NA RESEARCH RESULTS
LOKALITETU BANJAČE
Archaeological research on the Banjače site
Provedena arheološka istraživanja na Banja- revealed the remains of drywall architecture
čama otkrila su ostatke suhozidne arhitekture s from the beginning of the 5th century, whose
početka 5. st., čiji se najveći objekt pravokutnog main rectangular shaped structure was locat-
oblika nalazio ispod recentne suhozidne gomi- ed under a recent stone mound, which is a very
le. Vrlo je uobičajeno da se ispod ovakvih gomila common find.
nalaze ostaci arhitekture koji služe kao prirodno The structure (Structure 1) is a rectangular
okruženje za odlaganje kamena. building covering an area of 66 m² (measuring
Navedena građevina (u daljnjem tekstu 9.00 x 6.80 m), and its orientation is south east
Objekt 1) predstavlja građevinu pravokutnog – north east with the entrance to the north side.
oblika ukupne površine od 66 m² (dimenzija All that’s left from the original walls, which were
9,00 x 6,80 m), orijentacije JI-SZ s ulazom na sje- on average around 1.00 - 1.40 m, are the founda-
vernoj strani. Od zidova koji su u prosjeku široki tions which were laid on bedrock and red soil.
oko 1,00 – 1,40 m sačuvani su temelji položeni Within the object, large amounts of glass objects,
na kamenu živcu i crljenici. Unutar objekta na- bronze coins, ceramic and metal objects and an
đena je veća količina nalaza stakla, brončanog iron sickle were found. The walls were construct- 8
novca, keramike, metalnih predmeta i jedan ed using the drywall technique, i.e. without any
željezni nazubljeni srp. Zidovi su građeni suho- binding, and the inner and outer surfaces were
obradi vune. Keramički nalazi pokazuju indirektni contact with the whole Mediterranean, while
kontakt s čitavim mediteranom, dok stakleni nala- glass finds indicate the workplace had lighting.
zi upućuju na uređenje radnog prostora rasvjetom.
DRY-STONE BUILDING
SUHOZIDNO GRADITELJSTVO
The origin of dry-stone residential construc-
Porijeklo suhozidnog stambenog gradi- tion dates back to the earliest prehistoric times,
teljstva potječe još od najranije prapovijesti, a and ethnological research carried out on the
etnološka istraživanja provedena na prostoru eastern Adriatic coast testifies to drywall con-
istočnojadranske obale svjedoče o suhozidnoj struction as an architectural model of housing
gradnji kao o arhitektonskom modelu stanova- that is very recognizable in the landscape.
nja koji je vrlo prepoznatljiv u krajoliku. According to the division of drywall construc-
Prema podjeli suhozidne gradnje iz etno- tion from ethnological research, these dwellings
loških istraživanja ona se dijeli na: suhozidna were divided into: a drywall dwelling, a fence, a
nastamba, ograda, tor, te lokva ili pojilište. Su- cattle pen and a watering place. Drywall dwell-
hozidne nastambe u pravilu su jednoprostorne, ings generally have one room with different
raznolikih tlocrtnih oblika. Imaju otvor za ulaz possible layouts. They have an opening for the
te mogu imati i nekoliko manjih otvora za osvjet- entrance and can have several smaller open-
ljenje, zračenje i odvod dima. Ulaz je uz manja ings for lighting, air and smoke ventilation. The
odstupanja najčešće okrenut prema jugozapa- entrance, with few exceptions, is most often on
du, a duža os kuće samo iznimno odstupa od the southwestern side, and the longer side of the
osnovnog smjera pružanja sjeverozapad-jugoi- house usually faces northwest-southeast. These
stok. Građene su od kamenih blokova slaganih dwellings were built from stone blocks placed in
u dvostrukom nizu s ispunom od sitnijeg kame- a double line and filled with smaller rocks. The
nog materijala. Zidovi su temeljeni na čvrstom wall foundations are on solid ground, on a solid
tlu, na stijeni odnosno kamenu živcu, i obično rock or bedrock, and are usually between 60 and
su široki između 60 i 80 cm, ovisno o visini na- 80 cm wide, depending on the height. Although
stambe. Iako su na lokalitetu Banjače očuvani only the lower parts of the drywall architecture
samo donji dijelovi suhozidne arhitekture mogu are preserved at the Banjače site, there are sim-
se naći poveznice s tradicijskom suhozidnom ilarities to traditional drywall construction,
gradnjom koja se očito na ovim prostorima za- which was evident in these areas until recently.
