CHAPTER – VIII

COST EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRO TOURISM

Different Ways to Access Cost Effectiveness

Being the largest growing industry in the world, it is but natural to discuss and
understand the economic impacts of tourism at all levels regional, national and local.
Job generation, foreign exchange earnings, development of infrastructure etc. are
cited as positive economic impacts. World and Travel and Tourism Council estimated
the growth of agro tourism by 10.7% in the year 2017.
A positive economic impact would mean less leakage. For any tourism model
to be successful and cost effective must have less leakages in terms of
• Employment: Tourism employs about 100 million people in the world. It is
considered as a job creator. The jobs are mainly in small, medium sized and
family owned enterprises. In case of agro tourism it is more so. As seen in the
surveys most of the people employed for agro tourism work are locals and major
help from family members is also essential.
• Infrastructure Investment: Often tourism development is linked with air ports,
roads, civic systems, restoration of cultural monuments etc. But one must also
consider whether such investment in infrastructure is at the cost of consuming
local resources from which the residents are deprived of? In the case of agro
tourism most of the infrastructure like roads, water supply, and electricity are
benefiting the locals as well.
• Rural Opportunities: By creating jobs in the under developed regions, agro
tourism helps to equalize economic opportunities throughout the country and
provides an incentive against migration to cities. As in the case of Bhilar village
surveyed for this project, the youths from village migrated to cities, have come
back to Bhilar and started farming and agro tourism as opportunities for earning
are available locally.
• Tax Revenues: Tourism industry provides government huge tax revenues through
the taxes levied on accommodation, restaurants and various forms of fees etc. In
the case of agro tourism, the basic agricultural income and allied business like
dairy, bee keeping, animal husbandry are not levied any taxes. But agro tourism
(Providing accommodation) has to pay entertainment tax. As of now there is no

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official G.R. as to who should collect the tax and how much. But it looks it is an
uncertainty and farmers are reluctant towards this concept. Some even avoid
taxing. Loss in revenues earned from taxes is a major leak.
There could be many ways in which a cost effectiveness of any project could be
analyzed. There could be various types of economic analysis that could help in
assessing cost effectiveness. To give examples of few are
1) Economic impact analysis: What is the contribution of tourism activity to the
economy of the region?
An economic impact analysis traces the flows of spending associated with
tourism activity in a region to identify changes on sales, tax revenues, income
and jobs due to tourism activity.
2) Fiscal impact analysis: Will government revenues from tourism activity from
taxes, direct fees and other sources cover the added costs for infrastructure and
government services?
Fiscal impact analysis identifies changes in demands for government utilities
and services resulting from some action and estimates the revenues and costs
to local government to provide these services.
3) Financial analysis: Can we make profit from this activity?
A financial analysis determines whether a business will generate sufficient
revenue to cover its costs and make a reasonable profit?
4) Demand analysis: How will the number and type of tourists to the area
change due to change in prices, promotion, competition, quality and quantity
or facilities or other demand shifters?
5) Feasibility study: Can/should this project or policy be undertaken?
A feasibility study determines the feasibility of undertaking a given action to
include political, physical, social and economic feasibility.
6) Environmental impact assessment: What are the impacts of an action on the
surrounding environment?
An environmental assessment determines the impacts of a proposed action on
the environment, generally including changes in social, cultural, economic,
biological and ecological systems. This is a more complicated analysis and
may require years of data collection before arriving of any conclusion
Surely collectively all these analyses would lead to the cost effectiveness of
the project.
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 In the research project currently discussed there were 20 surveys taken as a
sample size. From the analysis table no 7.8 it can be seen that most of the
development in agro tourism is recent one, from the year 2005 to 2010. Even
the owners of agro tourism projects are still new to the concepts and very less
systematic financial record keeping is observed. But still there are some sure
indicators which could predict the cost effectiveness of the project.

Profitability of Agro Tourism Activity

1) Financial analysis: Can we make profit from this activity?
Under “Mahatma Phule Agro Tourism Expansion scheme 2007” Following
financial feasibility analysis was put forth. (Please refer to Appendix for the
attachment in detail)
Estimated Expenses for Basic Infrastructure to Start Agro Tourism
Table No. 8.1
No. Details No Cost/Unit Total Remark
1) Room construction 03 @ Rs. 600/- Rs. 10,36,800/- If the said
measuring 576 sq.ft. per sq.ft. infrastructure is
with attached toilet, Rs. 2,45,600/- already
bathroom, furnished available then
with sit out. there expenses
should not be
incurred
2) Cash in hand - - Rs. 30,000/- -
Rs. 10,66,800/-
Estimated Revenue Earned from Agro Tourism Activity
Table No. 8.2
No. Details Monthly revenue in Annual revenue
Rupees in Rupees.
1) For 180 days in year @ 12 Accommodation charges Rs. 3.78.000/-
guests per day. Total guests per head for per night
2160 Rs. 175/-. Total 31,500/-
2) Food served to the guests @ Rs. 150/- per head for Rs. 3,24,000/-
per day. Rs. 27,000/-

