Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aolved: Question Bank
Aolved: Question Bank
F
Ir , :;k of coordination results in:
a*s. ({
1.4. Apetrol pump needs to tle managed as much as a
school or a hospital. Which feature of management
- delaf in work.
- duplication of work. is being highlighted here?
EM
@g;
D QUTSTION BANK
:hr/Obiective lype Questions [l Morkt 5. Fayol says that discipline requires:
EM (a) good supervisors at all levels.
t b a nirt that principles of management are
(b) agreements should be clear and fair.
Enc
EI: (c) penalties should be fairly imposed.
he thel'are to be followed absolutely.
AII of these (d)
ed
hnfiey can be modifled as perthe situation.
Ans. {d)
lrrrr they are formed by practice and
clEbcltation. .6. What was the profession of FW Taylor?
Er- (a) Mechanical engineer
he thev are universally applicable.
(6) Doctor
hE (c) Scientist
M] -
. : l. ,)f management aims at securing the (d) Psychologist
h$i' rrd derotion of employees by giving them fair Ans. (")
rrl I
f Qftm utilisation of resources and effective 8. Which of the following is not concerned with llenri
rf,irt:1isa Fayol?
tir-Ec decisions (u) Scalar chain (D) Order
IdtlGsc (c) Inifiative (A Time study
Ans. @
- 9. Which of the following statements is related to
-:: ,re of time study?
:
division of work?
- . r ihc anrount ofrest interval
(a) Resources should be divided equally among
bCrcrtiete between efficient and inefficient departments.
Irfltr (D) Wbrk should be divided into smaller tasks.
bkrrire the fair days work (c) Subordinates should be divided among superiors.
-: i;,Jrrrlec€ssarl, motion of workers (d) Departments should be divided into sub sections.
Ans. (b)
44 Za?ane astcd@ Business Studies_l2
I
! l
i
(c) managers should be fair and impattial while dealing 7. F'unctional foremanship violates Henry Fayol's
with their subordinates' of
(rf managers should remove the feeling oflob insecunty 8. helps to frame suitable incentive
from the mind of emPloYees' and determining labour costs'
I
b
1.,i.Mmttia 2$lll
'interest rates significantly affects the demand
. as
. Acs. Opportunities means positive intemal trends or changes
.-_oods and services, is an example of economic that will help a firm to improve its performance.
. :-omlent.
18. The understanding of business environment helps
rr Reserye Bank of India is considered as the key
-,.ulator of a country,s the managers to identify ,threats,. What is meant
economic development.
by.threats, here ?
, rue'False) l0r:lhi 20lI!
A*s. Threats means external environment, trends and changes
. .ls the Reserve Bank of India influences the interest
that will hinder a firm,s performance.
::. controls the flow of money in the economy and
: _...lres the working of banks. ?9. How does understanding business enyironment assist
: -:iness environment is the aggregate of external in planning and policy formulation?
:.es. (True/False) Ans" Understanding and analysis of business environment
ls rt is the total of help in deciding the future course of action.
a1i external forces such as
, J,;als, consumers, govemment and legal matters 30. State the dimensions of business environment.
.:lect the performance of an organisation either Ans. The dimensions of busiaess environment are:
'.
e1r, or negatively.
(a\ Economic environment
: -,Lness environment is dynamic. (True/False)
(b) Social environment
,,s business environment never remains static and (c) Technological environment
- . changing. (d) Political environment
: rt is meant by business enyironment? (e) Legalenvironment
.:: envtronment is the sum total of all individuals. 31. List any two components of economic environment.
:.lts and other forces that are outside the control
of Ans. (a) Volume of imports and exports of different items.
.:.s enterprise but that may affect its performance. (b) Rates of saving and investment.
E slet are general and specific forces of business 32. Give any two major elements of social environment.
rrrironment? Ans. (a) Birth and Death rates
, ...r'ces affect business entetprise
directly whereas
(b) Concern with quality of life
' - -rl.ces affect it indirectly. 33. Which element/dimension of business enyironment
If, ' . . -r\\ Environment includes both .specific and involves improvements and innovations which provide
new ways ofproducing goods and services and
" - .'.1 lorces,. List any four general forces. new
methods and techniques of operating a business?
