1 Triple Integrals and the Mass Problem corresponding to the orders dz dx dy , dy dx dz, dy dz dx, dx dy dz and dx dz dy , pro-

vided the the limits of integration are changed accordingly.

If a solid S has volume V and a uniform density ‹, then its mass M is given by ZZZ
Hb 1. Evaluate (x + 1)ey cos z dV if B = [0; 2] × [0; ln 3] × [0; ı=2].
B
M = (density)(volume) = ‹V:

Suppose that S has a variable density such that at every point (x; y ; z) ∈ S, the density
at this point can be described as a function f (x; y ; z). What is the mass of S?

Assume B is the rectangular box [a; b] × [c; d] × [r; s] and the density of S at every point
(x; y ; z) ∈ S is given by f (x; y ; z). We approximate M as follows. Let P : a = x0 < x1 <
· · · < xn = b, Q : c = y0 < y1 < · · · < ym = d, and R : r = z0 < z1 < · · · < zp = s
be partitions of [a; b], [c; d], and [p; q], respectively. For each value of i; j; and k, pick
xi∗ ∈ [xi−1 ; xi ], yj∗ ∈ [yj−1 ; yj ], and zk∗ ∈ [zk−1 ; zk ] and define ∆Vijk := ∆xi ∆yj ∆zk =
(xi − xi−1 )(yj − yj−1 )(zk − zk−1 ). Then
p
m X
n X
f (xi∗ ; yj∗ ; zk∗ )∆Vijk
X
Mijk =
i=1 j=1 k=1 Hb 2. Find the mass of the box B = [0; 1] × [0; 3] × [0; 2] if the density at every point
(x; y ; z) ∈ B is given by ‹(x; y ; z) = 6 − xy z.
approximates the the mass of S. We can make the error smaller by making the volume
of the subboxes [xi−1 ; xi ] × [yj−1 ; yj ] × [zk−1 ; zk ] smaller (hence, forcing n; m; p −→ ∞).
The limit of this sum if it exists is called the triple integral of f over the box region
B denoted by ZZZ ZZZ
f (x; y ; z) dV or simply f dV :
B B

Theorem 1: Fubini
If f (x; y ; z) is continuous on a box B = [a; b] × [c; d] × [r; s], then
ZZZ Z bZ dZ s
f dV = f (x; y ; z) dz dy dx:
B a c r

Remark. The triple integral is also equal to any of the other five iterated triple integrals

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2 Triple Integrals Over General Solids
Definition 1
Let f (x; y ; z) be defined on a a closed bounded solid E and let B = [a; b] ×
[c; d] × [r; s] be a rectangular box such that E ⊆ B. Let F (x; y ; z) = f (x; y ; z) if
(x; y ; z) ∈ E and let F (x; y ; z) = 0 if (x; y ; z) ∈ B \ E. We define
ZZZ ZZZ
f dV := F dV :
E B Type xy Type xz Type y z
RRR RRR
Remark. 1 dV = dV = Volume(E).
RRR
E E Hb 3. Evaluate E y dV , where

Theorem 2 E = {(x; y ; z) | x − y ≤ z ≤ x + y ; 0 ≤ y ≤ x; 0 ≤ x ≤ 3}:

Let f (x; y ; z) be continuous on a closed and bounded region E ⊂ R3 .

1. If E = {(x; y ; z) | (x; y ) ∈ D; h1 (x; y ) ≤ z ≤ h2 (x; y )}, where D is a region

in the xy -plane, then
ZZZ ZZ "Z h2 (x;y ) #
f (x; y ; z) dV = f (x; y ; z) dz dA:
E D h1 (x;y )

2. If E = {(x; y ; z) | (x; z) ∈ D; h1 (x; z) ≤ y ≤ h2 (x; z)}, where D is a region

in the xz-plane , then
ZZZ ZZ "Z h2 (x;z) #
f (x; y ; z) dV = f (x; y ; z) dy dA:
E D h1 (x;z)

