Language dimension

(Status planning and acquisition

planning)
Name : Fakhrurrazi
Abstract
Language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or
acquisition of a language or language variety within a speech community. The
term of language planning was firstly introduced by Haugen (1959).
Status planning is the process of allocation of a language or variety to functional
domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing of a language.
Language functional domain covers official, provincial, wider communication,
international, capital, group, educational, school subject, literary and religious.
Standardization is the process by which one variety of language takes precedence
over other social and regional dialects of a language. Standardization process of a
language takes four steps: (1) Selection (2) Codification (3) Elaboration of
function (4) Acceptance.

Keywords: acquisition planning, status planning,

Introduction
Language planning is an express effort to influence the function, structure,
or acquisition of a language or within a speech community. It is not only
associated with government, but also non-governmental organizations, such as
grass-roots organizations and even individuals. Language planning also covers a
wide variety of activities including the reform of spelling systems and the
provision of advice on exist terminology (Holmes, 1992). The goals of language
planning differ depending on the nation or organization, but generally include
making planning decisions and possibly changes for the benefit of
communication. Planning or improving effective communication can also lead to
other social changes such as language shift or assimilation, thereby providing
another motivation to plan the structure, function and acquisition of languages.
The purpose of the language planning studies reviews is to draw together in a
systematic manner the sociolinguistic information in a language policy and
planning context that is available for a variety of nations around the world. Over
time, this will allow those interested in language to develop a thorough going and
comparative perspective on language policy and planning in a worldwide context.
Language planning
Corpus planning, Corpus addresses language form, the code itself, and seek to
engineer changes in the structure of the language (Ferguson: 2006). Corpus
planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the
form of a language to serve desired functions. Unlike status planning, which is
primarily undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning generally
involves planners with greater linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally
recognized types of corpus planning: standardization, and modernization.

Acquisition planning, acquisition planning refers to the type of language planning

in which a national, state or local government system aims to influence aspects of
language, such as language status, distribution and literacy through education.
Acquisition planning can also be used by non-governmental organizations, but it
is more commonly associated with government planning.
Frequently, acquisition planning is integrated into larger language planning
process in which he statuses of languages are evaluated, corpuses are revised and
the changes are finally introduced to society on a national, state local level
through education systems, ranging from primary school to university. This
process of change can entail a variety of modification, such as alteration in
students textbook formatting, a change in methods of teaching an official
language or the development of a bilingual language program, only to name a few.
For example, if a government decide to raise the status level of a certain language
or change its level of prestige, it can be establish a law that requires teachers to
teach only in this language or that textbook are written using only this language’
script. This would support the evaluation of a language’s status or could increase
its prestige. In this way, acquisition planning is often used to promote language
revitalization, in which can change a languages status or reverse a language shift,
or to promote linguistic purism

Status planning addresses the function of language in society, and typically

involves the allocation of languages to official roles in different domain
(Ferguson: 2006). Usually the process of allocating the function of a language
occurs spontaneously, however it may also occurs as the result of language
planning. Furthermore, according to Kloss and Stewart (1968) there are four
common attributes in status planning:

1. Language origin
Language origin refers to the status of language whether it is a given
language or imported to the speech community.
 2. Degree of standardization
It refers to extent of the development of a formal set of norms that define
correct usage of the language.
3. Juridical status
It refers to status of the language whether it serves as an official language,
national language, lingua franca or vernacular.
4. Vitality
Vitality refers to the ratio or percent of users of a language to another
variable, like total population.

The real example of status planning is the choosing of Malay language as

Bahasa Indonesia. Malay was influenced by Arabic and Indian. At first Malay was
used as lingua franca among the traders in the coastal area in Indonesia.
Standardization of a language is gradual process, Wardhaugh (2006) state that
standardization is the process by which a language has been codified in someway.
It is closed related to attitude of a society toward a certain variety of language. A
Language standardized base on the following step such as selection, codification,
elaboration of function and acceptance (Holmes 1992). Among others, there are
some language component to be standardized they are orthography, pronunciation,
vocabulary, grammar spelling writing system, and terminology.
Selection is refers to the process of selected a variety to be developed to become
standard language, a variety or a language can be taken from the variety or a
language that already exist, for instance the language that used for social, politic
or trading purposes. In term of choosing or adopt words from other country like
English or Arabic word language planner shall consider some aspect of the words
they are: simple, easy to remember prestige.

Codification refers to entails increasing the uniformity of the norm of its structural
or linguistic features; this step is the process of linguistic aspect that involves
orthography, pronunciation, grammar, and terminology.

Elaboration refers to the variety that has been codification need to be elaborated
or socialized. Government has an important role in this elaboration, such as to use
the language in parliaments, court, government institution, education and other
literature to support the process.
Conclusion
Language planning is an attempt to interfere deliberately with the natural
evolution of a language or one of its varieties. The classification of language
planning is a corpus planning, acquisition planning and status planning.
Standardization is the process by which one variety of a language takes
precedence over other social and regional dialects of a language.

References
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Longman Group, United
kingdom
Eastman, Carol M. 1983. Language planning An Introduction. San Francisco;
Chandler & Sharp Publisher. Inc.
Florey Margared. 2010. Endangered Language of Austronesia New York, Oxford
University Press. Inc
Berg Alexander & Diewald Gabriele. 2008. Construction and Language Change,
Berlin. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
Ferguson Gibson, 2006. Language Planning in Education. Edinburgh, Edinburgh
University Press Ltd.
Kloss, H. 1967. Abstand and Ausbau Languges. Anthropological Linguistic.