[:\ti trndia 201I1
: lrrical, legal and technological conditions [Horsl
Ans. Technological environment
BusinessEnvironment 81
r ,.1[TXCE
QU ffiSTI*ru5
-.: S**rt Answ*r/&bleetive Type euestloa.es It ffiurki 11. An impact of govemment policy changes on business
An economy is truly global, where there is: and industry in India is rapid change in technnological
(") freedom in taking decisions regarding expansion environment. (True/False)
and contraction of business. X2. It refers to the sum total of all individuals, institutions
(.b) free flow ofgoods and services across the nations. and other forces that are outside the control ofa business
(.) disinvestment of public sector. enterprise but that may affect its performance. Name it.
@ reduction in tax rate. lHrlTSI
- Which of the following is not an example of legal tr3. Business Environment includes both .specific and general
forces'. List any four specific forces.
environment? fDethi 20llj
(.a) Baby food advefiisement must inform the potential 14. Which feature ofbusiness environment is indicated when
buyers that mother's milk is the best. it is stated that business environment is a phenomenon
(b) Every advertisement of cigarettes should cany the that is relatively easier to understand in parls but difficult
warning that "cigarettes are injurious to health',. t0 grasp in its totality?
lHoTSj
(c) The government of India has banned the 15. Business environment enables the firm to identify
advertisement of alcoholic product. opportunities and getting the first mover advantage.
(,)) Shift in demand from typewriter to computer. Justifz it with an example.
IHOTSI
. Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir has badly affected 16. Mention any two elements of political environment.
tourism industry in the state. Name the environment 17. What is included in 'Technological Environment, of
highlighted in above statement. Business ?
lForeign 2014" I1l
(a') Social Environment 18. Just after declaration oflok Sabha Elections 2009 results,
(b) Political Environment the Bombay stock exchange,s price index (Sensex) rose
(c) Legal Environment by 2l 00 points in a day. Identify the environmental factor
(rl) Technological Environment which led to this rise. ICBSE Sample paper 2011]
: Which of the following is not an example of social I9. Which environment describes characteristics of the
environment? society in which the organisation exists?
JHOTS1
(r) Equal pay to male and female workers for equal 20. Mention any change initiated by the Government of
work. India since 1991.
(b) Imporl of animal fat for manufacturing Vanaspati 21" Give two changes introduced in lndustrial policy of July
ghee was banned by the govemment. r991.
(.) Cell phone have taken over the market from landline 22" Govemment of India is seriously thinking to allow oil
phone. marketing public sector underlakings to fix their own
(4 A1l of these price for petrol and diesel. Which economic reform is
, Globalisation means: the reason of this change in government,s policy?
(a) removal of unnecessary government control and [CESE Sample paper 2Gil]
restrictions from business and industries. Or
(.b) reducing the role of public sector. it is the process by which govemment control over the
(.) integration of various economies of the world. industry is being loosened. Give the term to which this
(r/) reduction in tax rate by the government. statement is trying to indicate.
tHOT,Sl
The govemment of lndia announced demonetisation of 23. Mention some service industries where competition for
t 500 and t 1000 notes on Indian firms has increased due to government policy
means freeing of Indian industry from all changes. IHOTSJ
unnecessary government controls and restri ctions. 24. When was demonetisation implemented in India?
As a parl of economic reforms, the Govemment of India
Sltort Ansrnrer Yype eurest,ons [B/4 tricrks]
announced New Economic policv in
25. Give two instances of impact of changes in political
Globalisation has integrated Indian economv with
environment on companies.
r.r,orld's economy. (True/False)
26. 'Demand for reselation in jobs for minorities,refers to
Business environment helps in coping with rapid changes.
an example of key component of general environment
(True/False)
of business. Name and explain the component.1HOTSI
.
.
Planning 91
(c) Developingpremises Ans. Planning means setting objectives and targets and
formulating an action plan to achieve them. It is
@ None of these
concemed with both ends and means, 1.e., what is to
tb) be done and how it is to be done.
.!F,,,, L,is F,rdl{utrt:: pt-r_rarii
that il hcing Iden@ fte type of phE
discurrrd in thr abllru pertgraph.