držala do novijeg doba. Ostaci arhitekture na The remains of the architecture at the Banjače
lokalitetu Banjače nalaze se na kamenu živcu, site are located on the bedrock, the largest build-
najveća građevina (Objekt 1) orijentirana je SZ- ing (Structure 1) is oriented to the NW-SE, with
JI, s ulazom koji se nalazi na sjevernoj, a ne na the entrance to the north and not to the south-
jugozapadnoj strani što je vjerojatno posljedica west, probably due to the natural configuration
prirodne konfiguracije terena. Debljina zidova of the terrain. The Structure 1 walls were thicker
Objekta 1 možda sugerira da se objekt koristio and its roof made from tegula (as were the rooves
kroz duži vremenski period te u zimskim uvje- of most of the structures found in the excavation)
tima jer u tom slučaju debljina zidova je puno which suggests that the object was used for a lon-
veća. Krov od tegula, koje su pronađene na ci- ger period of time and in winter. Both objects are
jelom istraženom području, također ide tome u lying on fence or cattle pen. The drywall construc-
prilog. Oba objekta naslonjena su na ogradne tion with the fences indicates the settlement
prostore, odnosno torove. Suhozidna gradnja was intended for herding as well. The dwellings
s ogradama upućuje na karakter naselja sa sto- of agricultural populations are most often sit-
čarskom komponentom. Nastambe poljopri- uated near fertile fields, while herding popu-
vredne zajednice najčešće su uključene u sustav lations build fences around their space so that
plodnih polja, dok stočarske zajednice ograđuju they could capture and control the animals. The
prostor koji omogućuje zatvaranje i kontrolira- fence wall on which Strucure 1 stands is pointing
nje životinja. Ogradni zid na koji je naslonjen toward the building used for economic purpors- 10
Objekt 1 upućuje na prostoriju gospodarskog es, as well as the fence wall at Structure 2 which
karaktera, kao i ogradni zid uz Objekt 2 koji je served as a cattle pen. According to ethnological
ma no utezi takvog oblika mogli su poslužiti i pri become evidence of textile production at the site.
oblikovanju tkalačkih stanova te na taj način po- The needle confirms textile work on this property.
staju svjedočanstvo o tekstilnoj proizvodnji na
lokalitetu. Nalaz igle potvrđuje rad na tekstilu u Glass
sklopu gospodarstva na ovom posjedu. The fragments of glass lamps found within
both objects are very important and are usually
Staklo associated with liturgical and sacral spaces. How-
Posebno treba naglasiti ulomke staklenih svje- ever, according to all the finds, Banjače is with
tiljki koje su pronađene unutar oba objekta, a koje certainty classified as a rural type of settlement,
se ponekad povezuju s litrurgijom i sakralnim so the use of glass lamps should be observed in
prostorima. Međutim, prema svim pokazateljima the context of secular objects, which opens up
lokalitet Banjače se sa sigurnošću može okarakte- new insight into the use of these objects.
rizirati kao ruralan tip naselja, stoga se upotreba
staklenih svjetiljki treba promatrati u kontekstu Money
svjetovnih objekata, što otvara neke nove spozna- The coinage found at Banjače confirms that
je o korištenju i upotrebi ovih predmeta. the settlement can be dated to the 5th century AD.
Namely, most of the coinage from the site can be
Novac dated to this period. From a total of 63 finds of
Nalazi novca s Banjača potvrđuju da se nala- bronze coins, only one is earlier and differs from
zište može datirati u 5. st. po. Kr. Iz tog vremena, the rest of the coinage both in state of preserva-
naime, potječe većina novca s ovog lokaliteta. Od tion and quality. It is a Roman imperial coin dated
ukupno 63 primjerka brončanog novca samo je to the second half of the 2nd century AD, and is
jedan raniji te odskače od ostatka novčanog ma- a well preserved sestertius of Marcus Aurelius’s
terijala i svojim stanjem očuvanosti i kvalitetom. wife, Faustina Minor, with a commonly interpret-
Riječ je o rimskom carskom novcu iz 2. pol. 2. ed depiction of the goddess Juno on the reverse.