3. If E = {(x; y ; z) | (y ; z) ∈ D; h1 (y ; z) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y ; z)}, where D is a region

in the y z-plane , then
ZZZ ZZ "Z h2 (y ;z) #
f (x; y ; z) dV = f (x; y ; z) dx dA:
E D h1 (y ;z)

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 2
RRR RRR
Hb 4. Evaluate E (x + 2y ) dV , where E is the solid in the first octant bounded by the Hb 6. Evaluate E y dV , where E is the solid tetrahedron with vertices at (0; 0; 0),
coordinate planes, the planes x + z = 1 and y + 2z = 2. (2; 0; 0), (0; 2; 0), and (0; 0; 2).

Hb 5. Use a triple integral to calculate the volume of the solid enclosed by the cylinder
Z 4Z 1Z 2
4 cos(x 2 )
Hb 7. Evaluate the iterated integral √ dx dy dz.
x 2 + z 2 = 4 and the planes y = −1 and y + z = 4. 0 0 2y 2 z

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 Theorem 3 3 Triple integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates
Let f (x; y ; z) and g (x; y ; z) be continuous on a region E.
Let f (x; y ; z) be continuous on a solid region E whose upper surface bound has the
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
1. If ¸; ˛ ∈ R, then (¸f + ˛g )dV = ¸ f dV + ˛ g dV : equation z = h2 (r; „) and whose lower surface bound has the equation z = h1 (r; „) in
E E E
cylindrical coordinates. Then the projection of E on the xy -plane is a polar region D, and
2. If E = E1 ∪ E2 , where Int(E1 ) ∩ Int(E2 ) = ?, then if f (x; y ; z) is continuous on E, then
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
f dV = f dV + f dV : ZZZ ZZ "Z h2 (r;„) #
E E2 E2 f (x; y ; z) dV = f (r cos „; r sin „; z) dz dA;
E D h1 (r;„)

Hb 8. By projecting the solid in Hb 4 on the xy -plane set up an iterated integral which where the double integral is evaluated in polar coordinates. Hence, if
calculates the same integral.
D = {(r; „) | g1 („) ≤ r ≤ g2 („); ¸ ≤ „ ≤ ˛};

then ZZZ Z ˛ Z g2 („) Z h2 (r;„)

f (x; y ; z) dV = f (r cos „; r sin „; z) r dz dr d„;
E ¸ g1 („) h1 (r;„)
RRR √
Hb 9. Evaluate E x 2 + y 2 dV , where E is the region lying inside the cylinder x 2 +y 2 =
16 and between the planes z = −5 and z = 4.

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Hb 10. Evaluate E z dV , where E is the solid enclosed by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 4 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates
RRR

and the plane z = 4.

Let f (x; y ; z) be continuous on a solid region E. Suppose that E can be described in
spherical coordinates as

E = {(; „; ’) | h1 („; ’) ≤  ≤ h2 („; ’); „1 ≤ „ ≤ „2 ; ’1 ≤ ’ ≤ ’2 }:

Then
ZZZ Z „2 Z ’2 Z h2 („;’)
f (x; y ; z) dV = f ( sin ’ cos „;  sin ’ sin „;  cos ’)2 sin ’ d d’ d„:
E „1 ’1 h1 („;’)

Z 3 Z √9−x 2 Z 9−x 2 −y 2 q
Hb 11. Evaluate x 2 + y 2 dz dy dx.
−3 0 0

The Volume Element in Spherical Coordinates

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 2 +y 2 +z 2 )3=2
√ √
e(x dV , where E is the unit ball x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1. 4−y 2 8−x 2 −y 2
RRR
Hb 12. Evaluate E
Z 2Z Z
Hb 14. Evaluate √ z 2 dz dx dy
0 0 x 2 +y 2

Hb 13. Using triple integrals, calculate the volume of the solid within the sphere x 2 +
√
y 2 + z 2 = 1 and outside the cone z = x 2 + y 2 above the xy -plane.

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