LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Integral transform is a particular kind of mathematical operator which arises in the analysis of
some boundary value and initial value problems of classical Physics. A function g defined by a
b
relation of the form g(y) =  K  x,y  f  x  dx is called the integral transform of f(x). The function
a

K(x, y) is called the kernel of the transform. The various types of integral transforms are Laplace
transform, Fourier transform, Mellin transform, Hankel transform etc.
Laplace transform is a widely used integral transform in Mathematics with many applications
in physics and engineering. It is named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, who introduced the
transform in his work on probability theory. The Laplace transform is used for solving
differential and integral equations. In physics and engineering it is used for analysis of linear
time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical devices, and
mechanical systems.
Definition
The Laplace transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t ≥ 0, is the function F(s),
defined by:

L {f (t)} = F  s    e-st f  t  dt . The parameter s is a complex number.
0

L is called the Laplace transformation operator.

Transforms of elementary functions
1
1. L {1} = , s > 0.
s

1
Proof: L {1}   e-st .1dt = if s>0
0
s

 n!
 s n+1 when n = 0,1, 2,...
2. L t  = 
n

 otherwise Γ  n+1
 s n+1

Proof:
  
 e-st  n
L t  =  e t dt =  t n
n -st n
 + L t n-1
0  -s  0 s
n  n-1 n  n-1 1
= L t n-2  =...= ... L 1
s s s s s

 n!
if n is a positive integer
n   1 1  s n+1
n-1
= ... = 
s s ss    n+1
otherwise
 s n+1

 
3. L eat =
1
s-a
, s>a

Proof:
  - s-a t
 
L eat =  e-st eat dt =  e   dt
0 0

 e- s-a  t  1
=  - s-a   = , s>a
  0 s-a
a
4. L sinat = 2 2 , s  0
s +a
Proof:

 e st   s sin at  a cos at  
L sinat   e sin atdt 
 st 0

0
s a
2 2

a
 , s 0
s  a2 2

s
5. L cosat = 2 2 , s  0
s +a
Proof:

 e-st  -scosat+asinat  
L cosat   e cosatdt 
-st
2 2
0

0
s +a
s
 , s 0
s +a 2 2

a
6. L sinha t = 2 2 , s  a
s -a
 Proof:
 eat  e at  1  1 1 
L sinhat  L     
 2  2 s a s  a 
a
 2 , s a
s  a2
s
7. L coshat = 2 2 , s  a
s -a

Proof:
a t a t 
 e  e  1 1 1 
L coshat  L     
 2  2  s  a s  a 
s
 , s a
s2  a2
Properties of Laplace transforms
1. Linearity property.

If a, b, c be any constants and f, g, h be any functions of t then

L af  t  +bg  t  -ch  t  = aL f  t  +bL g  t  -cL h  t 
Because of the above property of L, it is called linear operator.

2. First shifting property.

If L{f (t)} = F(s) then L eat f  t  = F  s-a  .

Proof:
 
L eat f  t  =  e-st eat f  t  dt =  e-s-a  t f  t  dt
0 0

=  e-rt f  t  dt where r = s-a.
0

= F(r) = F  s-a  .

Application of this property leads to the following results.

  n!
 when n = 0,1, 2,...
 
n+1
 s-a
1. L eat t n  = 
 Γ  n+1
otherwise
  s-a 
n+1

2. L eat sinbt =
b
 s-a  +b2
2

3. L eat cosbt =
s-a
 s-a 
2
+b 2

4. L eat sinhbt =
b
 s-a 
2
- b2

5. L eat coshbt =
s-a
 s-a 
2
-b 2
where in each case s > a.

Examples:
Find the Laplace transform of the following.
1. Sin32t

Solution:

sin 6t  3sin 2t  4sin 3 2t

3 1
sin 3 2t  sin 2t  sin 6t
4 4
L sin 3 2t  L sin 2t  L sin 6t
3 1
4 4
3 2 1 6 48
 . 2  . 2  2
4 s  4 4 s  36  s  4  s 2  36 

2. e4t sin2tcost

Solution:

L e4t sin2tcost  L e 4t  sin3t + sint 

1
2
1 3 1 
   
2   s  4 2  9  s  4 2  1 
 3. e2t cos2 t

Solution:

L e 2t cos 2 t  L e 2t 1  cos 2t 
1
2
1 1
  
 s  2 

2  s  2  s  2 2  4 

 1, 0  t  1

4. f (t )  t , 1 t  2
 0, t  2


Solution:
1 2 
L f(t)   e-st .1dt   e-st .tdt   e-st .0dt
0 1 2
2 s s 2 s
1 2e e e
   2
 2
s s s s
Exercises:
Find the Laplace transform of