Ans. Shategy is the type of plan.
lilrihi. \li India l0t t r( ;j
-.r -.'. ., a 'f l]t: llt.a]1ll :aS
PRACTIC UESTIONS
-1 Shorl Answer/Obiective
' Type euesrions [I MurkJ 14. Planning ensures clarity rn thoughts
and actions, work
.'. ltich function of is carried on smoothly without interruptions.
gap berween Which
, r,..,e r,.e
are and Ti:::T: #,,?:::";Ji. impofiance of planning is mentioned
here? IHOTSI
I Planning
-' (6) controlling 15. It helps the manager to look into
future and make a
- Organising kt) Stafling choice amongst various altemative
courses of action.
- i, hich |ype of plan is a cornbination
of ob.jective.
Enumerate tl.re irnporlance of planning
indicated here.
:,-,licies, procedures, rules
etc.?
,rI Budget (6) programme 16' Foltowrng a pre-decided pian, rvhen cilc,r.r.,.,r.'X?l:
. r Strategy (r.f Method changed, may not tum out to
be in the organisations.
," l:rch of the
interest. Which limitation of planning
following is not an impofiance ofplanning? is indicated here.r
., I Reduces uncertainty
161 prornotes creativity
iHOTSI
r 17. Planning cannot foresee or assess
. Reduces creativity (d) provides dir.ection future tr.ends il the
envirorunent and thus there may
- 'r' 1:rch tlpe ofplan shows the expected
result in numerical
be obstaclcs to eilective
planning. Mention the limitation
. l1t:? of planning referred
here
,t Policy (6) programme 18. Which demerir ofpianning is higlilighted
r*orsr
- ) Budget (rf in rhjs .rrt.rr;;;
Obiectives - 'Middle management and otheidecision makers are
__ are those plans which determine the neither allowed to deviate fiom
plans
,-'quential steps to caffy out nor are they
some work/activity. pennitted to act on their own., lffOTSl
19. 'Planning eliminates changes/uncertainties,.
-. rlone and what not to be clotrc
Do you
in a specified situation. agree ? Give reason in support
of your answer.
l:icrease in sale by l0%, is an example of a policy.
I ruer'False) 2t). What is the,ext
of action?
step after r.,:T;;;ffiffi:::::J
'.rnning facilitates decision_making. (True/False)
i,rategy is a general 2i. Lnplementing the plan is that
step in plarming process
statement that guicle thinking
or where other manageriar functions
rennelise cnergies towards
a particulalr direction. (True/ ur* ln-. into the
picture. Explain with an example.
rtSe)
- .lnning lays down the 22. State first two steps in the process
base for other functions of of planning.
'.:inagement.
Which feaflrre of planning is highlighted
23. 'To se'e whether plans are being
implemented and
.:c ] actn.rties are.being performecl
ac"lo.aing to schedule,,
,, llroTsl ls a step of planning process.
Identify the step.
llan is fi.arned, it is implemented
and is lbllowed by
ntlter plan and so on. Mention
tj.re feature of-planning 24. what do you unclersrand by clerivative
.:iicated here. Jil1j;o*'0"'
lH0TSi 25. Policies are guides to manageriar action
- r'-aruring
is done for achieving the organizational and decisions in
goals., the implementation of strategy.
- -, 1.,ou agree ? Give one reason in support of Support *nf, un example.
vour 26. Give the meaning of ,Rule,
)t\.ef. as a rype of plan.
r,.r,,ing always
leads to success., Do you
:;sor1 ir1 suppofl of-your ;::;:rTj 27. Give the meaning of,,Strategy,
rro.ollTiil.'0",
answer. l,&tt tndia 2S12| ". "
fForeign i0i5l
\
"t
8. In which organisation flow of communication takes 17. Functional structure is suitable for those business
place through scalar chain? enterprises in which large variety of products are
(u) Formal organisafion manufactured using different productive resources.
(b) Informal organisation (True/False)
(c) Both (u) and (b) Ans. False, as functional structure is suitable for large
@ Neither (a) nor (b) organisations requiring high degree specialisation for
m.(a) an enterprise
9. The first step of organising process is: 18. Decentralisation develops managerial talent. (Tiue/
(a) Granting authority False)
(6) Establishing reporting retationships Ans. True, as through decentralisation, employees prove their
(c) Identification of activities abilities and create a reseryoir of qualified manpower
(d) Grouping of activities that can take up higher positions in near future.
n (c) 19. Define 'organising, as a function of management.
ll. Which of the following is not an advantage of [AlI India 20t4, tjl
functional organisational structure? Ans. Organising function of management aims at creating
(a) Coordination an organisational shucture, clari$ring jobs and work
(b) Difficult to fix the responsibilities relationships and effectively deploying resources for
(c) Specialisation the attainment of identified and desired results.