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No. Details Monthly revenue in Annual revenue
Rupees in Rupees.
3) Entertainment @ Rs. 25/- per head. Rs. 54,000/-
Rs. 4,500/-
4) Direct sale of agricultural @ Rs. 100/- per head. Rs. 1,08,000/-
goods Rs. 9,000/-
5) Allied income from @ Rs. 100/- per head. Rs. 1,08,000/-
handicraft and other goods Rs. 9,000/-
Direct and indirect expenses, taxes etc. Rs. 7,29,000/-
Total income Rs. 9,72,000/-
Net Profit Rs. 2,43,000/-
Every Year
Payback period 4 years 3 months
Net assets Rs. 10,66,800/-

Here one must know that these are purely estimates. For most of the farmers
agro tourism is supporting and secondary sources of income. Major income is always
earned from agriculture, which is totally tax free and is never accounted for.
Following are the estimated income (revenue) figures for survey no: 10
Saguna Baug by Mr. Bhadsavale.

Estimated Peak Season Turnover (Survey No. 10)

(The peak season in case of this farm is about 8 months which is 240 days in a year.)
Table No. 8.3
Type of Food charges Accommodation Total
accommodation B/f/Lunch/Dinner Charges
Dormitories @ Rs. 240 per head per Rs. 700/- Rs.
day X 14 pax / dorm 38,97,600/-
= Rs. 3360/-
Rs. 3360 Food+Rs.700 Accommodation =
Rs. 4060 X No. of dorms 4 = Rs. 16,240 per
day X 240 days

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 Type of Food charges Accommodation Total
accommodation B/f/Lunch/Dinner Charges
Cottage @ Rs. 240 per head per Rs. 800/- Rs.
day X 4 pax / Cottage 16,89,600/-
= Rs. 960/-
Rs. 960 + Rs.800 Accommodation =
Rs. 1760 per cottage per day X 4 Cottage =
Rs 7040 per day X 240 days
Pond House Food charges Accommodation Rs.
B/f/Lunch/Dinner Charges 5,18,400/-
@ Rs. 240 per head per Rs. 1200/-
day X 4 pax = Rs. 960/-
Food Rs. 960 + Rs.1200 Accommodation =
Rs. 2160 per day X 240 days

Day visitors
50 pax @ Rs. 350/- = Rs. 17,500/- per day X 240 days = 42, 00,000/-

Total revenue earned in peak season on from agro tourism

Dormitories Rs. 38, 97,600/-
Cottages Rs. 16, 89,600/-
Pond House Rs. 5, 18,400/-
Day visitors Rs. 42, 00,000/-
Total Rs. 1, 48, 61,200/-

Considering that the size of the farm is about 50 acres and it is one of the well
established agro tourism centers (started in 1989) its payback period should be over
long time back.
Talking about such estimated analysis of a recently developed farm, survey no
20 “Gadgil Mala” which has been spread on 6 acres has been started in 2009.

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 Estimated Turn Over Analysis of a Recently Developed Farm, Survey No 20
“Gadgil Mala”
Table No. 8.4
No. Expenses Revenue
1) Initial cost of infrastructure Rs. 12,00,000/- -
development (Building
dormitories, toilets etc.)
2) Peak season September to - Rs. 3,00,000/-
March (7 months X 30 days
210 days)
3) Low season May to August - Rs. 2,00,000/-
(4 month X 30 days = 120
days)
4) Labour cost and other costs Rs. 1,56,000/-
per months Rs. 13,000 X 12
months
Total Rs. 13,56,000/- Rs. 5,00,000/-
Payback could be reached in 3 years.
In this agriculture income of the Rs. 6, 00,000/- per year is not being taken
into picture. Considering the above facts it can be said that the agro tourism activity is
financially viable. Another example is survey no 19 Malegaon Sheti Farm (Baramati)
(pg. 10, 11 from research project to be added.)

Also Survey No 6: Village in Agro tourism could furnish us with following financial
details. As told by Mr. Sunil Mankikar.
In village inn agro tourism, one family hires a shank which fetches revenue of
(Rs.500 rent for shank, food Rs 150/- per head, entertainment and allied activity Rs.
50/- per head) Rs. 1300 to Rs. 1500 for a family of 4. In season at least 3-4 families
visit in a day, which gives income of Rs. 5000/- per day. Also they buy fresh farm
products which add to the revenue. In the year 2009-10 the revenue generated was Rs.
18, 60,000/-. Excluding the salaries, maintenance, food bills and other expenses of Rs.
9,00,000/- in a year the profit earned was Rs. 9,60,000/-.
In the year 2010-11 he is aiming a revenue of Rs. 25, 00,000/-.