2. 1  tet 
3
1. sin 5 t 3. cosh at sin at

sin t , 0  t  
3
 1 
4. f  t    5.  t  
 0, t    t

Transforms of integrals

t  1
If L f(t) = F  s  then L   f(u)du  = F  s 
0  s
Proof:
 t
Let φ  t  =  f  u  du, then φ  t  = f  t  and φ  0  = 0.
0

\ L φ  t  = sL φ  t  - φ  0 

Hence L φ  t  = L φ  t 
1
s
 t
 1
i.e. L   f  u  du  = F  s  .
0  s
Multiplication by tn

If L f  t  = F  s 
dn
then L t n f  t  =  -1 F  s  , n =1,2,3,...
n

ds n
Proof:

We have  e-st f  t dt = F  s 
0

d  -st  d

Consider   e f  t dt  = F  s 
ds  0  ds
ByLeibnitz's rule for differentiation under the integral sign

 d
 s e f  t dt = ds F  s 
-st

0

d
e
-st
 tf  t  dt = - F  s 
0
ds

which proves the theorem for n = 1.

Now assume the theorem to true for n = m(say), so that

dm
 e  t f  t dt =  -1 F s 
-st m m

0
ds m
d  -st m 
 m+1
m d
 e  t f  t  dt  =  -1 F s 
ds  0
Then  
 ds m+1
By Leibnitz's rule,

d m+1
 e  t f  t dt =  -1 F s 
-st m+1 m 1

0
ds m+1
 This shows that if the theorem is true for n = m, it is also true for n = m+1. But it is true for n
= 1. Hence it is true for n = 1+1 = 2, n = 2+1 = 3 and so on.
Thus the theorem is true for all positive integral values of n.

Division by t

1 
If L f  t  = F  s  then L  f  t   =  F  s ds
t  s

Proof:

We have F  s  =  e-s t f(t)dt
0

  -st


Consider  F  s  ds     e f(t)dt  ds
s s 0 


 e
-st
f(t)dsdt  changing the order of integration 
0 s

 
  f(t)   e-st ds dt  t is independent of s 
0 s 
1 
 L  f(t) 
t 
Examples:
Find the Laplace transform of
1. tcosat

Solution:
s
L cosat =
s +a 2 2

d  s  s 2 -a 2
L tcosat    2 2  
ds  s +a   s 2 +a 2 2

2. te-tsin3t

Solution:
 3
L sin 3t 
s 9 2

d  3  6s
L t sin 3t    2  2
ds  s  9   s  9 2

Now using first shifting property,we get

6  s  1 6  s  1
L et t sin 3t  
 s  1  9  s  2s  10 
2 2 2 2

cosat-cosbt
3.
t
Solution:
s s
L cosat-cosbt = 2
- 2 2
2
s +a s +b

 cosat-cosbt   s s 
L  =   2 2 - 2 2 ds
 t  s  s +a s +b 
12
 s 2 +b 2 
= log  2 2 
 s +a 
Exercises:
Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions.
e-t sint
1. tsin2t 2. te2tsin3t 3.
t

eat -cosbt 1- cos3t

4. 5.
t t

Periodic functions:
Suppose that the function F (t ) is periodic with period  . Then its Laplace transform is given by
  ( n 1)
L F (t )   e F (t )dt  
 st
 e  st F (t )dt.
0 n 0 n

 
Let us put t  n   . Then L F (t )    exp(sn  s ) F (  n )d  .
n 0 0
But F (  n )  F ( ) , we get
   
L F (t )   exp( sn )  exp( s ) F (  )d     exp( s )  exp(s ) F ( )d 
n

n 0 0 n 0 0

1
1  e sw 0
 exp( s ) F (  )d  .

Theorem


e
 s
F (  )d 
If F (t ) has a Laplace Transform and if F (t   )  F (t ), L F (t )  0
.
1  e sw
Example (a)

1, 0  t  c
Find the transform of the function  (t , c)   ;  (t  2c, c)   (t , c).
0, c  t  2c
c

e
 s
d
1
L  (t , c)  0
2 cs
 .
1 e s(1  e cs )
Example (b)
Find the transform of the square-wave function
 1, 0  t  c
Q(t , c)   ; Q(t  2c, c)  Q(t , c).
1, c  t  2c
c 2c

e d    e  s d 
 s

(1  e cs ) (1  e cs )ecs / 2 1 cs
L Q(t , c)  0 c
2 cs
   tanh .
1 e s(1  e cs ) s(1  e cs )ecs / 2 s 2

Exercise:
1. Define a triangular-wave function T (t , c) by
 t, 0t c
T (t , c)   ; T(t  2c, c)  T (t , c). Sketch T (t , c) and find its
2c  t , c  t  2c
Laplace Transform.
2. Define the function G (t ) by G(t )  e ,0  t  c; G(t  c)  G (t ), t  0. Sketch the
t

graph of G (t ) and find its Laplace Transform.