(d) Effective control
20. Give the meaning of iOrganisiog u, u process,.
[AIl India 20161
\\ hich of the following is a limitation of formal Ans. Organising as a process deals in initiating the
r:anisation? implementation of plans by clarifzing jobs and working
-. \o clear cut structure relationships and effectively deploying resources for the
', Social interaction attainment of objectives.
. Personalsatisfaction
21. List the last two steps of organising.
-' Rigidity
Ans. . Assignment of duties
r Establishment of reporting relationships
refers to that specific pattern of
'- rtionship 22. 'lt refers to be identification and division of work
created during organising process.
which has to be done as per the previously determined
-.,tilsational structure plans.'Identify the step in the process oforganising.
=- activities are grouped and departments Ans. Identification and division of work
."- .reated on the basis of specific functions to be
-l rrmed. 23. What is departmentalisation?
,
TICE QUESTIONS
rtAnswer/Obiective Type euestions Morkt (6) It clearly defines the authority and responsibilirv
[l
:h of the f6llowing is an advantage of divisional of every individual.
are? (r) It is not deliberately created by the managemenr.
Drylicity of functions @ It is personal means the feelings of individuals are
attitude
,i. Which of the following is an imporlance ofthe Delegation
-ffish of Authority?
Ionflicts
(") High morale of subordinates
n of the following is not a feature of informal (b) Develops initiative amongst subordinates
ru:'nin-?
(r) Limited in scope
, .:o u,ritten rules and procedures. Both (a) and (h\
@\
130 76gcee. ca*d@ B:usiness Studies-I2
"i. Which of the following is not an element of delegation? Short Answer Type Queslions [3/a Moffi
(a) Authority
?2. How does organising help in coordination and
(b) Centraiisation
(.) Responsibility 23. What is meant by functional structure of an
(d) Accountabiliry State its any two disadvantages [Foreirr
5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of functional 24, Describe the imporlance of an informal organt-: -rl-
structure?
25. The employees of Manik Ltd., a software
(a:) Difflculty in inter-departmental coordination have formed a dramatic group for their recreatio:
(b) Helps in increasing managerial efficiency the type of organisation so formed and state i.
(c) Minimises cost
Papr
features. [CBSE Sample
kl Coordination is established
*. is the division of decision-making and Or
responsibilities among hierarchical level State any three features of 'Informal Organisa: -
ED QUESTION BANK
Short Answer/Obiective Type euestions 7. Underwhich method of on the job training, a trainee
[l Morkl
r*tich selection test aims at measuring the individuals is put under the guidance of a master worker.
Frtential to learn new skills? (a) Apprenticeshipprogramme
rrr lntelligence test (]) Aptitude test (6) Internshiptraining
Bx Personality test id) Interest test (c) Vestibule training
Itu ll' (d) Job rotation
TlLr process of staffing includes: Ans. (a)
rs Estimating manpower requirements
8. Which function of the management concentrates on
tSn }ledicalexamination
rrs\ Employmentinterview employing the right person at the right position?
hJl Sclection decision (u) Organising (6)Staffing
(c) Controtling (d1 Directing
ilUEL of the following is not an external Ans. (6)
source of
Eriunent., 9. Which of the following is a limitation of external
h -ddr-ertisement sources of recruitment?
,,lF Casaal callers (a) Lengthy process (D) euatified personnel
F homodon (c) Wider choice (d) Competitive spirit
Prcommendation of employees
[O Ans. (a)
10. consists ofmanpowerplanning, recruitment,
is a career-oriented process.
'- selection, training, compensation, promotion and
:t lng (D) Development
maintenance of managerial personnel.
. -Iir,ln (d) None of these
Ans. Staffing
rmrrnal sources of recruitment are: Ei. Staffing is a part of
Treasfer Ans. Human Resource Management
(6) promotion
Emfi la) and (D) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) 12. --.-is the process of choosing and appointing
the right candidates for various jobs in an organisation
, lhe last step in the process ofselection. through various tests and interviews.
n riecision Ans. Selection
rF 13. and are concerned with
-.; r r-rf ernployrnent the process of introducing a new employee to an
' :1 tests organisation.