st. po. Kr., i to o dobro sačuvanom sesterciju (se- The rest of the coinage can be dated to the 4th and
stertius) supruge Marka Aurelija, Faustine mla- 5th centuries AD. Additionally, only one coin can
đe, s prikazom Junone na reversu, uobičajene be dated to the second half of the 4th century AD,
caričine interpretacije. Ostatak novca pripada to the times of Gratian’s rule – type Vota from 379
4. i 5. st. po. Kr. Štoviše samo se jedan primjerak AD. Most of the money belongs to the so-called
može pripisati 2. pol. 4. st. po. Kr. i to vremenu type “minim”. The term “minim” in numismat-
Gracijanove vladavine – tip Vota iz 379. godine. ics describes barbarian imitations of Roman im-
Većina novca pripada tzv. tipu „minim“. Tim ter- perial bronze coins of the 4th and 5th centuries
minom u numizmatičkoj literaturi označavaju AD. Some authors use the term to denote the
se i barbarske imitacije brončanog rimskog car- last official release of imperial bronze coinage of
skog novca 4. i 5. st. po. Kr. Neki autori tim ter- minimal dimensions and the theoretical weight
minom nazivaju i posljednje službene brončane of 1 scruple (1.137 g). Minims in general are speci-
emisije carskog novca, minimalnih dimenzija i mens measuring up to 10 mm in diameter and 1.2
teorijske težine 1 skrupula (1,137 g). Općenito, g in weight, with a lot of lead and other impurities
minimi bi bili primjerci promjera do 10 mm i in their composition (Vagi 1999: 79; Harl 1996:
težine do 1,2 g, s dosta olova i drugih nečistoća 178). The term “minimus” derives from “num-
u svom sastavu. Sam termin „minimus“ potječe mi minimi”, that is, the smallest numi/smallest
od „nummi minimi“ tj. najmanji numi/najma- denomination, if we believe that the term “num-
nji novac, ako uzmemo da termin „nummus“ mus” denotes “money”, the one issued by Diocle-
označava „novac“, i to onaj koji je Dioklecijan tian in his 294 AD reform. The dimensions and
uveo svojom reformom 294. god. po. Kr. Dimen- weight of these coins were systematically reduced
zije i težina tog novca sustavno su se smanjivale during the entire 5th century AD.
tijekom cijelog 5. st. po. Kr.
Personal belongings and home inventory
Osobni predmeti i kućni inventar The clothing items that were found on the site 12
Predmeti koji su bili dio odjeće donose nam tell us a story of the inhabitants who wore them.
priču o ljudima koji su boravili na lokalitetu. Po- Particularly interesting is the iron fibula belong-
noževa s trnom za nasad drške, te jedan ulo- with regard to other types of sicles of the Roman
mak oštrice noža. Strugala pripadaju tipu s tro- period. Such sicles were used in dry areas where
kutastom oštricom i dugačkim trnom. Imala the stems of the cultivated plants were harder.
su sličnu namjenu kao dlijeta, ali su korišteni Banjače yielded six iron knives with a tang for
za manje zahvate na ravnim površinama. Kako hafting, and one fragment of a knife blade.
nisu bili čvrsti poput dlijeta, upotrebljavali su se Scrapers had similar functions as wedges,
uglavnom za završne, finije radove na površini but were used for smaller procedures on straight
predmeta. Klinovi su se koristili za razne svrhe, surfaces. Since they were not as firm as wedges,
najviše u građevinarstvu. Klin sa zavijenim vr- they were mostly used for final, fine processes on
hom mogao je služiti za vađenje zakovica i čavala the surface of objects.
i odbijanje dijelova predmeta. Također je nađen Wedges were used for different purposes,
i jedan kameni brus. mostly in building. The wedge with a curved tip
Čavli su izrađivani s glavom različitih obli- could have been used to pull out rivets and nails,
ka, s trnom kružnog ili četvrtastog presjeka, te and to remove parts of other objects.
u raznim dimenzijama, ovisno o namjeni. Ra- Nails were made with differently shaped
bljeni su u građevinarstvu, za spajanje dasaka s heads, with a circular or square prong, and dif-
gredama, za izradu drvenog namještaja, škrinja fered in size depending on function. They were
i slično. Prema dimenzijama čavala i uz nalaze used in building, to fasten boards to beams, to
tegula možemo pretpostaviti da su objekti na make wooden furniture, chests and the like.