3. Define the function S (t ) by S (t )  1  t ,0  t  1; S(t  1)  S (t ),t  0. Sketch the
graph of S (t ) and find its Laplace Transform.
4. Sketch a half-wave rectification of the function sin t , as described below, and find its
 
sin t , 0  t 

transform. F (t )  
 ; F  t  2   F (t ).
 
 0,  2  w 
t 

  w
5. Find L F (t ) where F (t )  t for 0  t   and F (t  )  F (t ).

A Step Function:
Applications frequently deal with situations that change abruptly at specified times. We
need a notation for a function that will suppress a given term up to a certain value of t and
insert the term for all larger t. The function we are about to introduce leads us to a
powerful tool for constructing inverse transforms.
0, t  0
Let us define function  (t ) by  (t )   .
1, t  0
The definition says that  (t ) is zero when the argument is negative and  (t ) is unity
when the argument is positive or is zero. It follows that
0, t  c
 (t  c)   .
1, t  c
The Laplace Transform of  (t  c) F (t  c) is

L  (t  c) F (t  c)   e st F (t  c)dt.
c
Now put t  c  v in the integral to obtain

L  (t  c) F (t  c)   e s ( cv ) F (v)dv  e  cs L F (t ).
0
Theorem
If L
1
 f (s)  F (t ), if c  0, and if F (t ) be assigned values (no matter what ones) for
c  t  0, L1 ecs f (s)  F (t  c) (t  c).
Example (a):
 t 2 , 0  t  2
Find L  y (t ) where y (t )   .
 6, t2
y (t )  t 2  (t  0)   (t  2)   6  (t  2)   (t  )   t 2  (6  t 2 ) (t  2)
2 4 2 
and L  y (t )  L t 2   e 2 s L 6  (t  2)2  
2
 e 2 s   2  3  .
s s s 
3
s
Example (b) :
1 3 4e s 4e3s 
Find and sketch a function g (t ) for which g (t )  L    2 .
s s2 s 
g (t )  3  4(t  1) (t  1)  4(t  3) (t  3)
 3, 0  t 1

  7  4t , 1  t  3
5, 3t


g(t)
3

t
1 3

Exercises:
1. Sketch the graph of the given function for t  0.
(i)  (t  1)  2 (t  2)  3 (t  4).
-5
(ii) t 2  t 2 (t  2).
2. Express F (t ) in terms of the  function and find L F (t ) .
 4, 0t 2
(i) F (t )   .
2t  1, t2
t 2 , 0t 2

(ii) F (t )   t  1, 2  t  3.
7, t 3

sin 3t , 0t 
(iii) F (t )   .
 0, t 
 5e3s e s
3. Find and sketch an inverse Laplace transform of  .
s s
1  e 
4 s
4. Evaluate L  3
.
 ( s  2) 
1  (1  e2 s )(1  3e2 s ) 
5. If F (t ) is to be continuous for t  0 and F (t )  L  2  , evaluate
 s 
F (1), F (3), F (5).

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Introduction:
Let L{f(t)} = F(s). Then f(t) is defined as the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) and is denoted
by L-1 {F(s)}.
Thus L-1 F(s) = f(t) ……………..(1)
L-1 is known as the inverse laplace transform operator and is such that

LL1  L1 L  1
In the inverse problem (1), F(s) is given (known) and f(t) is to be determined.
Properties of Inverse Laplace transform
For each property on Laplace transform, there is a corresponding property on inverse Laplace
transform, which readily follow from the definitions.
1) Linearity Property
Let L-1 {F(s)} = f(t) and L-1 {G(s)} = g(t) and a and b be any two constants. Then
L-1 [a F(s)  b G(s)] = a L-1 {F(s)}  b L-1 { G(s)}
2) Shifting Property
at
If L-1 {F(s)}=f(t) then L-1 [F(s-a)]= e L-1{F(s)}

3) Inverse transform of derivative

If L-1{F(s)}=f(t) then L-1{F n (s)}= (1) n t n L1{F (s)}

4) Division by s
t
 F(s) 
If L-1{F(s)}=f(t) then L1     f (t )dt
 s  0

Table of Inverse Laplace Transforms of some standard functions

F(s) f (t )  L1 F (s)

1 1
,s0
s
1 e at
,sa
sa
s Cos at
,s0
s  a2
2

1 Sin at
,s0
s  a2
2
a

1 Sin h at
,s a
s  a2
2
a
s
,s a
s  a2
2
Cos h at
1 tn
n 1
,s0
s n!
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
1 tn
,s0
n  1
n 1
s
n > -1