Ans. Orientation, Induction
142 tttc&@ Bl';sitress Studies-12
"ardi"/t
rarely done 23. State how staffing ensures 'continuous
14. Reference and background checks are [.\ll I: :;r
growth of the enterPrise''
in selection process. (True/False) :
and gr.',
to verify Ans. Staffrng ensures continuous survival
Ans. False, as it is done in selection process
enterPnse through the successl0n planning
I f'.
information and gain additional information of the
aPPlicant. 24. How does staffing treat human resourcesl
organisation
15. Employees become lethargic when an Ans. Staffing treats human resources as assets'
of recruitment' (True/False)
uses internal sources
25. List any two specialised activities performcrd
Ans. True, as employeesbecome sure oftimeboundpromotion'
only' Human Resource Management'
16. Training is beneficial to an orgarrisation and Traing and developmeni c':
(Tfue/False) Ans. Recruitment
#nclcE QuEsTloNS
\d"o Shorl Ansrver/obiecrive Type Questions [t Mork]
the process of selection
I " Which type of test comes under
test?
test
(a:) Intelligence (b) Personality test
(.) Aptitude test (r0 A11 of these
a benefi't of training to an
?" Which of the following is
organisation'?
(,1) SYstematic leanring
turnover
(b) Reduces absenteeism and employee
(r) Increases workload of employees
(d) Both (a) and (b)
of Human Resource refers to shifting an
3. The specialised activities and duties 6.
ot
Management are:
p itio, utryin g hi gher re
o---o, s P
s
"
facilities and
(a) Recruitment, I'e', search for qualified people' PaY.
Stafflng 157
is a measure of an individual's potential system accounted for 50% ofthe 290 employees recruited
of learaing new skills. in a parlicular year. Many companies especially in IT
'Promotion' is a vertical shifting of employees. (True/ companies offer bonus or gifts like mobile phones
False) or holiday packages to their employees for referral.
The companies are giving more focus on this type of
Selection is a positive process.(True/False)
recruihlent.
Employment Exchanges are a good source of recruitment.
Describe the benefits derived by a company due to
(Trte/False)
employee refemal. [Question from NCERT Bor]
'Staffing is an inherent part of human resource 23. It is for selection of employees to measure
a test used
management'. Do you agree?
individual's potential for leaming new skills. Mention
What is meant by 'Estimating manpower requirements' its name and explain two other tests also. IHOTSi
as a step in the process of 'Staffing'? il,;e!hi i{.|i?l
2,{. State whether the following statements are true or false:
\Vhat does workload analysis assess'l (a) Personnel manager is both a line manager as well
Why is it said that recruitment is a positive step in the as staff manager.
rrocess of staffing? l{li3.sil' S*t}rFic f}tper 2f}1tr1 (6) Staffing and employing refers to the same activity.
It seeks to attract suitable applicants to apply for available (.) Personnelproblems exist only in large organisations.
obs. Name the term. i{l{}'r$i (cl) Recruitment and selection is one and the same thing.
step in the process of selection helps the manager
(e) Training and development are synonymous.
"\'hich 25. Atul is working in an organisation. After every three
r eliminating unqualified or unfit job seekers based on
re information supplied in the application forms? months his manager transfers him from one department
[Ii[t]T$I to another so that he may gain a broader understanding
'' hat is a fonr,al, in-depth conversation conducted to
of all the departments of the organisation. Name and
,'. aluate the applicant's suitability for job called? explain the method of training Atul is undergoing.
l{l{}TS} [AII lndia 20tr21
,,me the methodof training in which the trainees leam 8"ong A.nswer Type QLcesfio,'ls [516 fulorks]
thc equipments they will be using.
?6. Which source of recruitment is needed to bring new
i Answer Type Questions [3/4 Morks] blood in the organisation? Explain any three advantages
t,lat purpose does performance appraisal serve? and any two limitations of this source. [HoTSl
2?. Explain the concept of training and any three methods
! -rternal sources of recruitment are better than internal
of 'On the Job Training'. lFtreign 2{}tr11
,: urces of recruitment.' Do you agree with this statement?