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 Please refer to the detailed project report by Mr. Mankikar in the Appendix.
Also it is available on the C.D.
Survey No 11: Sahyadri Agro Tourism established in the year 2009-10. Mr.
Balasaheb Barate. He started project with initial investment of Rs. 2, 00,000/-. He has
seen annual income growth of 15% due to agro tourism and annual income in the year
2009-10 from agro tourism was Rs. 1.25 lakhs.
Survey No 12: Mr. Patre started the facility in 2006. He invested Rs. 30,000-40,000
to provide basic facilities to the tourists. In the 1st year he earned net income of Rs.
25,000/- from agro tourism. It was very low as he kept a very low profile about his
project in the first year.
Survey No 13: Kalyani Hi-Tech nursery by Mr. Dagde and Survey No 14: Mr.
Prasad Deshpande are newly established projects (Just a year old) but they have also
made net additional income of Rs. 25,000/- from agro tourism activity.
Survey No 15: Kalpavruksha by Mr. Amol Jadhav. His initial investment in agro
tourism was Rs. 75,000/-. His annual income has increased by Rs. 1.25 lakhs by the
way of agro tourism activity
Survey No 16: Mr. Femester started projects in 2002. He initially invested Rs.
75,000/- to start agro tourism. His annual income growth has increased by Rs. 1,
00,000/-.
These figures are estimates given by the respective owners. But it can be said
that running an agro tourism project is financially feasible.

Contribution of Tourism Activity to the Economy of the Region

2) Another parameter is “Contribution of tourism activity to the economy of the
region” It can be seen from a table no 7.11 and 7.12 in chapter No 7.
Out of 20 surveys 11 surveys (i.e. 55%) suggest that the local people are
getting to learn other skills like fruit processing nursery, local handicrafts because of
the agro tourism activity in the area.
Out of 20 surveys 16 surveys (i.e. 80%) are also providing employment to
unskilled labour at local level for agro tourism.
Survey No 19: Malegaon Sheti Farm trains people in silk production, seed farming,
nursery and goat farming. With the help of KVK (Krushi Vigyan Kendra) a NGO, is
also helps farmers to plant fruit orchids and new varieties of crops.

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Survey No 1: Amrute’s Nisarg Sahavas generates local employment from fruit
processing plant. Also local people are trained to start own fruit processing plants.
Survey No 2: Koyna agro tourism and river camp offers water sports and treks for
tourists for which local people are employed.
Survey No 5: Silver Oak House trains people to start their own fruit processing units
as there is a demand for these products from tourists.
Survey No 6: Village inn agro tourism runs gulkand processing plant and dairy which
produces dairy products like curds, mawa, employ and train local people for the same.
Survey No 7: Tarpa Agri and Eco tourism center trains local people to start their
nursery. Also owner Mr. Save runs seminars with the help of NABARD to give
farmers information about various development schemes promoted for them.
Survey No 8: Ankur Agri Tourism located at Bhilar near Mahabaleshwar is an
inspiring example. Due to agro tourism the employment opportunities in the village
has gone up. Earlier the youths of the village used to migrate to cities for
employment, but now they are returning back to the village. Also co-operative fruit
processing unit is started by villagers.
Survey No 10: Saguna Baug employs about 50-40 people for agro tourism work.
They stay together as family. Also locally made bamboo handicrafts are sold at the
farm.
Survey No 17: Ankur Pratishthan and Shodh Sanstha sells products and handicrafts
made by local “Mahila Bachat Gat”
So it can be observed that local employment and skill development is achieved
by the development of agro tourism.

Fiscal Impact from Governments’ Point of View.

The planning commission of India recognized tourism as an industry by June,
1982. However it took ten years to make most states to fall into line and accord the
same status within their legislative framework. At the beginning of Eight Plan (1992-
97), 15 states and 3 union territories had declared tourism as an industry. Four states
had declared hotels as an industry.
National committee on tourism was set up in July, 1986 by the planning
commission to prepare perspective plan for the sectors. The committee headed by Mr.
Mohammed Yunus, submitted its recommendations in November 1987. The
committee in its report recommended that the existing department of tourism is to be
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replaced by National Tourism Board. By September 1987, the Central Government
had declared more concessions for the sector. But it was mostly for tax exemptions in
terms of foreign exchange earnings (50% reduction on rupee earning and 100%
reduction on earnings in dollars)
As a reflection of development taking place in the tourism sector, separate
financial assistance was allocated in the outlay of seventh plan for the first time
though it was not considered as separate industry till the Eight Plan.
Following is the out lay and expenditure on tourism in Seventh Plan.
* Note (Figures in bracket indicate budgetary support)