Examples

1. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:

1 sb 2s  5 4s  9
(i ) (ii ) (iii ) 
2s  5 s  a2
2
4s  25 9  s 2
2
Solution:
5t
1
1 1 1 1
(i ) L  L1  e2
2s  5 2 s5 2
2
sb s 1 b
(ii ) L1  L1 2  b L1 2  cos at  sin at
s a
2 2
s a 2
s a 2
a

4s  8  2 1 s  2 s9
5
 2s  5
(iii ) L1  2  2
 L  4 L1 2
 4s  25 9  s  4 s 9
25 2
s2 
4

1 5t 5t   3 
 cos  sin   4cos h3t  sin h3t 
2 2 2  2 
Exercise:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following

s2 4s  1 ( s  2) 3 3s  5 2 1 3 8
(i)  (ii) (iii) (iv)  2 
s  36 s  25
2 2
s 6
s 8
2
s s s s s
Evaluation of L-1 F(s – a)
We have, if L{ f(t)} = F(s), then L[eat f(t)] = F(s – a), and so
L-1 F(s – a) = eat f(t) = e at L-1 F(s)
Examples
3s  1
1. Evaluate : L1
s  14
3s  1 - 1  1 1 1
Given  L-1  3 L1  2 L1
s  14 s  13 s  14

1 1
 3e t L1 3
 2e t L1 4
s s
Using the formula

1 1 tn
L  and taking n  2 and 3, we get
s n1 n!
 3et t 2 et t 3
Given  
2 3
s2
2. Evaluate : L-1
s - 2s  5
2

s2  s  1  3  s 1 1
 L-1  L1  L
1
 3L1
s  1  4
2
 s  1  4 
2
s  1  4
2
s  12  4
s 1
 et L-1  3 et L1 2
s 4
2
s 4
3 t
 et cos 2t  e sin 2t
2
2s  1
(3)Evaluate : L1
s  3s  1
2

 2L -1
s    1  2L s    L
3
2 1 1
3
2

 1

s    4  s    4
3 2
2
5  5 s    4 
3 2
2
5 3 2
2

 3t s
3t
1 
 2e 2 L1 2  e 2 L1 2 
 s 5 s 5 
 4 4
3t
 5 2 5 
 2e 2 cos h t sin h t
 2 5 2 

Exercise

Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following

s5 7s  4 e 4 s ( s  2)e  s
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
s  6s  13
2
4s  4s  9
2
( s  2) 2 ( s  1) 4

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF e-as F(s)

Evaluation of L-1[e-as F(s)]
We have, if L{f(t)} = F(s), then L[f(t-a) H(t-a) = e-as F(s), and so
L-1[e-as F(s)] = f(t-a) H(t-a)
Examples
1 e 5 s
(1) Evaluate : L
s  24
1
a  5, F ( s) 
 s  2
4

1 1 e 2t t 3
Therefore f (t )  L1F ( s)  L1  e 2t L1 
 s  2
4
Here s4 6
Thus
e    t  5
2 t 5 3
e5 s
L 1
 f (t  a) H (t  a)  H  t  5
 s  2
4
6

 e s se 2s 1

(2) Evaluate : L  2  2 
 s  1 s  4
Given  f1 t   H t     f 2 t  2 H t  2  (1)

1
Here f1 (t )  L1  sin t
2
s 1
s
f 2 (t )  L1 2  cos 2t
s 4
Now relation (1) reads as

Given  sin t    H t     cos 2t  2  H t  2 

  cos t H t     cos 2t  H t  2 

Exercise:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following

 3 2e  s 3e 2 s 
 2   cosh 2 s
(i) 3  (ii)
 s s s  e 3s s 2
 s
1 e 3 s
se  e  s
2

s2   2
(iii) (iv)
s2

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM BY PARTIAL FRACTION AND

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Examples
1
(1)
( s  1)( s  2)
1
Let F(s)=
( s  1)( s  2)
By applying partial fraction we get
1 A B A( s  2)  B( s  1)
=  
( s  1)( s  2) ( s  1) ( s  2) ( s  1)(s  2)

1= A(s  2)  B(s  1)
1
put s=2  1  3B  B 
3
1
put s=-1  1  3 A  A  
3
Therefore
1 1
F(s)= 3  3
( s  1) ( s  2)

1 1 1 1
F(s)= 
3 ( s  2) 3 ( s  1)
Taking inverse laplace transform, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
L1{F (s)}  L1  L1 = e 2 t  e t
3 ( s  2) 3 ( s  1) 3 3