:-\ e two reasons in suppotl of your answer. EvcEuCItio*r Essed Questions
[All India, Foreign 2011] 28" Biru Nandan, Chairman of Lalit group of companies
! ::c is intense competition now-a-days among the founded 'Biru University' for undergraduate and
:panies to hold back its employees so that they do postgraduate courses in diverse disciplines. The
-cave theirjob and join another company. For this, Information Technology deparlment of the 'Lalit Power
:rnies like Dabuq Reliance, etc. are ready to give Ltd., had few vacancies related to Cyber Security.
-ierm increments and out-of-tum hikes of 15-20% The Human Resource Department of the Company
r performers. decided to recruit fresh engineering graduates from 'Biru
\ccording to HR chief of Dabur lndia, what University' for the same. Identify the type of source of
.:rconvenience is faced by the company if it loses recruitment. fDelhi 20191
.i:r employee'l
',\ hat
29. XYZ Ltd. is setting up a new plant for manufacturing
ways company is devising to retain the jute bags. For its new plant, it needs highly trained and
:;rployees who are tempted to leave? motivated workforce. To recruit competant middle level
iQur:stion $i*:* l\tlE"lti S*ri officials, HR manager of XYZ Ltd. went to different
- - the external source of recruitment which is used colleges and universities and to recruit lower level
r companies is the recommendations of present workforce, he puts a notice on the gate of company about
. (or Employee Referals). Such applicants are
ees the requirements of the fim. Identifl, and explain the
,r be good employees because their background sources of recruitment referred in the above paragraph.
-'lrently known. At Jupiter Networks, the referral lDoEi
170 'Tagdia aczd@ Btsiness Studies-l2
FACT|CE QUESTTONS
* Onswer/Obiective Type
f euesrions [t ltiork]
,h olthe fbllowing is not a feature
(.c) Pay and allowances
kn Employecs recognition programrnes
of motivation?
i: is a continuous process. -1. Which one of rhesc .
at the formal line of authority known as'7 p{8TSl relationships, rules and regulations
?{i. It is a process by which people create bariers.
and share
information with one another in order to reach common Qd Personal factors of both sender and
r:tsure
order arru urov,r-
, .an the company
relate its planning with controt
- -iii line of business
to ensure thatlts plans are ,:r.ens.
. -,"llr implemented and targets attained.
Not in Syllabus
ED QUTSTION BANK
5ho6 4n*"r/Obiective Type euestions
[I Morkt (c) Both (a) and (b)
Xdendfy the function of
management which aims (d) Neither (a) and (b)
'lh*r acfiyities conform to the standards set so that Ans. (6)
Itganisational goals are achieyed
4. Which of the following is a limitation
-[ Planning (D) Controlling , (a) Judging accuracy ofstandards
of controlling?
d, Direction (d) None of these (6) Litfle control on external factors
h (c) Both (a) and (6)
is thefirst step in the process of controlling. (/) Neither (a) and (b)
,, \[easurement of actual
performance Ans. (6)
\ rning performance
standards 5. Which of the following statements
r.nalvsing deviations is correct?
(a) Planning and controlling are the essentially
, i:king corrective action and the same.
one
lr
Fct (b) Controlling is the part of the planning process.
of the following is an importance
(c) Controlling can be a substitute for plfnning.
H
pl Cmrty affair
of controlling?
(A n, control process is meaningless without
pre_
' determined goals set
' nrures order and descipline
Ans. (d)
194 trag.*rd*o E<rurds Business Studies 12
6. The last step in the controlling process is: 16. Which function of management ensul-E-{
(a) Analysingdeviations activities conform to planned actirjriei
(b) Comparing actual performance with standards Or
set
Name the function which rerieu.s tht
(c) Taking corrective action
a business unit.
(d) Measurement of actual performance
(.) Or
Ans.
7 Which of the following shows the relationship between Planning is an empty exercise n'ithout
planning and controlling? of management. Mention this functilx-
(a) Both are looking forward and back Ans. Controlling
(D) Both have litt-le control on external factors. 17. Is controlling 'the end'of
(c) Both are substitutes of each other. cycle? Give reason in support of 1.our
@ Both are management functions. [CBSE
Ans. (") Or
8. Which of the following is not a feature of controlling? Controlling should not be
(a) Controlling is a positive process. function of management. Whr ?