Outlay and Expenditure – Tourism in Seventh Plan

Table No. 8.5
Outlay and Expenditure – Tourism (Rs. Crores)
Seventh Plan 1990-91 1991-92
Organization
Expendit

Expendit

Expendit
Outlay

Outlay

Outlay
ure

ure

ure
Department of 68.68 121.13 58.00 51.68 64.05 65.60
Tourism (68.68) (121.13) (58.00) (51.68) (64.05) (65.60)
ITDC 39.90 48.87 15.50 8.91 16.00 9.80
India Tourism (29.90) (27.65) (3.00) (3.20) (3.00) (3.00)
Development
Corporation
Manpower and 30.00 30.04 12.50 6.09 9.95 4.55
Institutional (30.00) (30.04) (12.50) (6.09) (9.95) (4.55)
development
Total 138.58 200.04 83.00 66.68 90.00 79.95
(128.58) (178.82) (73.50) (60.97) (77.00) (73.15)
* Reference: Tourism Policy of India (An Exploratory Study) Published by Equitable
Tourism Options Bangalore.
National Action Plan for Tourism published in May, 1992 and tabled in
Loksabha on 5th May 1992, charts 7 objectives as central concerns of the Ministry;
• Socio-economic development of areas.
• Increasing employment opportunities.
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 • Developing domestic tourism for the budget category tourists.
• Development of international tourism.
• Diversifying the tourism product.
• Increasing India’s share in World Tourism (From the present 0.4% to 1%
during next 5 years)
In addition to the above policy, the planners also envisaged the possibilities of
developing specific regions on a zonal plank. Special area programmes like hill Area
Development Programme and the Western Ghat Development Programme.
Further Eight Plan documents stipulates that the strategy in such designated
special areas is to device suitable location specific solutions so as to reverse the
process of degradation of natural resources and ensure sustainable development.

• Foreign Exchange Earnings

As a result of various policies made and funds allocated for the growth of
tourism as an industry, following results could be seen in terms of growth of the
tourism in India.
The figures show statistics of recent year’s growth in tourism over a decade.
Domestic Tourist Arrivals (1998, 1990)
Table No. 8.6
Year Domestic tourist arrivals
1998 167 million
1990 64 million

Inbound Tourist Arrivals (1951 to 2009)

Table No. 8.7
Year Arrivals Revenue in Rs (crores)
2009 5.11 million 54,960
2008 5.28 million 50,730
1998 2.36 million 11,540
1951 17000 7.7

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 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) (May 2009 to May 2011)
Table No. 8.8
Year and Month Arrivals (in lakhs) Growth
May 2011 3.69 8% (Over May 2011)
May 2010 3.45 13% (Over May 2013)
May 2009 3.05 -

Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) (Jan-May 2009 to Jan-May 2011)

Table No. 8.9
Duration Arrivals (in lakhs) Growth
Jan-May 2011 25.23 11.5%
Jan-May 2010 22.63 9.5%

Foreign Exchange Earnings (EEE) (May 2009 - May 2011)

Table No. 8.10
Month Revenue in Rs. (cr.) Growth
May 2011 5047 15.8% (Over May 2010)
May 2010 4358 34.1% (Over May 2009)
May 2009 3249 -

Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) (Jan-May 2010 to Jan-May 2011)

Table No. 8.11
Duration Revenue in Rs. (Cr.) Growth
Jan-May 2011 29723 11.6%
Jan-May 2010 26622 27.4%
* Voyager’s World June 2011.
* Reference: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India,
Department of Tourism
9th Five year plan (Volume -2)
The increase in the revenues earned by government by tourism is a result of
steady investment in tourism sector from the Ninth Five year plan (1997-2002).
In the Eight Five Year Plan though there was a provision for ITDC. The Eight
Plan expenditure on tourism was as fallows.

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 Eight Plan Tourism Expenditure
Table No. 8.12
Organization

(1991-92

Expendit

Expendit

Expendit

Expendit

Expendit
1992-93

1993-94

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97
8th Plan

8th Plan
Current
Prices
Price)