2 s 2  5s  4
2. Evaluate :
s 3  s 2  2s
we have

2 s 2  5s  4 2 s 2  5s  4 2 s 2  5s  4 A B C
    

s  s  2s s s  s  2
3 2 2
ss  2s  1 s s  2 s 1
Then 2s2+5s-4 = A(s+2) (s-1) + Bs (s-1) + Cs (s+2)
For s = 0, we get A = 2, for s = 1, we get C = 1 and for s = -2, we get B = -1. Using these values
2 s 2  5s  4 2 1 1
  
in (1), we get s  s  2s s s  2 s  1
3 2

2 s 2  5s  4
L1  2  e  2t  e t
s  s  25
2 2

4s  5
3. Evaluate : L1
s  12  s  2
Consider
4s  5 A B C
  
s  1  s  2 s  1 s  1 s  2
2 2

Then
4s + 5 = A(s + 2) + B(s + 1) (s + 2) + C (s + 1)2
For s = -1, we get A = 1, for s = -2, we get C = -3
Comparing the coefficients of s2, we get B + C = 0, so that B = 3. Using these values in (1), we
get

4s  5 1 3 3
  
s  1  s  2 s  1 s  1 s  2
2 2

Hence
4s  5 1 1 1
L1  e t L1 2  3e t L1  3e 2t L1
s  1  s  2
2
s s s

 te t  3et  3e2t

s3
4. Evaluate : L1
s4  a4
Let

s3 A B Cs  D
   2 (1)
s a
4 4
s  a s  a s  a2
Hence
s3 = A(s + a) (s2 + a2) + B (s-a)(s2+a2)+(Cs + D) (s2 – a2)
For s = a, we get A = ¼; for s = -a, we get B = ¼; comparing the constant terms, we get
D = a(A-B) = 0; comparing the coefficients of s3, we get
1 = A + B + C and so C = ½. Using these values in (1), we get

s3 1 1 1  1 s
   
s a
4 4
4  s  a s  a  2 s 2  a 2

Taking inverse transforms, we get

L1
s3
s a
4 4
1
 1
 e at  e at  cos at
4 2


1
cos hat  cos at 
2
s
5. Evaluate : L1
s  s2 1
4

Consider

s s 1 2s 
 2   2
2
 2
  2


s  s 1 s  s 1  s  s 1 2  s  s 1 s  s 1 
4
  
  2
  
1  s2  s 1  s2  s 1  1  1  1 
  2  2
   
2  s  s  1 s  s  1  2  s  s  1 s  s  1 
2
  

 
1 1 1 
  
3
2

 2
s  12 
3
4
 
s  12  
2

4 

 
s 1  1
t 1
1
 t 1 
L1 4  e 2 L1  e 2 L1 
s  s 1 2 
2
3 3
s2  s2  
 4 4 

 3 3 
1  2t
1 sin t  1 t sin t
 e 2 e 2 2 
2 3 3 
 2 2 

2  3  t
 sin  t  sin h 
3  2  2
Transform of logarithmic and inverse functions

 d 
We have, if L{ f(t)}  F(s), then Ltf t    F s 
d
Hence. L1   F s   tf (t )
ds  ds 
Examples

sa
(1) Evaluate : L1 log 
 sb

sa
Let F ( s )  log   log s  a   log s  b 
 sb
 1 1 
Then  F s    
d
 
ds s  a s  b
 d 

So that L1  F s    e  at  e bt 
 ds 
or t f t   e bt  e  at
e bt  e  at
Thus f t  
b

a
(2) Evaluate L1 tan 1  
s

a
Let F ( s )  tan 1  
s
 a 
Then  F s    2
d
2
ds s  a 
 d 
or L1  F s   sin at so that
 ds 
or t f t   sin at

f t  
sin at
a

 Fs  
Inverse transform of 
 s 

F s   F s 
t t
Since L  f t dt  we have L1     f t dt
0
s  s  0
Examples:
 1 
(1) Evaluate : L1  2 2 
s s  a   
Let us denote F s  
1
so that
s  a2 2

f (t )  L1F s  
sin at
a

F s 
t
1 sin at
Then L1   L1 
2

s s a 2
s  0
a
dt


1  cos at 
a2

 1 
(2) Evaluate : L1  2 2 
 s s  a  

1
we have L1  e  at t
s  a  2

t
1
Hence L 1
  e  at t dt
s s  a 
2
0


1
a2
 
1  e  at 1  at  , on integratio n by parts.