Banjačama imali krov izrađen od keramičkih te- According to the dimensions of the nails and
gula i imbreksa. Na lokalitetu Banjače su prona- with the record of the tegula on the site, we can
đeni isključivo željezni primjerci zakovica koji assume that the objects in Banjače had a roof
nisu bili ukrašavani, niti su korišteni za spajanje made of ceramic tegula and imbrex.
predmeta na kojima su bili vidljivi. Jedan pri- Banjače yielded only iron rivets which were
mjerak ima kuglastu glavu, sedam je primjera- not decorated nor used for fastening items
ka s kalotastom glavom. Spojnice su se rabile za where they could be seen. One find has a round
povezivanje i učvršćivanje dijelova namještaja, head and seven have dome-shaped heads, and
oplata i okova kutijica i škrinja. two finds have irregular heads.
Rivets had many different functions. De-
pending on size, they could have been used to
fasten parts of tools, furniture, shoes, metal or
leather clothing, boxes, and to fasten small parts
Predmeti za obradu žitarica of horse gear. Links were used to connect and
Nađena su 3 ulomka kamenog ručnog žrvnja stabilize parts of furniture, plating and box and
i jedna posuda, najvjerojatnije tarionik. chest shackles.
Ručni žrvnjevi (mola manuaria) su bili sastav-
ljeni od dva okrugla dijela koji pristaju jedan na The Tool for processing cereals
drugi. Gornji dio se pokretao rukom dok je do- There were 3 fragments of stone handmill
nji bio nepomičan. Ručka za pokretanje gornjeg and one vessel, most probably mortarium.
dijela nalazila se sa strane, dok je u sredini bila Hand mills (mola manuaria) were made up of
rupa u koju su se ubacivale žitarice. Kameni žrv- two rounds that fit one to the other. The upper
njevi su izrađivani od vulkanskog kamena, rjeđe part was moved with a handle while the lower
od vapnenca ili pješčenjaka. Glavna im je karak- was motionless. The handle of the maneuver
teristika da se ne smiju trusiti pri trenju. Na lo- was on the side, while in the middle was a hole in
kalitetu Banjače nađen je jedan ulomak gornjeg which the cereals were injected. Stone grits are
dijela te dva ulomka donjeg dijela žrvnja. made of volcanic stones rather than limestone
Dno kamene posude je dio plitkog tarionika or sandstone. Their main characteristic is that
(mortarium). U kamenom tarioniku pomoću tu- they should not be tempted by friction. A frag-
čka mogle su se usitniti već samljevene žitarice ment of the upper part and two fragments of the
za pripremu kruha ili neobrađene žitarice od ko- lower part were found in the locality of Banjače. 14
jih su se kuhale kaše i juhe. Također su se mogli The bottom of the stone vessel is a part of a
mljeti začini, povrće i drugi sastojci potrebni za shallow mortar. By using pestle in the stone mor-
Sl. 1 i 2. Lokalitet Banjače iz zraka za vrijeme istraživanja (Foto: Z. Sunko) i nakon izgradnje nadvožnjaka Bijakuša (Google Maps)
Fig. 1. and 2. Location of Banjače during the research, aerial view (Photo: Z. Sunko) and after the construction of the overpass Bijakuša
16
Sl. 9. Objekt 1
Fig. 9. Structure 1
21
archaeological excavations of the banjače site
22
Sl. 17. Privjesak listolikog oblika, izrađen od željeza i posrebren, s motivom šesterolisne rovašene rozete
Fig. 17. The leaflike pendant, iron and silver, with the motif of the six-leaf rosette
25
arheološka istraživanja na nalazištu banjače
archaeological excavations of the banjače site
Sl. 19. Lučni srp nazubljenog sječiva tip falx veruculata denticulata
Fig. 19. Arched sickle with the serrated blade type falx veruculata denticulata
26
29
archaeological excavations of the banjače site
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autori fotografija /
authors of photographs
Ivana Ožanić Roguljić
Zlatko Sunko
Igor Jakšić
Emil Škare
3d vizualizacija / 3d visualisation
Lupercal M.T. j.d.o.o.