ure

ure

ure

ure

ure
Department 236 73.57 86.48 89.11 97.87 89.66 436.59
ITDC 36 5.84 7.28 8.82 14.20 17.69 53.89
(32) (0.84) (2.28) (8.82) (14.20) (17.69) (43.83)
Total 272 79.41 93.76 97.93 112.07 107.35 490.42
(32) (0.8) (2.28) (8.82) (14.20) (17.69) (43.83)
Note: Figures in bracket indicate IEBE (Internal and Extra Budgetary Resources)
As against the Eight Plan Outlay of Rs. 272 crore (1991-92 prices), the
expenditure during the period has been Rs. 490.42 crore (current prices). The entire
plan expenditure of ITDC from the year 1994-95 onwards has been met from internal
and extra budgetary resources. Bulk of the expenditure of the Dot was incurred on
tourism publicity.
There has been a gradual increase in the central plan outlay for tourism over
the plan periods from Rs. 1.58 crore in the second plan to Rs. 272.00 crores in the
Eight Plan.
The result of which could be seen in growth in tourist arrivals both domestic
and international offer 1990. (Refer to domestic tourist arrival table and FTAS
arrivals in the same chapter).
The Eight Plan envisaged a growth of 9% to 10% per annum in international
tourist arrivals and about 2.75 million tourist arrivals were anticipated by the end of
the Eight Plan. Though the target could not be achieved due to gulf war and various
health hazards in the country, the number of tourists who visited India during the
Eight Plan increased from 1.78 million in 1991-92 to 2.33 million in 1996-97.
Even the financial performance of ITDC improved. The corporation which
earned a net profit of Rs. 3.11 crore in 199-92 improved the financial performance
during the Eight Plan period and earned a net profit of Rs. 55.8 crore in 1996-97.

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Foreign Exchange Earnings
Foreign exchange earnings from tourism during 1994-95 are estimated to be
Rs. 7367 crores, a 13% increase over previous year, both in rupee and dollars terms.
Eight Plan Foreign Exchange Earnings.
Table No. 8.13
Year Foreign Exchange Earnings in Percentage Percentage
Earnings Rs. (Crore) millions (US$) (in Rs.) (in US$)
1994-95 7367 2348.5 13.2 13.2
1993-94 6509 2079.9 7.1 -1.1
1992-93 6060 2898.3 23.9 6.1

• Employment:
Direct employment due to tourism is about 7.8 million during 1994-95. The
employment multiplier in the case of tourism is about 2-36 and such the total
employment due to tourism is about 18.4 million during 1994-95.
After referring to the Eight Plan tourism expenditure table one could
understand that the receipt from tourism during the same period is much more that the
expenditure.
So it can be said that tourism activity is financially beneficial. The very result
of which is reflected in the successive five years plan. More and more funds are being
allocated in the budget for tourism sector. Also its contribution to GDP is significant
as it is further detailed in Tenth Five Year Plan.
Since agro tourism is a recent phenomenon (emerged after 2005 mainly), its
direct financial output could not be measured. One has to understand the phenomenon
and its effectiveness in terms of total tourism benefit and cost effectiveness. Over the
years progressively the five year plans have given importance to tourism as a
budgetary head and policy framework suggests that this phenomenon is certainly cost
effective in terms of revenue generation for the government as well.

The Approach and Thrust in the Ninth Plan for Tourism (1997-2002)
The policy objective in the Ninth plan will be to work towards creating a
tourism product that provides the person travelling to various places a pleasant
experience on their trips, through an environment of peace, stability security and an

190
integrated system that does not fail. It is exactly what agro tourism is providing the
tourists.
The number of middle and lower middle class tourists visiting distant places in
the country is on the increase. The captive tourism around the places of pilgrimage is
also increasing fast. There is a need for creating adequate, hygienic, decent, low cost
facilities for such tourists. This also has been aimed by agro tourism projects
centering around pilgrim places. With the help of MART the farmers are trying to
capture this market segment.
In the Ninth Plan also the development of selected centers and circuits through
effective co-ordination of public and private sector efforts is aimed so as to achieve
synergy in the development of this sector. The government will focus on the
development of basic infrastructure such as transport facilities and civic amenities and
play a facilitating role in the provision of accommodation and other facilities for all
classes of tourists, both domestic and international.
The major thrust areas in the ninth plan would be
1) Indigenous and Natural Health Tourism
2) Rural and Village Tourism
3) Pilgrim Tourism
4) Adventure Tourism
5) Heritage Tourism
6) Youth and Senior Citizens, Packagers.
Talking about the Tenth Five year (2002-2007) assessment of tourism
development and its benefits following information could be assessed.

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 Tenth Plan – 2002-07 Projected Outlay – States/Union Territories
Table No. 8.14
Major Heads/ Minor Heads

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra
of Development

Meghalaya

Nagaland
Mizoram
Manipur
Kerala
1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
IV. Industry& Minerals
Village & Small Industries 55875 3358 51646 31451/5 3600/3 5273 12015
Industries (Other than V&SI) 76700/1 13665 20010 1821 10000 392 4290
Mining 300 3315 0 22 800 373 2900
Total – (VI) 132875 20238 71656 33294 14400 6038 19205
(5.54) (0.77) (1.08) (11.87) (4.79) (2.63) (8.62)
VII. Transport
Ports and Light Houses 6000 0 20000 0 0 /2 0
Shipping 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Civil Aviation 0 2805 10000 0 0 0 0
Roads & Bridges 242000 132500 302121/5 22200 51500 46258 13635
Road Transport 6000 0 186900 0 1650 1558 3100
Inland Water Transport 7000 0 1000 0 0 47 0
Other Transport Services 5000 0 1700/6 148/6 880 327/3 300/5
Total – (VII) 266000 135305 521721 22348 54030 48190 17035
(11.08) (5.17) (7.83) (7.97) (17.96) (20.95) (7.65)
VIII. Communication 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