Using this, we get

 1  e 1  at dt
t
1 1  at
L-1 
s s  a 
2
2
a2 0


1
a 3
   
at 1  e  at  2 e  at  1 

CONVOLUTION THEOREM AND L.T. OF CONVOLUTION

INTEGRAL
The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) denoted by f(t)  g(t) is defined as
t

f(t)  g(t) =  f (t  u) g (u)du

0

Property:
f(t)  g(t) = g(t)  f(t)
Proof :- By definition, we have
t

f(t)  g(t) =  f (t  u) g (u)du

0

Setting t-u = x, we get

0

f(t)  g(t) =  f ( x) g (t  x)(dx)

t

=  g (t  x) f ( x)dx  g (t )  f (t )
0

This is the desired property. Note that the operation  is commutative.

CONVOLUTION THEOREM:
L[f(t)  g(t)] = L{f(t)}.L{g(t)}
Proof: Let us denote
t

f(t)  g(t) = (t) =  f (t  u) g (u)du

0

Consider
 t
L[ (t )]   e [  f (t  u ) g (u )]dt
 st

0 0

 t

e
 st
= f (t  u ) g (u )du (1)
0 0

We note that the region for this double integral is the entire area lying between the lines u =0 and
u = t. On changing the order of integration, we find that t varies from u to  and u varies from 0
to .
 u
u=t
t=u t=
0 u=0 t
Hence (1) becomes
 

 e
 st
L[(t)] = f (t  u ) g (u )dtdu
u  0 t u


 
=  e  su g (u ) e  s (t u ) f (t  u )dt du
0 u 

 
=  e  su g (u ) e  sv f (v)dv du , where v = t-u
0 0 
 

=  e  su g (u )du  e  sv f (v)dv
0 0

= L g(t) . L f(t)
Thus
L f(t) . L g(t) = L[f(t)  g(t)]
This is desired property.
Examples:
1. Verify Convolution theorem for the functions f(t) and g(t) in the following cases :
(i) f(t) = t, g(t) = sint (ii) f(t) =t, g(t) = et
(i) Here,
t t

f g =  f (u) g (t  u)du
0
=  u sin(t  u )du
0

Employing integration by parts, we get

f  g = t – sint
so that
 1 1 1
L [f  g] =  2  2 2 (1)
s 2
s  1 s ( s  1)

Next consider
1 1 1
L f(t) . L g(t) =  2  2 2 (2)
s s  1 s ( s  1)
2

From (1) and (2), we find that

L [f  g] = L f(t) . L g(t)
Thus convolution theorem is verified.
t

(ii) Here f  g =  ue t u du
0

Employing integration by parts, we get

f  g = et – t – 1
so that
1 1 1 1
L[f  g] =  2   2 (3)
s 1 s s s ( s  1)

Next
1 1 1
L f(t) . L g(t) =   2 (4)
s s  1 s ( s  1)
2

From (3) and (4) we find that

L[f  g] = L f(t) . L g(t)
Thus convolution theorem is verified.
2. By using the Convolution theorem, prove that
t
1
L  f (t )dt  Lf (t )
0
s

Let us define g(t) = 1, so that g(t-u) = 1

Then
t t
L  f (t )dt  L  f (t ) g (t  u )dt  L[ f  g ]
0 0
 1
= L f(t) . L g(t) = L f(t) .
s
Thus
t
1
L  f (t )dt  Lf (t )
0
s

This is the result as desired.

3. Using Convolution theorem, prove that
t
1
L  e u sin(t  u )du 
0 ( s  1)(s 2  1)

Let us denote, f(t) = e-t g(t) = sin t, then

t t
L  e sin(t  u )du  L  f (u ) g (t  u )du = L f(t) . L g(t)
u

0 0

1 1 1
=  2 =
( s  1) ( s  1) ( s  1)( s 2  1)

This is the result as desired.

4) Employ Laplace Transform method to solve the integral equation.
t
f(t)  l   f u sin t  u du
0

Taking Laplace transform of the given equation, we get

t
L f(t)   L  f u sin t  u du
1
s 0

By using convolution theorem, here, we get

1 1 L f (t )
L f(t)   Lf (t )  L sin t   2
s s s 1

Thus
s2 1  s2 1 t2
L f (t )  or f (t )  L1  3   1 
s3  s  2

This is the solution of the given integral equation.