IX. Science, Technology &

Environment
Scientific Research (Incl. S&T) 12000 858 4325 1227 515 513 350
Ecology &Environment
/2 5112 1200/7 495 275 19 100
Total - (IX) 12000 5970 5525 1722 790 532 450
(0.50) (0.23) (0.08) (0.61) (0.26) (0.23) (0.20)
X. General Economic
Services
Secretarial Economic Services 31385 66753 98695 19088 870 1145 4361/6
Tourism 82600 5360 35279 1000 1650 1056 1600
Surveys & Statistics 2145 175 732 495 470 373 400
Civil Supplies 500 3642 0 0 165 826 700

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Other General Economic
Services
i) Distt. Plg/Distt. Councils 0 0 0 3938 0 8324 15000
ii) Weights & Measures 175 36 0 0 165 233 200
iii) Others 0 0 150245/8 0 2650/4 598/4 542/7
Total – (X) 116805 75966 284951 24521 5970 12555 22803
(4.87) (2.90) (4.28) (8.75) (1.98) (5.46) (10.24)
XI. Social Services Education
General Education 28100 319463 253811 19716 25400 23280 7630
Technical Education 26900 12860 43837 1776 5500 3948 5707
Sports & Youth Services 5850 2750 57000 1463 3900 814 4800
Art & Culture 5800 4339 7157 3911 2000 1210 1000
Sub Total (Education)
Medical & Public Health 66250 339412 361805 26866 36800 29252 19137
Water Supply & Sanitation 40840 71533 110666 8173 18000 12370 7965
Housing (Incl. Police Housing) 115900 89425 776276 32187 23500 12333 16445
Urban Development (Incl. State 35400 88480 96214 8232 7255 22748 16603
Capital Projects) 19750 42694 309336 13361 10650 13604 5900
Information & Publicity 3000 299 460 259 1000 612 800
Welfare of SCs, STs & OBCs 138555 72978 158911 2315 55 0 0
Labour & Employment
i) Labour & Labour Welfare 4400 770 57956 703 175 350 200
ii) Special Employment 0 4931 0 5000 750 0 850
Programmes
Reference: Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07, Annexure 6-1

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 Financial and Physical Performance of Tourism during the Tenth Five Year
Plan
Table No 8.15
S. Schemes / Financial Performance Physical Performance
No Programmes Tenth Plan Tenth Plan
Outlay BE RE Actual Targets Achievements
Exp
1 Domestic Promotion 230.00 172.00 172.00 173.40 To popularize Theme based
and Publicity the culture and domestic media
Including natural beauty of campaigns, mass
Hospitality different regions, social awareness
pilgrim sites, and programmes,
new tourism production of
products like publicity material
Eco-tourism, and collaterals, were
Adventure and carried out and
Rural Tourism central financial
etc. assistance was
extended to
States/UTs for fairs
and festivals
Reference: Eleventh Five Year Plan, Annexure 8.2.1
Tourism being the part of service sector the cost effectiveness of its
investment made in various five years plan could be reflected in budget analysis.

Budget Analysis Showing Tourism Cost Effectiveness (IXth, Xth and XIth Plan)
The budget analysis of India 2011 provides this vital information about
service sector and tourism cost effectiveness in particular.
India stands out for the size and dynamism of its services sector. The
contribution of the service sector to the Indian economy has been manifold; a 55.2%
share in gross domestic product (GDP) growing by 10% annually, contributing to
about a quarter of total employment, accounting for high share in foreign direct
investment (FDI) inflows and over 1/3 of total exports, and recording very fast
(27.4%) export growth through the first half of 2010-11.
The particular budgetary analysis examine the performance different services
sub sectors like domestic trade tourism including hotels and restaurants, shipping and

194
port services, storage, real estate, IT (Information Technology) and IT enabled
services (ITES), legal services and some specialized social services such as sports.

• Service Employment in India.

Although the primary sector (agriculture mainly) is the dominant employment
followed by the services sector, the share of services has been increasing over the
years, while that of primary sector has been decreasing. Between 1993-94 to 2004-05
there was a sharp fall in the share of the primary sectors in employment.
The consequent rise in share of employment of the other two sectors was
almost equally divided between the secondary and tertiary sectors. In 2007-08
compared to 2004-05 though the trend was similar the fall in employment in primary
sector was less (at -1.1%) with a small rise in employment in other two sectors, which
was again almost equally divided between the other two sectors following table shows
the trend.

Share of Broad Sectors in Employment (1993 to 2008)

Table No. 8.16
Sectors Shares Change in Shares
1993-94 2004-05 2007-08 2004-05 2007-08 2007-08
over over over
1993-94 2004-05 1993-94
Primary 64.5 57.0 55.9 -7.5 -1.1 -8.6
Secondary 14.3 18.2 18.7 3.9 0.5 4.4
Tertiary 21.2 24.8 25.4 3.6 0.6 4.2
Reference: http://indiabudget.nic.in, Chapter 10 Service Sector.
Note: For the years 2004-5 and 2007-8 projected population at mid-point of these two
rounds was obtained by applying projected population figures from the Registrar
General of India's (RGI) office. For the year 1993-94, the population at mid-point of
the survey period was obtained by interpolation of census population of 1991 and
2001. Work participation rates of rural males, rural females, urban males, and urban
females were obtained separately from unit-level data of the National sample Survey
(NSS) and by multiplying them with the respective population, the total numbers of
Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) workers for these four categories were

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obtained. Then the distribution of employment from unit-level data for broad sectors
(primary, secondary, and tertiary) was obtained. From the number of workers in the
four categories and sectoral distribution of employment, total employment for three
sectors for each of these four categories was obtained. From this, overall employment
distribution at broad sectoral level was calculated.
The contribution of services sector to the national economy, both in terms of
value addition and employment generation is growing over the years. However, there
is no short term indicator to measure the dynamics of this vast sector. To fill this gap,
the Index of services production (ISP) is being compiled by the CSO.

Annual Growth in India’s Services GDP at Factor Cost (in constant prices)
Table No. 8.17
Note: * Provision Estimate Percentage
** Quick Estimate

Heading 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09* 2010-11**

Trade, Hotels and 12.2 11.0 10.0 5.5 6.7
Restaurants
Trade 11.7 10.7 9.7 6.5 7.2
Hotels and Restaurants 17.5 14.4 13.1 -3.1 2.2
Transport, Storage and 12.2 12.7 12.9 11.1 15.0
Communication
Railways 7.5 11.1 9.8 5.2 7.0
Transport by other means 9.3 9.0 8.7 5.2 7.0
Storage 4.7 10.9 3.4 10.5 10.7
Communication 25.5 24.9 25.9 25.8 32.1
Financing, Insurance, 12.7 14.0 11.9 12.5 9.2
Real Estate and Business
Services
Banking and Insurance 15.9 20.6 16.7 14.0 11.3
Real Estate and Business 10.6 9.5 8.4 11.2 7.5
Services, Ownership of
Dwellings

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 Heading 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09* 2010-11**
Community, Social and 7.00 2.9 6.9 12.7 11.8
Personal Services
Public Administration 4.2 2.0 7.6 20.2 13.0
and Defense
Other Services 9.1 3.5 6.3 7.4 10.9
Construction 12.8 10.3 10.7 5.4 7.0
Total Services 11.00 10.1 10.3 10.1 10.1
(Excluding Construction)
Total Services 11.2 10.1 10.4 9.5 9.7
(Including Construction)
Over all GDP 9.5 9.6 9.3 6.8 8.00

Share of Different Services Categories in GDP at Factor Cost (Current Prices)

Table No. 8.18
Heading 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 @2008-09 **2009-10
Trade, Hotels and 16.1 16.7 17.1 17.1 16.9 16.3
Restaurants
Trade 14.6 15.1 15.4 15.4 15.4 14.9
Hotels and 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4
Restaurants
Transport, 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.8
Storage and
Communication
Railways 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0
Transport by 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.5
other means
Storage 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Communication 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5
Financing, 14.7 14.5 14.8 15.1 16.1 16.7
Insurance, Real
Estate and
Business Services

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 Heading 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 @2008-09 **2009-10
Banking and 5.8 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.4
Insurance
Real Estate and 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.6 10.4 11.4
Business
Services,
Ownership of
Dwellings
Community, 13.8 13.5 12.8 12.5 13.3 14.4
Social and
Personal Services
Public 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.8 6.3
Administration
and Defence
Other Services 8.0 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.5 8.1
Construction 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2
Total Services 53.0 52.0 52.9 52.7 54.1 55.2
(Excluding
Construction)
Total Services 60.7 60.8 61.1 61.2 62.6 63.4
(Including
Construction)
Total GDP 100 100 100 100 100 100
Reference: CSO,
@ Provision Estimates
** Quick Estimates
Some services have been particularly important for this improving
performance of service sector in India. Software is one such sector in which India has
achieved a remarkable global brand identity. Tourism and Travel related services and
transport services are also major items in India services. Besides these potential and
growing services include many professional services, infrastructure related services
and financial services.