Exercise:
Solve the following problems

1. Verify convolution theorem for the following pair of functions:

(i) f(t) = cosat, g(t) = cosbt
(ii) f(t) = t, g(t) = t e-t
(iii) f(t) = et g(t) = sint

2. Using the convolution theorem, prove the following:

t
s
(i) L  (t  u )e u 1 cos udu 
0 ( s  1) ( s 2  1)
2

t
1
(ii) L  (t  u )ue du 
 au

0 s ( s  a) 2
2
 t
3) f (t )  1  2 f t  u e  2u du
0

t
4) f ' (t )  t   f t  u  cos u du, f (0)  4
0

Inverse transform of F(s) by using convolution theorem

We have, if L(t)  F(s) and Lg(t)  G(s), then

Lf(t)  g(t)   Lf (t )  Lg (t )  F ( s ) G ( s ) and so

t
L F ( s ) G ( s )  f (t )  g (t )   f t  u g u du
1

This expression is called the convolution theorem for inverse Laplace transform

Examples
Employ convolution theorem to evaluate the following :
1
(1) L1
s  a s  b
1 1
Let us denote F(s)  , G(s) 
sa sb

Taking the inverse, we get f(t)  e -at , g(t)  e -bt

Therefore, by convolution theorem,

t t
1
L-1   e  a t u e bu du  e  at  e a b u du
s  a s  b  0 0

 at  e a b t  1 e bt  e  at
e   
 ab  ab
 s
(2) L1
s 2
 a2 
2

1 s
Let us denote F(s)  , G (s)  2 Then
s a22
s  a2
sin at
f(t)  , g(t)  cos at
a
Hence by convolution theorem,
t
  sin at  u cos au du
s 1
L-1
s 2
 a2 
2
0
a

1 sin at  sin at  2au 

t
  du , by using compound angle formula
a0 2

cos at  2au  

t
1  t sin at
 u sin at   
2a   2a 0 2a

s
(3) L1

s  1 s 2  1 
Here
1 s
F(s)  , G( s)  2
s 1 s 1
Therefore

f(t)  e t , g(t)  sin t

By convolution theorem, we have

t
 e u 
1
 sin u  cos u 
s  1 s 2  1 
-1
 e t u sin u du e  t
L
   2 0


2

e t t
 
e  sin t  cos t    1  e t  sin t  cos t
1
2


By employing convolution theorem, evaluate the following:

 1 s2
(1) L1 (4) L1 ,a  b
s  1 s 2  1  s2  a2 s2  b2  
s 1
(2) L1 (5) L1
s  1 2
s 2
1  s s  1
2 2

1 4s  5
(3) L1 (6) L1
s 2
a 2 2
 s  12 s  2

Applications of Laplace transform

Laplace transform is very useful for solving linear differential equations with constant
coefficients and with given initial conditions. We take the Laplace transforms of the differential
equations and then make use of the initial conditions, which transforms the differential equations
to an algebraic equation. Solve for Laplace transform from this algebraic equation and the
required solution is obtained by taking the inverse of this transform.
Laplace transform of derivatives:

1. L  f '  s L  f   f (0)

 
2. L f ''  s 2 L  f   s f  0   f '(0)

3. L f   s L  f   s
''' 3 2
f  0   s f '  0   f ''(0) and so on.

Problems:

1. Solve y ''  a 2 y  cos at given y  0, y '  0 when t  0 .

Solution: Taking Laplace transforms,

s
s 2 Y  s y  0   y '  0   a 2Y 
s  a2
2

On using the initial condition,

s
Y
s 
2
2
 a2

Taking inverse,
 1
y t sin at
2a

2. Solve y ''  5 y '  6 y  e2t , given y  0   y '  0   1

Solution: Taking Laplace transforms,
1
s 2 Y  sy  0   y '  0   5  sY  y  0   6 Y 
s2
On using the initial condition,

s 2  8s  13 s 2  8s  13
Y 
 s  2   s 2  5s  6   s  3 s  2 2
Resolving into partial fractions,
2 3 1
Y   
s  3 s  2  s  2 2

Taking the inverse Laplace transforms,

1
y  2e3t  3e2t  e2t L1 ( 2
)  y  3e2t  2e3t  te2t
s

Exercises :-
Solve the following:

1. y ''  3 y '  2 y  1  e2t , y  0   y '  0   1

2. y'''  y''  4 y'  4 y  1  t , y  0   y'  0   y''  0   0

Electrical circuits:
Consider a simple circuit comprised of an inductance of magnitude L (henrys ), a resistance of
magnitude R (ohms), and capacitance of magnitude C (farads) connected in series.
If E is the emf (volts) applied to an LRC circuit, then the current i (amperes) in the circuit at
time t is governed by the differential equation,
di q
L  Ri   E
dt C
 dq
Here q is the charge(coulomb) is related to i through the relation i  . If q(0)  0 then the
dt
above equation can be rewritten as,
t


di 1
L  Ri  i dt  E
dx C
0

Examples:

1. A LR circuit carries an emf of voltage E  E0 sin t , where E0 and  are constants. Find
the current i in the circuit if initially there is no current in the circuit.