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 Talking about the negative growth by hotels and restaurants (-3.1%) in 2008-
09 it was majorly due to various epidemics erupted in various parts of India, and
bomb blasts and terrorist attacks after 26/11. But the industry had registered a positive
growth in the year 2009-10 (2.2%) covering its set back in the previous year.
In terms of earning by service sector following performance could be seen
Earnings by Service Sector 2007 to 2011
Table No. 8.19
Sector Indicators Unit Period
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Aviation Airline Passengers Million 53.49 49.5 56.94 -
(Domestic and
International)
Telecom Telecom Communication Lakhs 3004.92 4297.25 6212.8 7647.6(b)
(Wire line and Wireless)
Tourism Foreign Tourist Arrivals Million 5.08(a) 5.28(a) 5.11(a) 5.58(a)
Foreign Exchange
Earnings for Tourist US $ 10,729(a) 11,750(a) 11,394(a) 14,193(a)
arrivals Million
Shipping Gross Tonnage of Indian Million 8.84(a) 9.31(a) 9.39(a) 10.1(c)
Shipping GT
No. of Ships Numbers 867 925 1003
Ports Port Traffic Million 521.47 532.53 562.74 416.61(d)
Tonners
Railways Freight Traffic by Million 804.11 833.31 887.99 673.31(e)
Railways Tonnes
Net Tonne Kilometers of Million 523.000 538.226 584.760 444.515(e)
Railways
Storage Storage Capacity MT 98.78 105.25 105.98
No. of Warehouses Numbers 490 499 487
Reference: Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Telecom Regulatory Authority of
India, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Shipping, Ministry of Railways and Central
Warehousing Corporation. (Compiled by EXIM Bank of India)
Notes: (a) calendar years, for example 2007-08 for 2007.
(b) April-November.
(c) As on 01 September 2010.
(d) April - October.
(e) April - December.

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Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)
As the complete period of this plan is not yet over overall assessment and total
contribution of GDP is not yet evaluated. But contribution of Travel and Tourism in
GDP and employment for the year 2007 is available.

Contribution of Travel and Tourism (T and T) in GDP and Employment in 2007

Table No. 8.20
Head India % World average % World average
2007 during 2007 estimated in
2007
Contribution of T and T 5.4 10.4 10.7
Economy to GDP
Contribution of T and T 2.0 3.6 3.4
Industry to GDP
Contribution of T and T 5.5 8.3 8.3
Economy Employment
Contribution of T and T 2.3 2.7 2.8
Industry Employment
For the about the tourist arrivals of the same period could be referred the table
number 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9 in the beginning of this chapter.
The tenure of this plan is not yet complete and a total overview could only be
obtained during the tenure of 12th five year plan. That itself could be a further research
topic.
But referring to the facts and figures it can be said that tourism activity is
certainly generating revenues and employment and it is a feasible activity in which is
cost effective.
Last but not the least the impacts of an activity on the surrounding
environment.
Tourism is considered as smokeless industry, but one has to assess the impact
on the water, soil and noise pollution that occurs due to tourism development and no
financial gain could possibly compensate it.
There are two alternative paths for development i.e. you live in harmony with
nature or you exploit nature. There are societies where while consuming the natural

200
resources precautions are taken that future generation should not be adversely
affected. Which means decision making in such societies was done keeping in view
the interests of future generations and not just the present ones.
A sustainable development can be defined as “ a process of change in which
the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of
technology, development and institutional changes are made consistent with future as
well as present needs” and as “ meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Tenth Five Year Plan and Emphasis on Sustainable Tourism with Special Thrust
to Rural and Small Segment Tourism
In the Tenth Five Year Plan period (2002-07) emphasis is laid on developing
sustainable tourism and giving special thrust to rural and small segment tourism.
Tourism policy of Maharashtra 2006 also aims and sustainable environmental
practices for development of tourism destinations. This need was identified after
observing the degradation of various tourism destinations in India. Some famous
destinations are on the verge of absolute degradation which is irreversible.
Agro tourism is a small tourism segment which can work as a sustainable
model in tourism development. It requires minimum infrastructure and it is based on
agriculture. It is observed in various surveys undertaken for this research that
agriculture and allied development in the area on the vicinity of agro tourism
destination is surging due to development of agro tourism. Agricultural income has
increased and local employment in 55% cases is visible. Resource consumption by
guests is limited as the host is limiting the number of guests visiting the destinations.
So there is visually no conflict between guest and host community over the
development pattern.
There is also an effort to present the rural culture through agro tourism. It is an
effort to acquaint the urban population with age old rural roots. As the tourist
segments enjoying this responsible form of tourism is more sensitive towards host
population, there are very less chances of hostile guest host relationship. It is a mutual
benefit for both.

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