Solution: The differential equation governing the current i is,

di
L  Ri  E0 sin t
dt
di R E
or,  i   0 sin t
dt L L
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides,

E    R
sI  i(0)  aI  0   , where a 
L  s2   2  L

Applying the initial condition, i(0)  0 , we get,

E0 1
I

L  s  a  s2   2 
By resolving into partial fractions,
E0 1    s 
I  a 2  2 
L a   s  a
2 2
s  2
s  
2

Taking inverse Laplace transforms,

i
E0 1
L a 
2 2 
eat  a sin t   cos t 

2. A resistance R in series with an inductance L is connected with emf E (t ) . The current i

di
is given by, L  Ri  E (t ) . The switch is connected at time t  0 and disconnected at
dt
 time t  a  0 Find the current i in terms of t , given that the emf is constant when the
switch is on.

E 0  t  a
Solution: E (t )  
0 ta

Here consider E as a constant.

E (t )  E  H (t )  H (t  a)  , t  0

The governing equation becomes,

di R E
 i   H (t )  H (t  a) 
dt L L
Taking Laplace transforms and applying the initial condition, i(0)  0 ,

E  1 e as  R
sI   I     , where  
L  s s  L

E 1  e as E  1
I   
1 
 1 e
L s( s   ) R  s s   
 as
 
Taking inverse Laplace transforms,

i
E
R
   
1  e t  1  e (t a ) H (t  a) 
 E
 R 1  e  t
 0t a
i

 E e t e a  1
 R  ta

Exercises:

1. A voltage Ee at is applied at t  0 to a circuit of inductance L and resistance R . Show

E   at  Rt L 
e e
R  aL  .
that current at time t is

2. A simple electrical circuit consists of resistance R and inductance L in a series with
constant emf E . If the switch is closed when t  0 , find the current at any time t .

Mass spring systems

Consider a spring of length x , tied at one end to a support  and the other end is tied to a fixed
mass m which is free. If F is the force acting on the object, then from Newton’s second law of
motion,

d 2x
m  kx
dt 2
Suppose the medium through the setup is worked is resisting with a velocity of x '(t ) we have,

d 2x
m  kx  cx '
dt 2
mx ''(t )  cx "(t )  kx(t )  0

The auxiliary equation is given by, mD2  cD  k  0

c  c 2  4mk
The roots of the quadratic equation are, D 
2m

The value of c 2  4mk determines the sensitivity of the medium.

1. c2  4mk  0 implies motion is under-damped.

2. c2  4mk  0 implies the motion is critically damped.
3. c2  4mk  0 implies the motion is over-damped.

Here k is the stiffness of the spring and can be given by the weight of the object per unit total
w
length of the spring, k  , where b is the length of the spring entirely and w  mg
b
1. A spring can extend 20cm when 0.5kg of mass is attached to it. It is suspended vertically
from a support and set into vibration by pulling it down 10cm and imparting a velocity of
5 cm / s vertically upwards. Find the displacement from its equilibrium.

Solution: Let x(t ) be the displacement from its equilibrium.

Here b  20 cm, m  500 gm, x(0)  10 cm, x '(0)  5cm / s

We can thus calculate the value of k , i.e. k  24500 dy / cm

The equation of motion is , 500 x ''(t )  24500 x(t )  0

x ''(t )  49 x(t )  0

Taking Laplace transforms,

 s 2 X  sx(0)  x '(0)  49 X  0

10s 5
X 
s  49
2
s  49
2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

10 5
x(t )  cos 7t  sin 7t
7 7
2. A spring of stiffness k has a mass m attached to one end. It is acted upon by external
force A sin t . Discuss its motion in general.
d 2x
Solution: We know from the Newton’s law of motion, m  kx  a sin t ,
dt 2
x(0)  x0 , x '(0)  v0

k
x ''(t )  x(t )  A sin t
m
Taking Laplace transforms,
k A 
s 2 X  s x(0)  x '(0)  X
m m  2  s2
By applying the initial conditions,
A  s 1
X  x0 2  v0 2
2 2

m s  s 
2 k
m 
s m k

s  mk

Taking the inverse Laplace transforms,

k
sin t
A sin t k m  v  A 
x(t )   x0 cos t  0 
k  m 2 m k  k  m 2 
m
Exercise:
1. A spring is stretched 6 inches by a 12 pound weight. Let the weight be attached to the
spring and pulled down 4 inches below the equilibrium point. If the weight id started
with an upward velocity of 2 feet per second, describe the motion. No damping or
impressed force is present.
 cos8t
2. A spring is such that 4 lb weight stretches it 6 inches. An impressed force is acting
2
on the spring. If the 4 pound weight is started from the equilibrium point with an upward
velocity of 4 feet per second, describe the motion.